Tiroid Otoimmunitesi ile İlişkili Mikroorganizmalar

Balázs C. The role of hereditary and environmental factors in autoimmune thyroid diseases]. Orv Hetil. 2012; 153:1013–22.

G, Ahmad S, Pant P. Infections, genetic and environmental factors in pathogenesis of autoimmune thyroid diseases. Microb Pathog. 2018; 116:279-288. doi:10.1016/j.micpath.2018.01.004.

Moran AP, Prendergast MM, Appelmelk BJ. Molecular mimicry of host structures by bacterial lipopolysaccharides and its contribution to disease. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol. 1996; 16:105–115.

Bertalot G, Montresor G, Tampieri M, Spasiano A, Pedroni M, Milanesi B, Favret M, Manca N, Negrini R. Decrease in thyroid autoantibodies after eradication of Helicobacter pylori infection. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2004; 61:650–652.

Hou Y., Sun W., Zhang C., Wang T., Guo X., Wu L., Qin L., Liu T. Meta-analysis of the correlation between Helicobacter pylori infection and autoimmune thyroid diseases. Oncotarget. 2017; 8: 115691-115700. https://www.oncotarget.com/article/22929/

Wang K, Zhang Q, Zhang P, Yang Q, Pan F, Zha B. Use of bidirectional Mendelian randomization to unveil the association of Helicobacter pylori infection and autoimmune thyroid diseases. Sci Adv. 2024 Aug 2;10(31):eadi8646. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.adi8646.

Arslan, M.S.; Ekiz, F.; Deveci, M.; Sahin, M.; Topaloglu, O.; Karbek, B.; Tutal, E.; Ginis, Z.; Cakal, E.; Ozbek, M.; et al. The relationship between cytotoxin-associated gene A positive Helicobacter pylori infection and autoimmune thyroid disease. Endocr. Res. 2015, 40, 211–214.

Larizza D, Calcaterra V, Martinetti M, Negrini R, De Silvestri A, Cisternino M, Iannone AM, Solcia E. Helicobacter pylori infection and autoimmune thyroid disease in young patients: the disadvantage of carrying the human leukocyte antigen-DRB1*0301 allele. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006; 91:176–179

Figura, N.; Di Cairano, G.; Lorè, F.; Guarino, E.; Gragnoli, A.; Cataldo, D.; Giannace, R.; Vaira, D.; Bianciardi, L.; Kristodhullu, S.; et al. The infection by Helicobacter pylori strains expressing CagA is highly prevalent in women with autoimmune thyroid disorders. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 1999, 50, 817–826

The relationship between cytotoxin-associated gene A positive Helicobacter pylori infection and autoimmune thyroid disease. Endocr Res. 2015;40(4):211-4. doi: 10.3109/07435800.2015.1015727.

Figura N, Di Cairano G, Moretti E, Iacoponi F, Santucci A, Bernardini G, Gonnelli S, Giordano N, Ponzetto A. Helicobacter pylori Infection and Autoimmune Thyroid Diseases: The Role of Virulent Strains. Antibiotics (Basel). 2019;9(1):12. doi: 10.3390/antibiotics9010012.

Sundaresan B, Shirafkan F, Ripperger K, Rattay K. The Role of Viral Infections in the Onset of Autoimmune Diseases. Viruses. 2023 Mar 18;15(3):782. doi: 10.3390/v15030782.

Benvenga, S., Guarneri, F. Molecular mimicry and autoimmune thyroid disease. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 17, 485–498 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11154-016-9363-2

Ruscio, M.; Guard, G.; Piedrahita, G.; D’Adamo, C.R. The Relationship between Gastrointestinal Health, Micronutrient Concentrations, and Autoimmunity: A Focus on the Thyroid. Nutrients 2022, 14, 3572. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14173572

Virili, C.; Stramazzo, I.; Centanni, M. Gut microbiome and thyroid autoimmunity. Best Pract. Res. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2021, 35, 101506

Feng, Z., Yang, X., Zhang, B. et al. Exploring the relationship between infectious agents and autoimmune diseases: a review. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 43, 1505–1516 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10096-024-04869-w

Bugdaci, M.S.; Zuhur, S.S.; Sokmen, M.; Toksoy, B.; Bayraktar, B.; Altuntas, Y. The role of Helicobacter pylori in patients with hypothyroidism in whom could not be achieved normal thyrotropin levels despite treatment with high doses of thyroxine. Helicobacter 2011, 16, 124–130.

