Endokrin Sistem Hastalıklarında Fizyoterapi Uygulamaları

Kumari Y, Bai P, Waqar F, Asif AT, Irshad B, Raj S, Varagantiwar V, Kumar M, Neha F, Chand S, Kumar S, Varrassi G, Khatri M, Mohamad T. Advancements in the Management of Endocrine System Disorders and Arrhythmias: A Comprehensive Narrative Review. Cureus. 2023 Oct 4;15(10):e46484. doi: 10.7759/cureus.46484. PMID: 37927670; PMCID: PMC10624418.

Mehdi, S.F., Qureshi, M.H., Pervaiz, S. et al. Endocrine and metabolic alterations in response to systemic inflammation and sepsis: a review article. Mol Med 31, 16 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1186/s10020-025-01074-z

Uccella S, Dottermusch M, Erickson L, Warmbier J, Montone K, Saeger W. Inflammatory and Infectious Disorders in Endocrine Pathology. Endocr Pathol. 2023 Dec;34(4):406-436. doi: 10.1007/s12022-023-09771-3. Epub 2023 May 20. PMID: 37209390; PMCID: PMC10199304.

Fassnacht, M., Tsagarakis, S., Terzolo, M., Tabarin, A., Sahdev, A., Newell-Price, J., Pelsma, I., Marina, L., Lorenz, K., Bancos, I., Arlt, W., & Dekkers, O. M. (2023). European Society of Endocrinology clinical practice guidelines on the management of adrenal incidentalomas, in collaboration with the European Network for the Study of Adrenal Tumors. European journal of endocrinology, 189(1), G1–G42. https://doi.org/10.1093/ejendo/lvad066

Lepesis, V., Marsden, J., Rickard, A., Latour, J. M., & Paton, J. (2023). Systematic review and meta‐analysis of the effects of foot and ankle physical therapy, including mobilisations and exercises, in people with diabetic peripheral neuropathy on range of motion, peak plantar pressures and balance. Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews, 39(8), e3692.

Medeiros, S., Rodrigues, A., & Costa, R. (2023). Physiotherapeutic interventions in the treatment of patients with diabetic foot ulcers: a systematic literature review. Physiotherapy, 118, 79-87.

Ozdirenç, M., Koçak, G., & Güntekin, R. (2004). The acute effects of in-patient physiotherapy program on functional capacity in type II diabetes mellitus. Diabetes research and clinical practice, 64(3), 167–172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2003.11.001

Hawley JA, Lessard SJ. "Exercise training-induced improvements in insulin action." J Appl Physiol. 2008.

Zahalka, S. J., Abushamat, L. A., Scalzo, R. L., & Reusch, J. E. (2019). The role of exercise in diabetes.

Jiahao, L., Jiajin, L., & Yifan, L. (2021). Effects of resistance training on insulin sensitivity in the elderly: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Journal of exercise science and fitness, 19(4), 241–251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesf.2021.08.002

Kirwan, J. P., Solomon, T. P., Wojta, D. M., Staten, M. A., & Holloszy, J. O. (2009). Effects of 7 days of exercise training on insulin sensitivity and responsiveness in type 2 diabetes mellitus. American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism, 297(1), E151–E156. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00210.2009

Jiahao, L., Jiajin, L., & Yifan, L. (2021). Effects of resistance training on insulin sensitivity in the elderly: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Journal of exercise science and fitness, 19(4), 241–251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesf.2021.08.002

Bacchi E et al. "Effects of aerobic and resistance exercise in type 2 diabetic patients." Diabetes Care. 2012.

Knowler WC et al. "Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin." N Engl J Med. 2002.

Hejazi, K., & Hackett, D. (2023). Effect of Exercise on Liver Function and Insulin Resistance Markers in Patients with Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 12(8), 3011. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12083011

Kim JY, Jeon JY. Role of exercise on insulin sensitivity and beta-cell function: is exercise sufficient for the prevention of youth-onset type 2 diabetes? Ann Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2020 Dec;25(4):208-216. doi: 10.6065/apem.2040140.070. Epub 2020 Dec 31. PMID: 33401879; PMCID: PMC7788350.

Ross R et al. "Reduction in obesity and related comorbid conditions after diet-induced weight loss or exercise-induced weight loss." Ann Intern Med. 2000.

