Hormonal Tedavilerde İlaç Taşıyıcısı Olarak Nanopartiküllerin Kullanımı

Yusuf A, Almotairy ARZ, Henidi H, Alshehri OY, Aldughaim MS. Nanoparticles as drug delivery systems: a review of the implication of nanoparticles’ physicochemical properties on responses in biological systems. Polymers (Basel); 2023;15: 1596. doi: 10.3390/polym15071596.

Kreyling WG, Semmler-Behnke M, Chaudhry QA. Complementary definition of nanomaterial. Nano Today; 2010;5: 165–168. doi: 10.1016/j.nantod.2010.03.004.

van Staden D, Gerber M, Lemmer HJR. The application of nano drug delivery systems in female upper genital tract disorders. Pharmaceutics; 2024;16: 1475. doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16111475.

Chandrakala V, Aruna V, Angajala G. Review on metal nanoparticles as nanocarriers: current challenges and perspectives in drug delivery systems. Emergent Mater; 2022;5: 1593–1615. doi: 10.1007/s42247-021-00335-x.

Sim S, Wong N. Nanotechnology and its use in imaging and drug delivery (Review). Biomed. Reports; 2021;14: 42. doi: 10.3892/br.2021.1418.

Choi YH, Han HK. Nanomedicines: Current status and future perspectives in aspect of drug delivery and pharmacokinetics. J. Pharm. Investig; 2018;48: 43–60. doi: 10.1007/s40005-017-0370-4.

Afsharzadeh M, Hashemi M, Mokhtarzadeh A, Abnous K, Ramezani M. Recent advances in co-delivery systems based on polymeric nanoparticle for cancer treatment. Artif. Cells, Nanomedicine, Biotechnol; 2018;46: 1095–1110. doi: 10.1080/21691401.2017.1376675.

Elumalai K, Srinivasan S, Shanmugam A. Review of the efficacy of nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems for cancer treatment. Biomed. Technol; 2024; 5: 109–122. doi: 10.1016/j.bmt.2023.09.001.

Visan AI, Popescu-Pelin G, Socol G. Degradation behavior of polymers used as coating materials for drug delivery—a basic review. Polymers (Basel); 2021;13: 1272. doi: 10.3390/polym13081272.

Karimi M, Eslami M, Sahandi‐Zangabad P, Mirab F, Farajisafiloo N, Shafaei Z, Ghosh D, Bozorgomid M, Dashkhaneh F, Hamblin MR. pH sensitive stimulus‐responsive nanocarriers for targeted delivery of therapeutic agents. WIREs Nanomedicine and Nanobiotechnology; 2016;8: 696–716. doi: 10.1002/wnan.1389.

Li J, Wang Q, Xia G, Adilijiang N, Li Y, Hou Z, Fan Z, Li J. Recent advances in targeted drug delivery strategy for enhancing oncotherapy. Pharmaceutics; 2023;15: 2233. doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15092233.

Salih ARC, Farooqi HMU, Amin H, Karn PR, Meghani N, Nagendran S. Hyaluronic acid: comprehensive review of a multifunctional biopolymer. Futur. J. Pharm. Sci; 2024;10: 63. doi: 10.1186/s43094-024-00636-y.

Sonam Dongsar T, Tsering Dongsar T, Molugulu N, Annadurai S, Wahab S, Gupta N, Kesharwani P. Targeted therapy of breast tumor by PLGA-Based nanostructures: The versatile function in doxorubicin delivery. Environ. Res; 2023;233: 116455. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116455.

Kudelkina VV, Gerasimov AD, Kosyreva AM, Alekseeva AI, Makarova OV. PLGA polymers and doxorubicin for the treatment of malignant gliomas in adults: An overview. Open Med. Chem. J; 2025;19. doi: 10.2174/0118741045346445250111104531.

Fan CY, Wang SW, Chung C, Chen JY, Chang CY, Chen YC, Hsu TL, Cheng TJR, Wong CH. Synthesis of a dendritic cell-targeted self-assembled polymeric nanoparticle for selective delivery of mRNA vaccines to elicit enhanced ımmune responses. Chem. Sci; 2024;15: 11626–11632. doi: 10.1039/D3SC06575H.

Nouruzi E, Hosseini SM, Asghari B, Mahjoub R, Zare EN, Shahbazi MA, Kalhori F, Arabestani MR. Effect of poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) polymer nanoparticles loaded with vancomycin against staphylococcus aureus biofilm. BMC Biotechnol; 2023;23: 39. doi: 10.1186/s12896-023-00811-8.

Song YH, De R, Lee KT. Emerging strategies to fabricate polymeric nanocarriers for enhanced drug delivery across blood-brain barrier: An overview. Adv. Colloid Interface Sci; 2023;320: 103008. doi: 10.1016/j.cis.2023.103008.

Kosksi T, Bustos-Salgado P, Rejeb M, Selmi A, Debbabi N, Espinoza LC, Sosa L, Silva-Abreu M, Calpena AC, Chekir-Ghedira L. Development of Polymeric nanoparticles loaded with phlomis crinita extract: A promising approach for enhanced wound healing. Int. J. Mol. Sci; 2025;26: 2124. doi: 10.3390/ijms26052124.

Wang J, Li B, Qiu L, Qiao X, Yang H. Dendrimer-based drug delivery systems: History, challenges, and latest developments. J. Biol. Eng; 2022;16: 18. doi: 10.1186/s13036-022-00298-5.

Santos A, Veiga F, Figueiras A. Dendrimers as pharmaceutical excipients: Synthesis, properties, toxicity and biomedical applications. Materials (Basel); 2019;13: 65. doi: 10.3390/ma13010065.