Centanni, M.; Gargano, L.; Canettieri, G.; Viceconti, N.; Franchi, A.; Fave, G.D.; Annibale, B. Thyroxine in goiter, Helicobacter pylori infection, and chronic gastritis. New Engl. J. Med. 2006, 354, 1787–1795.

Zangiabadian, M.; Mirsaeidi, M.; Pooyafar, M.H.; Goudarzi, M.; Nasiri, M.J. Associations of Yersinia Enterocolitica Infection with Autoimmune Thyroid Diseases: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Endocr. Metab. Immune Disord.-Drug Targets 2021, 21, 682–687

Wenzel, B.E.; Heesemann, J.; Wenzel, K.W.; Scriba, P.C. Patients with autoimmune thyroid diseases have antibodies to plasmid encoded proteins of enteropathogenic Yersinia. J. Endocrinol. Investig. 1988, 11, 139–140.

Asari, S.; Amino, N.; Horikawa, M.; Miyai, K. Incidences of antibodies to Yersinia enterocolitica: High incidence of serotype O5 in autoimmune thyroid diseases in Japan. Endocrinol. Jpn. 1989, 36, 381–386.

Chantal E. Hargreaves, Marco Grasso, Christiane S. Hampe, Anna Stenkova, Steve Atkinson, George W. P. Joshua, Brendan W. Wren, Ashley M. Buckle, Deborah Dunn-Walters, J. Paul Banga; Yersinia enterocolitica Provides the Link between Thyroid-Stimulating Antibodies and Their Germline Counterparts in Graves’ Disease. J Immunol 2013; 190 (11): 5373–5381. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.1203412

Zhang X, Pan Q, Yao G, Kong D, Chen H, Zhang Q, Wang Z. Bacteroides fragilis and propionate synergize with low-dose methimazole to treat Graves' disease. Microbiol Spectr. 2025;13(6):e0318624. doi: 10.1128/spectrum.03186-24.

Balázs C. The role of hereditary and environmental factors in autoimmune thyroid diseases]. Orv Hetil. 2012; 153:1013–22.

G, Ahmad S, Pant P. Infections, genetic and environmental factors in pathogenesis of autoimmune thyroid diseases. Microb Pathog. 2018; 116:279-288. doi:10.1016/j.micpath.2018.01.004.

Moran AP, Prendergast MM, Appelmelk BJ. Molecular mimicry of host structures by bacterial lipopolysaccharides and its contribution to disease. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol. 1996; 16:105–115.

Bertalot G, Montresor G, Tampieri M, Spasiano A, Pedroni M, Milanesi B, Favret M, Manca N, Negrini R. Decrease in thyroid autoantibodies after eradication of Helicobacter pylori infection. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2004; 61:650–652.

Hou Y., Sun W., Zhang C., Wang T., Guo X., Wu L., Qin L., Liu T. Meta-analysis of the correlation between Helicobacter pylori infection and autoimmune thyroid diseases. Oncotarget. 2017; 8: 115691-115700. https://www.oncotarget.com/article/22929/

Wang K, Zhang Q, Zhang P, Yang Q, Pan F, Zha B. Use of bidirectional Mendelian randomization to unveil the association of Helicobacter pylori infection and autoimmune thyroid diseases. Sci Adv. 2024 Aug 2;10(31):eadi8646. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.adi8646.

Arslan, M.S.; Ekiz, F.; Deveci, M.; Sahin, M.; Topaloglu, O.; Karbek, B.; Tutal, E.; Ginis, Z.; Cakal, E.; Ozbek, M.; et al. The relationship between cytotoxin-associated gene A positive Helicobacter pylori infection and autoimmune thyroid disease. Endocr. Res. 2015, 40, 211–214.