O'Donovan, G., Kearney, E. M., Nevill, A. M., Woolf-May, K., & Bird, S. R. (2005). The effects of 24 weeks of moderate- or high-intensity exercise on insulin resistance. European journal of applied physiology, 95(5-6), 522–528. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-005-0040-5

Kazeminasab, F., Sharafifard, F., Miraghajani, M., Behzadnejad, N., & Rosenkranz, S. K. (2023). The effects of exercise training on insulin resistance in children and adolescents with overweight or obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Frontiers in endocrinology, 14, 1178376.

Park, S., Hong, S. M., Lee, J. E., & Sung, S. R. (2007). Exercise improves glucose homeostasis that has been impaired by a high-fat diet by potentiating pancreatic beta-cell function and mass through IRS2 in diabetic rats. Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985), 103(5), 1764–1771. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00434.2007

Nieuwoudt, S., Fealy, C. E., Foucher, J. A., Scelsi, A. R., Malin, S. K., Pagadala, M., Rocco, M., Burguera, B., & Kirwan, J. P. (2017). Functional high-intensity training improves pancreatic β-cell function in adults with type 2 diabetes. American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism, 313(3), E314–E320. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00407.2016

Iaccarino G, Franco D, Sorriento D, Strisciuglio T, Barbato E, Morisco C. Modulation of Insulin Sensitivity by Exercise Training: Implications for Cardiovascular Prevention. J Cardiovasc Transl Res. 2021 Apr;14(2):256-270. doi: 10.1007/s12265-020-10057-w. Epub 2020 Jul 31. PMID: 32737757; PMCID: PMC8043859.

Farinha JB, Steckling FM, Stefanello ST, Cardoso MS, Nunes LS, Barcelos RP, Duarte T, Kretzmann NA, Mota CB, Bresciani G, Moresco RN, Duarte MM, Dos Santos DL, Soares FA. Response of oxidative stress and inflammatory biomarkers to a 12-week aerobic exercise training in women with metabolic syndrome. Sports Med Open. 2015;1(1):19. doi: 10.1186/s40798-015-0011-2. Epub 2015 Apr 8. PMID: 26284160; PMCID: PMC5005613.

So B, Park J, Jang J, Lim W, Imdad S, Kang C. Effect of Aerobic Exercise on Oxidative Stress and Inflammatory Response During Particulate Matter Exposure in Mouse Lungs. Front Physiol. 2022 Feb 3;12:773539. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2021.773539. PMID: 35185596; PMCID: PMC8850364.

Sampaio, R. C., Moura, N. R. D., Barros, M. P. D., Hatanaka, E., Priviero, F. B. M., & Moraes, C. D. (2019). Twice-weekly exercise training reduces oxidative stress and proinflammatory cytokine levels in elder women. Motriz: Revista de Educação Física, 25(3), e101990.

Hartley GW, Roach KE, Nithman RW, et al. Physical Therapist Management of Patients With Suspected or Confirmed Osteoporosis: A Clinical Practice Guideline From the Academy of Geriatric Physical Therapy. Journal of Geriatric Physical Therapy (2001). 2022 Apr-Jun 01;44(2):E106-E119. DOI: 10.1519/jpt.0000000000000346. PMID: 35384943; PMCID: PMC8983944.

Zehnacker, C. H., & Bemis-Dougherty, A. (2007). Effect of weighted exercises on bone mineral density in post menopausal women. A systematic review. Journal of geriatric physical therapy (2001), 30(2), 79–88. https://doi.org/10.1519/00139143-200708000-00007

Shanb, A. A., & Youssef, E. F. (2014). The impact of adding weight-bearing exercise versus nonweight bearing programs to the medical treatment of elderly patients with osteoporosis. Journal of family & community medicine, 21(3), 176–181. https://doi.org/10.4103/2230-8229.142972

Dalsky, G. P., Stocke, K. S., Ehsani, A. A., Slatopolsky, E., Lee, W. C., & Birge, S. J., Jr (1988). Weight-bearing exercise training and lumbar bone mineral content in postmenopausal women. Annals of internal medicine, 108(6), 824–828. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-108-6-824

Burke, T. N., França, F. J., Meneses, S. R., Pereira, R. M., & Marques, A. P. (2012). Postural control in elderly women with osteoporosis: comparison of balance, strengthening and stretching exercises. A randomized controlled trial. Clinical rehabilitation, 26(11), 1021–1031. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269215512442204

Jahantigh Akbari, N., Niknam, H., Sadat Naimi, S., Tahan, N., Danesh Shahreki, B., Jahantigh Akbari, A., ... & Asad-Sajjadi, N. (2024). The Effect of Exercise Therapy on Muscular Strength, Bone Mineral Density and Quality of Life in Postmenopausal Women With Osteoporosis: A Systematic Review. Archives of Rehabilitation, 25(3), 372-395.