Rahdari T, Mahdavimehr M, Ghafouri H, Ramezanpour S, Ehtesham S, Asghari SM. Advancing triple-negative breast cancer treatment through peptide decorated solid lipid nanoparticles for paclitaxel delivery. Sci. Rep; 2025;15: 6043. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-90107-y.

Omidian H, Gill EJ, Cubeddu LX. Lipid nanoparticles in lung cancer therapy. Pharmaceutics; 2024;16: 644. doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16050644.

Wilson B, Geetha KM. Lipid nanoparticles in the development of mRNA vaccines for COVID-19. J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol; 2022;74: 103553. doi: 10.1016/j.jddst.2022.103553.

Kon E, Elia U, Peer D. Principles for designing an optimal mRNA lipid nanoparticle vaccine. Curr. Opin. Biotechnol; 2022;73: 329–336. doi: 10.1016/j.copbio.2021.09.016.

Mistry N, Bandyopadhyaya R, Mehra S. Enhancement of antimycobacterial activity of rifampicin using mannose-anchored lipid nanoparticles against intramacrophage mycobacteria. ACS Appl. Bio Mater; 2022;5: 5779–5789. doi: 10.1021/acsabm.2c00796.

Singh CP, Rai PK, Kumar M, Tiwari V, Tiwari A, Sharma A, Sharma K. Emphasis on Nanostructured lipid carriers in the ocular delivery of antibiotics. Pharm. Nanotechnol; 2024;12: 126–142. doi: 10.2174/2211738511666230727102213.

Sandhu SK, Kumar S, Raut J, Singh M, Kaur S, Sharma G, Roldan TL, Trehan S, Holloway J, Wahler, G, et al. Systematic development and characterization of novel, high drug-loaded, photostable, curcumin solid lipid nanoparticle hydrogel for wound healing. Antioxidants; 2021;10: 725. doi: 10.3390/antiox10050725.

Miao L, Daozhou L, Ying C, Qibing M, Siyuan Z. A resveratrol-loaded nanostructured lipid carrier hydrogel to enhance the anti-UV irradiation and anti-oxidant efficacy. Colloids Surfaces B Biointerfaces; 2021;204: 111786. doi: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2021.111786.

Mehta M, Bui TA, Yang X, Aksoy Y, Goldys EM, Deng W. Lipid-based nanoparticles for drug/gene delivery: An overview of the production techniques and difficulties encountered in their industrial development. ACS Mater; 2023;3: 600–619. doi: 10.1021/acsmaterialsau.3c00032.

Xu L, Wang X, Liu Y, Yang G, Falconer RJ, Zhao CX. Lipid nanoparticles for drug delivery. Adv. NanoBiomed Res; 2022;2. doi: 10.1002/anbr.202100109.

De Leo V, Maurelli AM, Giotta L, Catucci L. Liposomes containing nanoparticles: preparation and applications. Colloids Surfaces B Biointerfaces; 2022;218: 112737. doi: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2022.112737.

Chen J, Hu S, Sun M, Shi J, Zhang H, Yu H, Yang Z. Recent Advances and clinical translation of liposomal delivery systems in cancer therapy. Eur. J. Pharm. Sci; 2024;193: 106688. doi: 10.1016/j.ejps.2023.106688.

Hussein HA, Abdullah MA. Novel drug delivery systems based on silver nanoparticles, hyaluronic acid, lipid nanoparticles and liposomes for cancer treatment. Appl. Nanosci; 2022;12: 3071–3096. doi: 10.1007/s13204-021-02018-9.

Wan R, Liu S, Feng X, Luo W, Zhang H, Wu Y, Chen S, Shang X. The revolution of exosomes: From biological functions to therapeutic applications in skeletal muscle diseases. J. Orthop. Transl; 2024;45: 132–139. doi: 10.1016/j.jot.2024.01.001.

Dilsiz N. Exosomes as new generation vehicles for drug delivery systems. J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol; 2024;95: 105562. doi: 10.1016/j.jddst.2024.105562.

Zeng H, Guo S, Ren X, Wu Z, Liu S, Yao X. Current strategies for exosome cargo loading and targeting delivery. Cells; 2023;12: 1416. doi: 10.3390/cells12101416.

Gao J, Li A, Hu J, Feng L, Liu L, Shen Z. Recent Developments in isolating methods for exosomes. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol; 2023;10. doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.1100892.

Basyoni AE, Atta A, Salem MM, Mohamed TM. Harnessing exosomes for targeted drug delivery systems to combat brain cancer. Cancer Cell Int; 2025;25: 150. doi: 10.1186/s12935-025-03731-z.

Geng JX, Lu YF, Zhou JN, Huang B, Qin Y. Exosome technology: A novel and effective drug delivery system in the field of cancer therapy. World J. Gastrointest. Oncol; 2025;17. doi: 10.4251/wjgo.v17.i3.101857.

Kandimalla R, Saeed M, Tyagi N, Gupta RC, Aqil F. Exosome-based approaches in the management of Alzheimer’s disease. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev; 2023;144: 104974. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104974.

Jiang M, Zhang K, Meng J, Xu L, Liu Y, Wei R. Engineered exosomes in service of tumor immunotherapy: From optimizing tumor‐derived exosomes to delivering CRISPR/Cas9 system. Int. J. Cancer; 2025;156: 898–913. doi: 10.1002/ijc.35241.

Chen L, Zhang J, Huang Y, Zhang X, Zhang G, Kong S, Gao J, Zhang X, Ding B. Drug delivery systems based on dendritic-cell-derived exosomes. Pharmaceutics; 2025;17: 326. doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics17030326.