Larizza D, Calcaterra V, Martinetti M, Negrini R, De Silvestri A, Cisternino M, Iannone AM, Solcia E. Helicobacter pylori infection and autoimmune thyroid disease in young patients: the disadvantage of carrying the human leukocyte antigen-DRB1*0301 allele. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006; 91:176–179

Figura, N.; Di Cairano, G.; Lorè, F.; Guarino, E.; Gragnoli, A.; Cataldo, D.; Giannace, R.; Vaira, D.; Bianciardi, L.; Kristodhullu, S.; et al. The infection by Helicobacter pylori strains expressing CagA is highly prevalent in women with autoimmune thyroid disorders. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 1999, 50, 817–826

The relationship between cytotoxin-associated gene A positive Helicobacter pylori infection and autoimmune thyroid disease. Endocr Res. 2015;40(4):211-4. doi: 10.3109/07435800.2015.1015727.

Figura N, Di Cairano G, Moretti E, Iacoponi F, Santucci A, Bernardini G, Gonnelli S, Giordano N, Ponzetto A. Helicobacter pylori Infection and Autoimmune Thyroid Diseases: The Role of Virulent Strains. Antibiotics (Basel). 2019;9(1):12. doi: 10.3390/antibiotics9010012.

Sundaresan B, Shirafkan F, Ripperger K, Rattay K. The Role of Viral Infections in the Onset of Autoimmune Diseases. Viruses. 2023 Mar 18;15(3):782. doi: 10.3390/v15030782.

Benvenga, S., Guarneri, F. Molecular mimicry and autoimmune thyroid disease. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 17, 485–498 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11154-016-9363-2

Ruscio, M.; Guard, G.; Piedrahita, G.; D’Adamo, C.R. The Relationship between Gastrointestinal Health, Micronutrient Concentrations, and Autoimmunity: A Focus on the Thyroid. Nutrients 2022, 14, 3572. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14173572

Virili, C.; Stramazzo, I.; Centanni, M. Gut microbiome and thyroid autoimmunity. Best Pract. Res. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2021, 35, 101506

Feng, Z., Yang, X., Zhang, B. et al. Exploring the relationship between infectious agents and autoimmune diseases: a review. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 43, 1505–1516 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10096-024-04869-w

Bugdaci, M.S.; Zuhur, S.S.; Sokmen, M.; Toksoy, B.; Bayraktar, B.; Altuntas, Y. The role of Helicobacter pylori in patients with hypothyroidism in whom could not be achieved normal thyrotropin levels despite treatment with high doses of thyroxine. Helicobacter 2011, 16, 124–130.

Centanni, M.; Gargano, L.; Canettieri, G.; Viceconti, N.; Franchi, A.; Fave, G.D.; Annibale, B. Thyroxine in goiter, Helicobacter pylori infection, and chronic gastritis. New Engl. J. Med. 2006, 354, 1787–1795.

Zangiabadian, M.; Mirsaeidi, M.; Pooyafar, M.H.; Goudarzi, M.; Nasiri, M.J. Associations of Yersinia Enterocolitica Infection with Autoimmune Thyroid Diseases: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Endocr. Metab. Immune Disord.-Drug Targets 2021, 21, 682–687

Wenzel, B.E.; Heesemann, J.; Wenzel, K.W.; Scriba, P.C. Patients with autoimmune thyroid diseases have antibodies to plasmid encoded proteins of enteropathogenic Yersinia. J. Endocrinol. Investig. 1988, 11, 139–140.

Asari, S.; Amino, N.; Horikawa, M.; Miyai, K. Incidences of antibodies to Yersinia enterocolitica: High incidence of serotype O5 in autoimmune thyroid diseases in Japan. Endocrinol. Jpn. 1989, 36, 381–386.

Chantal E. Hargreaves, Marco Grasso, Christiane S. Hampe, Anna Stenkova, Steve Atkinson, George W. P. Joshua, Brendan W. Wren, Ashley M. Buckle, Deborah Dunn-Walters, J. Paul Banga; Yersinia enterocolitica Provides the Link between Thyroid-Stimulating Antibodies and Their Germline Counterparts in Graves’ Disease. J Immunol 2013; 190 (11): 5373–5381. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.1203412

Zhang X, Pan Q, Yao G, Kong D, Chen H, Zhang Q, Wang Z. Bacteroides fragilis and propionate synergize with low-dose methimazole to treat Graves' disease. Microbiol Spectr. 2025;13(6):e0318624. doi: 10.1128/spectrum.03186-24.