Stanghelle, B., Bentzen, H., Giangregorio, L., Pripp, A. H., Skelton, D. A., & Bergland, A. (2020). Effects of a resistance and balance exercise programme on physical fitness, health-related quality of life and fear of falling in older women with osteoporosis and vertebral fracture: a randomized controlled trial. Osteoporosis international : a journal established as result of cooperation between the European Foundation for Osteoporosis and the National Osteoporosis Foundation of the USA, 31(6), 1069–1078. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00198-019-05256-4

Yu, M., Zhou, P., Che, Y., & Luo, Y. (2025). The efficacy of exercise prescription in patients with osteoporotic fractures: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research, 20(1), 1-11.

Massini, D. A., Nedog, F. H., de Oliveira, T. P., Almeida, T. A. F., Santana, C. A. A., Neiva, C. M., Macedo, A. G., Castro, E. A., Espada, M. C., Santos, F. J., & Pessôa Filho, D. M. (2022). The Effect of Resistance Training on Bone Mineral Density in Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland), 10(6), 1129. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10061129

Zhang, S., Huang, X., Zhao, X., Li, B., Cai, Y., Liang, X., & Wan, Q. (2022). Effect of exercise on bone mineral density among patients with osteoporosis and osteopenia: A systematic review and network meta-analysis. Journal of clinical nursing, 31(15-16), 2100–2111. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.16101

Zhao, R., Zhang, M., & Zhang, Q. (2017). The Effectiveness of Combined Exercise Interventions for Preventing Postmenopausal Bone Loss: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. The Journal of orthopaedic and sports physical therapy, 47(4), 241–251. https://doi.org/10.2519/jospt.2017.6969

FilipoviĆ, T. N., LazoviĆ, M. P., BackoviĆ, A. N., FilipoviĆ, A. N., IgnjatoviĆ, A. M., DimitrijeviĆ, S. S., & GopČeviĆ, K. R. (2021). A 12-week exercise program improves functional status in postmenopausal osteoporotic women: randomized controlled study. European journal of physical and rehabilitation medicine, 57(1), 120–130. https://doi.org/10.23736/S1973-9087.20.06149-3

Barker, K. L., Newman, M., Stallard, N., Leal, J., Minns Lowe, C., Javaid, M. K., Noufaily, A., Adhikari, A., Hughes, T., Smith, D. J., Gandhi, V., Cooper, C., & Lamb, S. E. (2019). Exercise or manual physiotherapy compared with a single session of physiotherapy for osteoporotic vertebral fracture: three-arm PROVE RCT. Health technology assessment (Winchester, England), 23(44), 1–318. https://doi.org/10.3310/hta23440

Barker, K. L., Newman, M., Stallard, N., Leal, J., Lowe, C. M., Javaid, M. K., Noufaily, A., Hughes, T., Smith, D., Gandhi, V., Cooper, C., Lamb, S. E., & PROVE trial group (2020). Physiotherapy rehabilitation for osteoporotic vertebral fracture-a randomised controlled trial and economic evaluation (PROVE trial). Osteoporosis international : a journal established as result of cooperation between the European Foundation for Osteoporosis and the National Osteoporosis Foundation of the USA, 31(2), 277–289. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00198-019-05133-0

Zhou, X., Deng, H., Shen, X., & Lei, Q. (2018). Effect of balance training on falls in patients with osteoporosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of rehabilitation medicine, 50(7), 577–581. https://doi.org/10.2340/16501977-2334

Madureira, M. M., Bonfá, E., Takayama, L., & Pereira, R. M. (2010). A 12-month randomized controlled trial of balance training in elderly women with osteoporosis: improvement of quality of life. Maturitas, 66(2), 206–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.maturitas.2010.03.009

Schröder, G., Knauerhase, A., Kundt, G., & Schober, H. C. (2012). Effects of physical therapy on quality of life in osteoporosis patients - a randomized clinical trial. Health and quality of life outcomes, 10, 101. https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7525-10-101

Koevska, V., Nikolikj-Dimitrova, E., Mitrevska, B., Gjeracaroska-Savevska, C., Gocevska, M., & Kalcovska, B. (2019). Effect of Exercises on Quality of Life in Patients with Postmenopausal Osteoporosis - Randomized Trial. Open access Macedonian journal of medical sciences, 7(7), 1160–1165. https://doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2019.271

Baishya A, Metri K. Effects of yoga on hypothyroidism: A systematic review. J Ayurveda Integr Med. 2024 Mar-Apr;15(2):100891. doi: 10.1016/j.jaim.2024.100891. Epub 2024 Mar 19. PMID: 38507967; PMCID: PMC10966165.