Sun D, Zhuang X, Xiang X, Grizzle W, Miller D, Zhang HG. A novel nanoparticle drug delivery system: the anti-ınflammatory activity of curcumin is enhanced when encapsulated in exosomes. Mol. Ther; 2010;18: 1606–1614.

Xiang X, Chen J, Jiang T, Yan C, Kang Y, Zhang M, Xiang K, Guo J, Jiang G, Wang C, et al. Milk-derived exosomes carrying siRNA-keap1 promote diabetic wound healing by improving oxidative stress. Drug Deliv. Transl. Res; 2023;13: 2286–2296. doi: 10.1007/s13346-023-01306-x.

Kaltbeitzel J, Wich PR. Protein‐based nanoparticles: from drug delivery to imaging, nanocatalysis and protein therapy. Angew. Chemie Int. Ed; 2023;62. doi: 10.1002/anie.202216097.

Sadeghi S, Lee WK, Kong SN, Shetty A, Drum CL. Oral administration of protein nanoparticles: An emerging route to disease treatment. Pharmacol. Res; 2020;158: 104685. doi: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104685.

Miele E, Spinelli GP, Ermanno M, Federica T, Tomao S. Albumin-bound formulation of paclitaxel (Abraxane® Abi-007) in the treatment of breast cancer. Int. J. Nanomedicine; 2009;4: 99–105.

Newaj SM, Kashem TB, Ferdous J, Jahan I, Rawshan H, Prionty NJ, Rakib R, Sadman MA, Faruk F. Bin, Reza HM, et al. Skin Cancer treatment with subcutaneous delivery of doxorubicin-loaded gelatin nanoparticles and NIR activation. ACS Appl. Bio Mater; 2024;7: 6313–6324. doi: 10.1021/acsabm.4c01129.

Galiyeva A, Daribay A, Zhumagaliyeva T, Zhaparova L, Sadyrbekov D, Tazhbayev Y. Human serum albumin nanoparticles: synthesis, optimization and ımmobilization with antituberculosis drugs. Polymers (Basel); 2023; 15: 2774. doi: 10.3390/polym15132774.

Paulpandi M, Rajaganesh R, Kavithaa K, Kalaiarasi G, Arul N. Curcumin-loaded a-lactalbumin nanoparticles neuroprotective effects against permethrine-induced neurotoxicity. Inorg. Chem. Commun; 2023;158: 111586. doi: 10.1016/j.inoche.2023.111586.

Shamsi A, Mohammad T, Anwar S, Alajmi MF, Hussain A, Hassan MI, Ahmad F, Islam A. Probing the interaction of rivastigmine tartrate, an important Alzheimer’s drug, with serum albumin: Attempting treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. Int. J. Biol. Macromol; 2020;148: 533–542. doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.01.134.

Abolmaali SS, Tamaddon AM, Dinarvand R. A review of therapeutic challenges and achievements of methotrexate delivery systems for treatment of cancer and rheumatoid arthritis. Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol; 2013;71: 1115–1130. doi: 10.1007/s00280-012-2062-0.

Song Y, Su Y, Hussain SA, Tang C. Resveratrol and prednisolone loaded into human serum albumin nanoparticles for the alleviation of rheumatoid arthritis symptoms: An in vitro and in vivo study. Mater. Sci; 2024;42: 16–25. doi: 10.2478/msp-2024-0005.

Qi H, Wang K, Li M, Zhang Y, Dong K, Heise S, Boccaccini AR, Lu T. Co-culture of BMSCs and HUVECs with simvastatin-loaded gelatin nanosphere/chitosan coating on mg alloy for osteogenic differentiation and vasculogenesis. Int. J. Biol. Macromol; 2021;193: 2021–2028. doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.11.032.

Debnath SK, Srivastava R. Drug delivery with carbon-based nanomaterials as versatile nanocarriers: Progress and prospects. Front. Nanotechnol; 2021;3. doi: 10.3389/fnano.2021.644564.

Murjani BO, Kadu PS, Bansod M, Vaidya SS, Yadav MD. Carbon nanotubes in biomedical applications: Current status, promises, and challenges. Carbon Lett; 2022;32: 1207–1226. doi: 10.1007/s42823-022-00364-4.

Elgamal HA, Mohamed SA, Farghali AA, Hassan AME. PEG@ carbon nanotubes composite as an effective nanocarrier of ixazomib for myeloma cancer therapy. Nanoscale Res. Lett; 2022;17: 72. doi: 10.1186/s11671-022-03707-2.

Xiong S, Luo J, Wang Q, Li Z, Li J, Liu Q, Gao L, Fang S, Li Y, Pan H, et al. Targeted graphene oxide for drug delivery as a therapeutic nanoplatform against Parkinson’s disease. Biomater. Sci; 2021;9: 1705–1715. doi: 10.1039/D0BM01765E.

Sudewi S, Sai Sashank PV, Kamaraj R, Zulfajri M, Huang GG. Understanding antibiotic detection with fluorescence quantum dots: A review. J. Fluoresc; 2024;35: 2527–2551. doi: 10.1007/s10895-024-03743-4.

Abdelhamid HN, Badr G. Nanobiotechnology as a platform for the diagnosis of COVID-19: A review. Nanotechnol. Environ. Eng; 2021;6: 19. doi: 10.1007/s41204-021-00109-0.

Moztarzadeh O, Jamshidi M, Taherpour AA, Babuska V. Molecular modelling of fullerene c60 functionalized by nitric oxide for use in biological environment. Sci. Rep; 2024;14: 2565. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-53050-y.

Yahyazadeh A, Nanda S, Dalai AK. Carbon nanotubes: A review of synthesis methods and applications. Reactions; 2024;5: 429–451. doi: 10.3390/reactions5030022.

Zare H, Ahmadi S, Ghasemi A, Ghanbari M, Rabiee N, Bagherzadeh M, Karimi M, Webster TJ, Hamblin MR, Mostafavi E. Carbon nanotubes: Smart drug/gene delivery carriers. Int. J. Nanomedicine; 2021;16: 1681–1706. doi: 10.2147/IJN.S299448.

Rezazade M, Ketabi S, Qomi M. Effect of functionalization on the adsorption performance of carbon nanotube as a drug delivery system for imatinib: Molecular simulation study. BMC Chem; 2024;18: 85. doi: 10.1186/s13065-024-01197-0.

Seifalian A, Stanciu PI, Digesu A, Khullar V. Graphene-based nanocomposite materials to provide a surgical solution for the condition of pelvic organ prolapse. Med. Hypotheses; 2024;189: 111398. doi: 10.1016/j.mehy.2024.111398.

Magne TM, de Oliveira Vieira T, Alencar LMR, Junior FFM, Gemini-Piperni S, Carneiro SV, Fechine LMUD, Freire RM, Golokhvast K, Metrangolo P, et al. Graphene and its derivatives: Understanding the main chemical and medicinal chemistry roles for biomedical applications. J. Nanostructure Chem; 2022;12: 693–727. doi: 10.1007/s40097-021-00444-3.

Gu M, Toh TB, Hooi L, Lim JJ, Zhang X, Chow EKH. Nanodiamond-mediated delivery of a G9a inhibitor for hepatocellular carcinoma therapy. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces; 2019;11: 45427–45441. doi: 10.1021/acsami.9b16323.

Priyadarshni N, Singh R, Mishra MK. Nanodiamonds: Next generation nano-theranostics for cancer therapy. Cancer Lett; 2024;587: 216710. doi: 10.1016/j.canlet.2024.216710.

Pan F, Khan M, Ragab AH, Javed E, Alsalmah HA, Khan I, Lei T, Hussain A, Mohamed A, Zada A., et al. Recent advances in the structure and biomedical applications of nanodiamonds and their future perspectives. Mater. Des: 2023;233: 112179. doi: 10.1016/j.matdes.2023.112179.

Fernandes NB, Shenoy RUK, Kajampady MK, DCruz CEM, Shirodkar RK, Kumar L, Verma R. Fullerenes for the treatment of cancer: An Emerging tool. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res; 2022;29: 58607–58627. doi: 10.1007/s11356-022-21449-7.

Radivoievych A, Kolp B, Grebinyk S, Prylutska S, Ritter U, Zolk O, Glökler J, Frohme M, Grebinyk A. Silent death by sound: C60 Fullerene sonodynamic treatment of cancer cells. Int. J. Mol. Sci; 2023;24: 1020. doi: 10.3390/ijms24021020.

Mehdipour-Ataei S, Aram E. Mesoporous carbon-based materials: A review of synthesis, modification, and applications. Catalysts; 2022;13: 2. doi: 10.3390/catal13010002.

Zhou Y, Liu M, Liu X, Jiang R, He Y, Yao Q, Chen H, Fu C. Rapid and sensitive fluorescence determination of oxytocin using nitrogen-doped carbon dots as fluorophores. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal; 2023;229: 115344. doi: 10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115344.

Jana P, Dev A. Carbon quantum dots: A promising nanocarrier for bioimaging and drug delivery in cancer. Mater. Today Commun; 2022;32: 104068. doi: 10.1016/j.mtcomm.2022.104068.

Pang X, Li L, Wang P, Zhang Y, Dong W, Mei Q. Adenine-Derived carbon dots for the chemosensing of hypochlorite based on fluorescence enhancement. Microchem. J; 2021;168: 106400. doi: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.106400.

Liu L, Qian M, Sun H, Yang Z, Xiao L, Gong X, Hu Q. A highly sensitive fluorescence probe for methyl parathion detection in vegetable and fruit samples based on N and S co-doped carbon dots. J. Food Compos. Anal; 2022;107: 104374. doi: 10.1016/j.jfca.2021.104374.

Alshammari BH, Lashin MMA, Mahmood MA, Al-Mubaddel FS, Ilyas N, Rahman N, Sohail M, Khan A, Abdullaev SS, Khan R. Organic and inorganic nanomaterials: Fabrication, properties and applications. RSC Adv; 2023;13: 13735–13785. doi: 10.1039/D3RA01421E.

Tomoaia G, Horovitz O, Mocanu A, Nita A, Avram A, Racz CP, Soritau O, Cenariu M, Tomoaia-Cotisel M. Effects of doxorubicin mediated by gold nanoparticles and resveratrol in two human cervical tumor cell lines. Colloids Surfaces B Biointerfaces; 2015;135: 726–734. doi: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2015.08.036.

Zou Z, Wen S, Li Y, An J, Wu Q, Tong L, Mei X, Tian H, Wu C. Novel lactoferrin-functionalized manganese-doped silica hollow mesoporous nanoparticles loaded with resveratrol for the treatment of ischemic stroke. Mater. Today Adv; 2022;15: 100262. doi: 10.1016/j.mtadv.2022.100262.

Malawong S, Thammawithan S, Sirithongsuk P, Daduang S, Klaynongsruang S, Wong PT, Patramanon R. Silver nanoparticles enhance antimicrobial efficacy of antibiotics and restore that efficacy against the melioidosis pathogen. Antibiotics; 2021;10: 839. doi: 10.3390/antibiotics10070839.

Sadalage PS, Patil RV, Havaldar DV, Gavade SS, Santos AC, Pawar KD. Optimally biosynthesized, PEGylated gold nanoparticles functionalized with quercetin and camptothecin enhance potential anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer and anti-angiogenic activities. J. Nanobiotechnology; 2021;19: 84. doi: 10.1186/s12951-021-00836-1.