Bansal, Akash; Kaushik, Amit1; Singh, C. M.2; Sharma, Vivek3; Singh, Harminder4. The effect of regular physical exercise on the thyroid function of treated hypothyroid patients: An interventional study at a tertiary care center in Bastar region of India. Archives of Medicine and Health Sciences 3(2):p 244-246, Jul–Dec 2015. | DOI: 10.4103/2321-4848.171913

Bousquet-Santos, K., Vaisman, M., Barreto, N. D., Cruz-Filho, R. A., Salvador, B. A., Frontera, W. R., & Nobrega, A. C. (2006). Resistance training improves muscle function and body composition in patients with hyperthyroidism. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation, 87(8), 1123–1130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2006.04.017

Yılmaz, F., Babayeva, A., Yetkin, İ., & Boşnak-Güçlü, M. (2024). Comparison of exercise capacity and physical activity in patients with hyperthyroidism and controls. Journal of bodywork and movement therapies, 40, 1752–1760. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbmt.2024.10.029

Roerink, S. H. P. P., Cocks, M. S., Wagenmakers, M. A. E. M., Rodighiero, R. P., Strauss, J. A., Shepherd, S. O., Plantinga, T. S., Thijssen, D. H. J., Hopman, M. T. E., Pereira, A. M., Smit, J. W., Wagenmakers, A. J. M., Netea-Maier, R. T., & Hermus, A. R. M. M. (2020). Decreased Aerobic Exercise Capacity After Long-Term Remission From Cushing Syndrome: Exploration of Mechanisms. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism, 105(4), e1408–e1418. https://doi.org/10.1210/clinem/dgz286

Leszczyńska, D., Szatko, A., Papierska, L., Zgliczyński, W., Glinicki, P. (2023). Musculoskeletal complications of Cushing syndrome. Rheumatology, 61(4), 271-282. https://doi.org/10.5114/reum/169889

Boero, L., Manavela, M., Botta, E., Mallea-Gil, M. S., Katz, D., Meroño, T., Tetzlaff, W., Martin, M., Gómez Rosso, L., Danilowicz, K., & Brites, F. (2015). CONDITIONING FACTORS FOR HIGH CARDIOVASCULAR RISK IN PATIENTS WITH CUSHING SYNDROME. Endocrine practice : official journal of the American College of Endocrinology and the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists, 21(7), 734–742. https://doi.org/10.4158/EP14408.OR

Hill, E. E., Zack, E., Battaglini, C., Viru, M., Viru, A., & Hackney, A. C. (2008). Exercise and circulating cortisol levels: the intensity threshold effect. Journal of endocrinological investigation, 31(7), 587–591. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03345606

Kumari Y, Bai P, Waqar F, Asif AT, Irshad B, Raj S, Varagantiwar V, Kumar M, Neha F, Chand S, Kumar S, Varrassi G, Khatri M, Mohamad T. Advancements in the Management of Endocrine System Disorders and Arrhythmias: A Comprehensive Narrative Review. Cureus. 2023 Oct 4;15(10):e46484. doi: 10.7759/cureus.46484. PMID: 37927670; PMCID: PMC10624418.

Mehdi, S.F., Qureshi, M.H., Pervaiz, S. et al. Endocrine and metabolic alterations in response to systemic inflammation and sepsis: a review article. Mol Med 31, 16 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1186/s10020-025-01074-z

Uccella S, Dottermusch M, Erickson L, Warmbier J, Montone K, Saeger W. Inflammatory and Infectious Disorders in Endocrine Pathology. Endocr Pathol. 2023 Dec;34(4):406-436. doi: 10.1007/s12022-023-09771-3. Epub 2023 May 20. PMID: 37209390; PMCID: PMC10199304.