Pham LM, Kim EC, Ou W, Phung CD, Nguyen TT, Pham TT, Poudel K, Gautam M, Nguyen HT, Jeong JH, et al. Targeting and clearance of senescent foamy macrophages and senescent endothelial cells by antibody-functionalized mesoporous silica nanoparticles for alleviating aorta atherosclerosis. Biomaterials; 2021;269: 120677. doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.120677.

Yokchom R, Laiwejpithaya S, Maneeprakorn W, Tapaneeyakorn S, Rabablert J, Dharakul T. Paper-based immunosensor with signal amplification by enzyme-labeled anti-p16ınk4a multifunctionalized gold nanoparticles for cervical cancer screening. Nanomedicine Nanotechnology, Biol. Med; 2018;14: 1051–1058. doi: 10.1016/j.nano.2018.01.016.

Wang J, Potocny AM, Rosenthal J, Day ES. Gold nanoshell-linear tetrapyrrole conjugates for near infrared-activated dual photodynamic and photothermal therapies. ACS Omega; 2020;5: 926–940. doi: 10.1021/acsomega.9b04150.

Zhang XF, Liu ZG, Shen W, Gurunathan S. Silver nanoparticles: Synthesis, characterization, properties, applications, and therapeutic approaches. Int. J. Mol. Sci; 2016;17: 1534. doi: 10.3390/ijms17091534.

Hussein HA, Mohamad H, Mohd Ghazaly M, Laith AA, Abdullah MA. Anticancer and antioxidant activities of nannochloropsis Oculata and Chlorella Sp. extracts in co-application with silver nanoparticle. J. King Saud Univ. - Sci; 2020;32: 3486–3494. doi: 10.1016/j.jksus.2020.10.011.

Hussein HA, Syamsumir DF, Radzi SAM, Siong JYF, Zin NAM, Abdullah MA. Phytochemical screening, metabolite profiling and enhanced antimicrobial activities of microalgal crude extracts in co-application with silver nanoparticle. Bioresour. Bioprocess; 2020;7: 39. doi: 10.1186/s40643-020-00322-w.

Ivanova N, Gugleva V, Dobreva M, Pehlivanov I, Stefanov S, Andonova V. Silver nanoparticles as multi-functional drug delivery systems. In Nanomedicines, IntechOpen, 2019. doi: 10.5772/intechopen.80238

Mazzotta E, De Santo M, Lombardo D, Leggio A, Pasqua L. Mesoporous silicas in materials engineering: Nanodevices for bionanotechnologies. Mater. Today Bio; 2022;17: 100472. doi: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2022.100472.

Ghaffari A, Abazari M, Moghimi HR. Wound healing and nanotechnology: Opportunities and Challenges. In Bioengineered Nanomaterials for Wound Healing and Infection Control, Elsevier, 2023: 115–174. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-323-95376-4.00014-9Get rights and content

Bobo D, Robinson KJ, Islam J, Thurecht KJ, Corrie SR. Nanoparticle-based medicines: A review of FDA-approved materials and clinical trials to date. Pharm. Res; 2016;33: 2373–2387. doi: 10.1007/s11095-016-1958-5.

Arias LS, Pessan JP, Vieira APM, Lima TMT, de Delbem ACB, Monteiro DR. Iron oxide nanoparticles for biomedical applications: A perspective on synthesis, drugs, antimicrobial activity, and toxicity. Antibiotics; 2018;7: 46. doi: 10.3390/antibiotics7020046.

Akintelu SA, Folorunso AS. A review on green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using plant extracts and its biomedical applications. Bionanoscience; 2020;10: 848–863. doi: 10.1007/s12668-020-00774-6.

Anjum S, Hashim M, Malik SA, Khan M, Lorenzo JM, Abbasi BH, Hano C. Recent advances in zinc oxide nanoparticles (zno nps) for cancer diagnosis, target drug delivery, and treatment. Cancers (Basel); 2021;13: 4570. doi: 10.3390/cancers13184570.

Ziental D, Czarczynska-Goslinska B, Mlynarczyk DT, Glowacka-Sobotta A, Stanisz B, Goslinski T, Sobotta L. Titanium dioxide nanoparticles: Prospects and applications in medicine. Nanomaterials; 2020;10: 387. doi: 10.3390/nano10020387.

Nations S, Long M, Wages M, Maul JD, Theodorakis CW, Cobb GP. Subchronic and Chronic developmental effects of copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles on Xenopus laevis. Chemosphere; 2015;135: 166–174. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.03.078.

Ostaszewska T, Chojnacki M, Kamaszewski M, Sawosz-Chwalibóg E. Histopathological effects of silver and copper nanoparticles on the epidermis, gills, and liver of siberian sturgeon. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res; 2016;23: 1621–1633. doi: 10.1007/s11356-015-5391-9.

Hu CMJ, Zhang L, Aryal S, Cheung C, Fang RH, Zhang L. Erythrocyte membrane-camouflaged polymeric nanoparticles as a biomimetic delivery platform. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci; 2011;108: 10980–10985. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1106634108.

Fang RH, Hu CMJ, Luk BT, Gao W, Copp JA, Tai Y, O’Connor DE, Zhang L. Cancer cell membrane-coated nanoparticles for anticancer vaccination and drug delivery. Nano Lett; 2014;14: 2181–2188. doi: 10.1021/nl500618u.

Vieira R, Souto SB, Sánchez-López E, López Machado A, Severino P, Jose S, Santini A, Silva AM, Fortuna A, García ML, et al. Sugar-lowering drugs for type 2 diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome—strategies for in vivo administration: Part-II. J. Clin. Med; 2019;8: 1332. doi: 10.3390/jcm8091332.