Fassnacht, M., Tsagarakis, S., Terzolo, M., Tabarin, A., Sahdev, A., Newell-Price, J., Pelsma, I., Marina, L., Lorenz, K., Bancos, I., Arlt, W., & Dekkers, O. M. (2023). European Society of Endocrinology clinical practice guidelines on the management of adrenal incidentalomas, in collaboration with the European Network for the Study of Adrenal Tumors. European journal of endocrinology, 189(1), G1–G42. https://doi.org/10.1093/ejendo/lvad066

Lepesis, V., Marsden, J., Rickard, A., Latour, J. M., & Paton, J. (2023). Systematic review and meta‐analysis of the effects of foot and ankle physical therapy, including mobilisations and exercises, in people with diabetic peripheral neuropathy on range of motion, peak plantar pressures and balance. Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews, 39(8), e3692.

Medeiros, S., Rodrigues, A., & Costa, R. (2023). Physiotherapeutic interventions in the treatment of patients with diabetic foot ulcers: a systematic literature review. Physiotherapy, 118, 79-87.

Ozdirenç, M., Koçak, G., & Güntekin, R. (2004). The acute effects of in-patient physiotherapy program on functional capacity in type II diabetes mellitus. Diabetes research and clinical practice, 64(3), 167–172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2003.11.001

Hawley JA, Lessard SJ. "Exercise training-induced improvements in insulin action." J Appl Physiol. 2008.

Zahalka, S. J., Abushamat, L. A., Scalzo, R. L., & Reusch, J. E. (2019). The role of exercise in diabetes.

Jiahao, L., Jiajin, L., & Yifan, L. (2021). Effects of resistance training on insulin sensitivity in the elderly: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Journal of exercise science and fitness, 19(4), 241–251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesf.2021.08.002

Kirwan, J. P., Solomon, T. P., Wojta, D. M., Staten, M. A., & Holloszy, J. O. (2009). Effects of 7 days of exercise training on insulin sensitivity and responsiveness in type 2 diabetes mellitus. American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism, 297(1), E151–E156. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00210.2009

Jiahao, L., Jiajin, L., & Yifan, L. (2021). Effects of resistance training on insulin sensitivity in the elderly: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Journal of exercise science and fitness, 19(4), 241–251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesf.2021.08.002

Bacchi E et al. "Effects of aerobic and resistance exercise in type 2 diabetic patients." Diabetes Care. 2012.

Knowler WC et al. "Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin." N Engl J Med. 2002.

Hejazi, K., & Hackett, D. (2023). Effect of Exercise on Liver Function and Insulin Resistance Markers in Patients with Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 12(8), 3011. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12083011

Kim JY, Jeon JY. Role of exercise on insulin sensitivity and beta-cell function: is exercise sufficient for the prevention of youth-onset type 2 diabetes? Ann Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2020 Dec;25(4):208-216. doi: 10.6065/apem.2040140.070. Epub 2020 Dec 31. PMID: 33401879; PMCID: PMC7788350.

Ross R et al. "Reduction in obesity and related comorbid conditions after diet-induced weight loss or exercise-induced weight loss." Ann Intern Med. 2000.

O'Donovan, G., Kearney, E. M., Nevill, A. M., Woolf-May, K., & Bird, S. R. (2005). The effects of 24 weeks of moderate- or high-intensity exercise on insulin resistance. European journal of applied physiology, 95(5-6), 522–528. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-005-0040-5

Kazeminasab, F., Sharafifard, F., Miraghajani, M., Behzadnejad, N., & Rosenkranz, S. K. (2023). The effects of exercise training on insulin resistance in children and adolescents with overweight or obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Frontiers in endocrinology, 14, 1178376.

Park, S., Hong, S. M., Lee, J. E., & Sung, S. R. (2007). Exercise improves glucose homeostasis that has been impaired by a high-fat diet by potentiating pancreatic beta-cell function and mass through IRS2 in diabetic rats. Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985), 103(5), 1764–1771. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00434.2007

Nieuwoudt, S., Fealy, C. E., Foucher, J. A., Scelsi, A. R., Malin, S. K., Pagadala, M., Rocco, M., Burguera, B., & Kirwan, J. P. (2017). Functional high-intensity training improves pancreatic β-cell function in adults with type 2 diabetes. American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism, 313(3), E314–E320. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00407.2016

Iaccarino G, Franco D, Sorriento D, Strisciuglio T, Barbato E, Morisco C. Modulation of Insulin Sensitivity by Exercise Training: Implications for Cardiovascular Prevention. J Cardiovasc Transl Res. 2021 Apr;14(2):256-270. doi: 10.1007/s12265-020-10057-w. Epub 2020 Jul 31. PMID: 32737757; PMCID: PMC8043859.