Meng Q, Hu H, Zhou L, Zhang Y, Yu B, Shen Y, Cong H. Logical design and application of prodrug platforms. Polym. Chem; 2019;10: 306–324. doi: 10.1039/C8PY01160E.

Rai VK, Mishra N, Agrawal AK, Jain S, Yadav NP. Novel drug delivery system: An immense hope for diabetics. Drug Deliv; 2016;23: 2371–2390. doi: 10.3109/10717544.2014.991001.

Zhao R, Lu Z, Yang J, Zhang L, Li Y, Zhang X. Drug delivery system in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol; 2020;8. doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00880.

Wang A, Yang T, Fan W, Yang Y, Zhu Q, Guo S, Zhu C, Yuan Y, Zhang T, Gan Y. Protein corona liposomes achieve efficient oral insulin delivery by overcoming mucus and epithelial barriers. Adv. Healthc. Mater; 2019;8. doi: 10.1002/adhm.201801123.

Gu Z, Aimetti AA, Wang Q, Dang TT, Zhang Y, Veiseh O, Cheng H, Langer RS, Anderson DG. Injectable nano-network for glucose-mediated insulin delivery. ACS Nano; 2013;7: 4194–4201. doi: 10.1021/nn400630x.

Wu L, Liu M, Shan W, Zhu X, Li L, Zhang Z, Huang Y. Bioinspired butyrate-functionalized nanovehicles for targeted oral delivery of biomacromolecular drugs. J. Control. Release; 2017;262: 273–283. doi: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.07.045.

Sheng J, Han L, Qin J, Ru G, Li R, Wu L, Cui D, Yang P, He Y, Wang J. N-trimethyl chitosan chloride-coated PLGA nanoparticles overcoming multiple barriers to oral insulin absorption. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces; 2015;7: 15430–15441. doi: 10.1021/acsami.5b03555.

Wong CY, Al-Salami H, Dass CR. Potential of insulin nanoparticle formulations for oral delivery and diabetes treatment. J. Control. Release; 2017;264: 247–275. doi: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.09.003.

Zhang Y, Jiang G, Hong W, Gao M, Xu B, Zhu J, Song G, Liu T. Polymeric microneedles integrated with metformin-loaded and PDA/LA-Coated hollow mesoporous SiO 2 for NIR-triggered transdermal delivery on diabetic rats. ACS Appl. Bio Mater; 2018;1: 1906–1917. doi: 10.1021/acsabm.8b00470.

Kesharwani P, Gorain B, Low SY, Tan SA, Ling ECS, Lim YK, Chin CM, Lee PY, Lee CM, Ooi CH, et al. Nanotechnology based approaches for anti-diabetic drugs delivery. Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract; 2018;136: 52–77. doi: 10.1016/j.diabres.2017.11.018.

Yu J, Qian C, Zhang Y, Cui Z, Zhu Y, Shen Q, Ligler FS, Buse JB, Gu Z. Hypoxia and H2O2 dual-sensitive vesicles for enhanced glucose-responsive insulin delivery. Nano Lett; 2017;17: 733–739. doi: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b03848.

Rather MA, Sharma R, Gupta S, Ferosekhan S, Ramya VL, Jadhao SB. Chitosan-nanoconjugated hormone nanoparticles for sustained surge of gonadotropins and enhanced reproductive output in female fish. PLoS One; 2013;8: e57094. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057094.

Ghaly HSA, Varamini P. New drug delivery strategies targeting the GnRH receptor in breast and other cancers. Endocr. Relat. Cance; 2021;28: R251–R269. doi: 10.1530/ERC-20-0442.

Dharap S. Molecular targeting of drug delivery systems to ovarian cancer by BH3 and LHRH peptides. J. Control. Release; 2003;91: 61–73. doi: 10.1016/S0168-3659(03)00209-8.

Khandare JJ, Chandna P, Wang Y, Pozharov VP, Minko T. Novel Polymeric prodrug with multivalent components for cancer therapy. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther; 2006;317: 929–937. doi: 10.1124/jpet.105.098855.

Chandna P, Khandare JJ, Ber E, Rodriguez-Rodriguez L, Minko T. Multifunctional tumor-targeted polymer-peptide-drug delivery system for treatment of primary and metastatic cancers. Pharm. Res; 2010;27: 2296–2306. doi: 10.1007/s11095-010-0235-2.

Saad M, Garbuzenko OB, Ber E, Chandna P, Khandare JJ, Pozharov VP, Minko T. Receptor targeted polymers, dendrimers, liposomes: Which nanocarrier is the most efficient for tumor-specific treatment and imaging? J. Control. Release; 2008;130: 107–114. doi: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2008.05.024.

Li M, Tang Z, Zhang Y, Lv S, Li Q, Chen X. Targeted delivery of cisplatin by LHRH-peptide conjugated dextran nanoparticles suppresses breast cancer growth and metastasis. Acta Biomater; 2015;18: 132–143. doi: 10.1016/j.actbio.2015.02.022.

Taheri A, Dinarvand R, Atyabi F, Ahadi F, Nouri FS, Ghahremani MH, Ostad SN, Boroujeni AT, Mansoori P. Enhanced anti-tumoral activity of methotrexate-human serum albumin conjugated nanoparticles by targeting with luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) peptide. Int. J. Mol. Sci; 2011;12: 4591–4608. doi: 10.3390/ijms12074591.

Ghanghoria R, Tekade RK, Mishra AK, Chuttani K, Jain NK. Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone peptide tethered nanoparticulate system for enhanced antitumoral efficacy of paclitaxel. Nanomedicine; 2016;11: 797–816. doi: 10.2217/nnm.16.19.

Zhang L, Ren Y, Wang Y, He Y, Feng W, Song C. Pharmacokinetics, distribution and anti-tumor efficacy of liposomal mitoxantrone modified with a luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone receptor-specific peptide. Int. J. Nanomedicine; 2018;13: 1097–1105. doi: 10.2147/IJN.S150512.

Hu J, Obayemi JD, Malatesta K, Košmrlj A, Soboyejo WO. Enhanced cellular uptake of LHRH-conjugated PEG-coated magnetite nanoparticles for specific targeting of triple negative breast cancer cells. Mater. Sci. Eng. C; 2018;88: 32–45. doi: 10.1016/j.msec.2018.02.017.

Taratula O, Garbuzenko OB, Chen AM, Minko T. Innovative strategy for treatment of lung cancer: Targeted nanotechnology-based inhalation co-delivery of anticancer drugs and siRNA. J. Drug Target; 2011;19: 900–914. doi: 10.3109/1061186X.2011.622404.

Hariharan S, Bhardwaj V, Bala I, Sitterberg J, Bakowsky U, Ravi Kumar MNV. Design of estradiol loaded PLGA nanoparticulate formulations: A potential oral delivery system for hormone therapy. Pharm. Res; 2006;23: 184–195. doi: 10.1007/s11095-005-8418-y.

Wang X, Chi N, Tang X. Preparation of estradiol chitosan nanoparticles for improving nasal absorption and brain targeting. Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm; 2008;70: 735–740. doi: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2008.07.005.

Mittal G, Carswell H, Brett R, Currie S, Kumar MNVR. Development and evaluation of polymer nanoparticles for oral delivery of estradiol to rat brain in a model of Alzheimer’s pathology. J. Control. Release; 2011;150: 220–228. doi: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2010.11.013.

Gholami Farashah MS, Javadi M, Soleimani Rad J, Shakouri SK, Asnaashari S, Dastmalchi S, Nikzad S, Roshangar L. 17β-estradiol-loaded exosomes for targeted drug delivery in osteoporosis: A comparative study of two loading methods. Adv. Pharm. Bull; 2023;13: 736–746. doi: 10.34172/apb.2023.072.

Takeuchi I, Kobayashi S, Hida Y, Makino K. Estradiol-loaded PLGA nanoparticles for improving low bone mineral density of cancellous bone caused by osteoporosis: Application of enhanced charged nanoparticles with iontophoresis. Colloids Surfaces B Biointerfaces; 2017;155, 35–40. doi: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2017.03.047.

Jain S, Spandana G, Agrawal AK, Kushwah V, Thanki K. Enhanced antitumor efficacy and reduced toxicity of docetaxel loaded estradiol functionalized stealth polymeric nanoparticles. Mol. Pharm; 2015;12: 3871–3884. doi: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.5b00281.

Hu Y, Li J, Zhu X, Li Y, Zhang S, Chen X, Gao Y, Li F. 17β-estradiol-loaded PEGlyated upconversion nanoparticles as a bone-targeted drug nanocarrier. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces; 2015;7: 15803–15811. doi: 10.1021/acsami.5b02831.

Sakurai R, Takeuchi I, Makino K, Itoh F, Saitoh A. Usefulness of percutaneous estradiol-loaded PLGA-PEG-PLGA nanoparticles for the treatment of osteoporosis. Results Mater; 2024;22: 100577. doi: 10.1016/j.rinma.2024.100577.

Guo Y, Liu Y, Shi C, Wu T. Cui Y, Wang S, Liu P, Feng X, He Y, Fu D. Remote-controllable bone-targeted delivery of estradiol for the treatment of ovariectomy-induced osteoporosis in rats. J. Nanobiotechnology; 2021;19: 248. doi: 10.1186/s12951-021-00976-4.

Wang Y, Zhang S, Ma X, Hu D, Wei L, Hu Y, Liu J, Lei X, Li F, Gao Y. Alendronic acid modified PLGA drug delivery system loaded with 17β-estradiol and vitamin D3 has anti-osteoporotic effect. Material Today Bio; 2025. doi: 10.2139/ssrn.5253301.

Alhakamy NA, Al-Rabia MW, Asfour HZ, Alshehri S, Alharbi WS, Halawani A, Alamoudi AJ, Noor AO, Bannan DF, Fahmy UA, et al. 2-Methoxy-estradiol loaded alpha lipoic acid nanoparticles augment cytotoxicity in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Dose-Response; 2021;19. doi: 10.1177/15593258211055023.

Xie B, Liu Y, Guo Y, Zhang E, Pu C, He H, Yin T, Tang X. Progesterone PLGA/MPEG-PLGA hybrid nanoparticle sustained-release system by intramuscular injection. Pharm. Res; 2018;35: 62. doi: 10.1007/s11095-018-2357-x.

Fogolari O, Leimann FV, Ineu RP, Rudy M, Ludwig AF, Salles FM, de Arruda Amorim JP, Franci CR, Sagae SC, Sayer C, et al. Progesterone-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles for use in the regulation of the estrous cycle in female rats. J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol; 2023;88: 104954. doi: 10.1016/j.jddst.2023.104954.

Bhowmik BB, Sa B, Mukherjee A. Preparation and in vitro characterization of slow release testosterone nanocapsules in alginates. Acta Pharm; 2006;56: 417–429.

Noori T, Kashanian S, Rafipour R, Mansouri K, Nazari M. Dual-targeted drug delivery system based on dopamine functionalized human serum albumin nanoparticles as a carrier for methyltestosterone drug. Nanomed. J; 2021;8: 147–155. doi: 10.22038/nmj.2021.08.008.