Farinha JB, Steckling FM, Stefanello ST, Cardoso MS, Nunes LS, Barcelos RP, Duarte T, Kretzmann NA, Mota CB, Bresciani G, Moresco RN, Duarte MM, Dos Santos DL, Soares FA. Response of oxidative stress and inflammatory biomarkers to a 12-week aerobic exercise training in women with metabolic syndrome. Sports Med Open. 2015;1(1):19. doi: 10.1186/s40798-015-0011-2. Epub 2015 Apr 8. PMID: 26284160; PMCID: PMC5005613.

So B, Park J, Jang J, Lim W, Imdad S, Kang C. Effect of Aerobic Exercise on Oxidative Stress and Inflammatory Response During Particulate Matter Exposure in Mouse Lungs. Front Physiol. 2022 Feb 3;12:773539. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2021.773539. PMID: 35185596; PMCID: PMC8850364.

Sampaio, R. C., Moura, N. R. D., Barros, M. P. D., Hatanaka, E., Priviero, F. B. M., & Moraes, C. D. (2019). Twice-weekly exercise training reduces oxidative stress and proinflammatory cytokine levels in elder women. Motriz: Revista de Educação Física, 25(3), e101990.

Hartley GW, Roach KE, Nithman RW, et al. Physical Therapist Management of Patients With Suspected or Confirmed Osteoporosis: A Clinical Practice Guideline From the Academy of Geriatric Physical Therapy. Journal of Geriatric Physical Therapy (2001). 2022 Apr-Jun 01;44(2):E106-E119. DOI: 10.1519/jpt.0000000000000346. PMID: 35384943; PMCID: PMC8983944.

Zehnacker, C. H., & Bemis-Dougherty, A. (2007). Effect of weighted exercises on bone mineral density in post menopausal women. A systematic review. Journal of geriatric physical therapy (2001), 30(2), 79–88. https://doi.org/10.1519/00139143-200708000-00007

Shanb, A. A., & Youssef, E. F. (2014). The impact of adding weight-bearing exercise versus nonweight bearing programs to the medical treatment of elderly patients with osteoporosis. Journal of family & community medicine, 21(3), 176–181. https://doi.org/10.4103/2230-8229.142972

Dalsky, G. P., Stocke, K. S., Ehsani, A. A., Slatopolsky, E., Lee, W. C., & Birge, S. J., Jr (1988). Weight-bearing exercise training and lumbar bone mineral content in postmenopausal women. Annals of internal medicine, 108(6), 824–828. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-108-6-824

Burke, T. N., França, F. J., Meneses, S. R., Pereira, R. M., & Marques, A. P. (2012). Postural control in elderly women with osteoporosis: comparison of balance, strengthening and stretching exercises. A randomized controlled trial. Clinical rehabilitation, 26(11), 1021–1031. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269215512442204

Jahantigh Akbari, N., Niknam, H., Sadat Naimi, S., Tahan, N., Danesh Shahreki, B., Jahantigh Akbari, A., ... & Asad-Sajjadi, N. (2024). The Effect of Exercise Therapy on Muscular Strength, Bone Mineral Density and Quality of Life in Postmenopausal Women With Osteoporosis: A Systematic Review. Archives of Rehabilitation, 25(3), 372-395.

Stanghelle, B., Bentzen, H., Giangregorio, L., Pripp, A. H., Skelton, D. A., & Bergland, A. (2020). Effects of a resistance and balance exercise programme on physical fitness, health-related quality of life and fear of falling in older women with osteoporosis and vertebral fracture: a randomized controlled trial. Osteoporosis international : a journal established as result of cooperation between the European Foundation for Osteoporosis and the National Osteoporosis Foundation of the USA, 31(6), 1069–1078. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00198-019-05256-4

Yu, M., Zhou, P., Che, Y., & Luo, Y. (2025). The efficacy of exercise prescription in patients with osteoporotic fractures: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research, 20(1), 1-11.

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Zhang, S., Huang, X., Zhao, X., Li, B., Cai, Y., Liang, X., & Wan, Q. (2022). Effect of exercise on bone mineral density among patients with osteoporosis and osteopenia: A systematic review and network meta-analysis. Journal of clinical nursing, 31(15-16), 2100–2111. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.16101

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