Tajbakhsh M, Saeedi M, Akbari J, Morteza-Semnani K, Nokhodchi A, Hedayatizadeh-Omran A. An investigation on parameters affecting the optimization of testosterone enanthate loaded solid nanoparticles for enhanced transdermal delivery. Colloids Surfaces A Physicochem. Eng. Asp; 2020;589: 124437. doi: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2020.124437.

Quiñones JP, Jokinen J, Keinänen S, Covas CP, Brüggemann O, Ossipov D. Self-assembled hyaluronic acid-testosterone nanocarriers for delivery of anticancer drugs. Eur. Polym. J; 2018;99: 384–393. doi: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2017.12.043.

Quiñones JP, Gothelf KV, Kjems J, Heras A, Schmidt C, Peniche C. Novel self-assembled nanoparticles of testosterone-modified glycol chitosan and fructose chitosan for controlled release. J. Biomater. Tissue Eng; 2013;3: 164–172. doi: 10.1166/jbt.2013.1071.

Chauhan SB, Naved T, Parvez N. Formulation and development of transdermal drug delivery system of ethinylestradiol and testosterone: In vitro evaluation. Int. J. Appl. Pharm; 2019;11: 55. doi: 10.22159/ijap.2019v11i1.28564.

Kashanian S, Rostami E. PEG-stearate coated solid lipid nanoparticles as levothyroxine carriers for oral administration. J. Nanoparticle Res; 2014;16: 2293. doi: 10.1007/s11051-014-2293-6.

Rostami E, Kashanian S, Azandaryani AH. Preparation of solid lipid nanoparticles as drug carriers for levothyroxine sodium with in vitro drug delivery kinetic characterization. Mol. Biol. Rep; 2014;41: 3521–3527. doi: 10.1007/s11033-014-3216-4.

Rostami E, Kashanian S, Askari M. The effect of ultrasound wave on levothyroxine release from chitosan nanoparticles. Adv. Mater. Res; 2013; 829: 284–288. doi: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.829.284.

Kamali H, Khodaverdi E, Kaffash E, Saffari AS, Shiadeh SNR, Nokhodchi A, Hadizadeh F. Optimization and in vitro evaluation of injectable sustained-release of levothyroxine using PLGA-PEG-PLGA. J. Pharm. Innov; 2021;16: 688–698. doi: 10.1007/s12247-020-09480-y.

Kaur S, Bhararia A, Sharma KK, Mittal S, Jain R, Wangoo N, Sharma RK. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone loaded and chitosan engineered polymeric nanoparticles: Towards effective delivery of neuropeptides. J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol; 2016;16: 5324–5332. doi: 10.1166/jnn.2016.12431.

Paolino D, Cosco D, Gaspari M, Celano M, Wolfram J, Voce P, Puxeddu E, Filetti S, Celia C, Ferrari M, et al. Targeting the Thyroid gland with thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)-nanoliposomes. Biomaterials; 2014;35: 7101–7109. doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.04.088.

Mdzinarishvili A, Sutariya V, Talasila PK, Geldenhuys WJ, Sadana P. Engineering triiodothyronine (T3) nanoparticle for use in ischemic brain stroke. Drug Deliv. Transl. Res; 2013;3: 309–317. doi: 10.1007/s13346-012-0117-8.

Liu J, Zhou X, Feng C, Zheng W, Chen P, Zhang X, Hou P. Glucagon-modified liposomes delivering thyroid hormone for anti-obesity therapy. Arch. Med. Res; 2023;54: 287–298. doi: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2023.04.001.

Gao X, Li A, Zhang X, Liu P, Wang JR, Cai X. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)-armed polymer–lipid nanoparticles for the targeted delivery of cisplatin in thyroid cancers: Therapeutic efficacy evaluation. RSC Adv; 2015;5: 106413–106420. doi: 10.1039/C5RA12588J.

Tessier B, Tsapis N, Fattal E, Moine L. Emerging Nanoparticle platforms to improve the administration of glucocorticoids. J. Control. Release; 2023;358: 273–292. doi: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.04.039.

Katas H, Hussain Z, Ling TC. Chitosan nanoparticles as a percutaneous drug delivery system for hydrocortisone. J. Nanomater; 2012. doi:10.1155/2012/372725.

Siddique MI, Katas H, Amin MCIM, Ng SF, Zulfakar MH, Jamil A. In-vivo dermal pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and safety of skin targeting nanoparticles for corticosteroid treatment of atopic dermatitis. Int. J. Pharm; 2016;507: 72–82. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.05.005.

Alsaidan OA, Elmowafy M, Shalaby K, Alzarea SI, Massoud D, Kassem AM, Ibrahim MF. Hydrocortisone-loaded lipid–polymer hybrid nanoparticles for controlled topical delivery: Formulation design optimization and in vitro and in vivo appraisal. ACS Omega; 2023;8: 18714–18725. doi: 10.1021/acsomega.3c00638.

Hudan-Tsilo I, Tokarskyy O, Shevchuk O, Korda M. Chitosan self-assembled polymeric nanoparticles for percutaneous delivery of betamethasone in contact dermatitis. Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm; 2021;47: 1310–1317. doi: 10.1080/03639045.2021.1989457.

Álvarez-Álvarez L, Barral L, Bouza R, Farrag Y, Otero-Espinar F, Feijóo-Bandín S, Lago F. Hydrocortisone loaded poly-(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) nanoparticles for topical ophthalmic administration: Preparation, characterization and evaluation of ophthalmic toxicity. Int. J. Pharm; 2019;568: 118519. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.118519.

Alkholief M, Kalam MA, Raish M, Ansari MA, Alsaleh NB, Almomen A, Ali R, Alshamsan A. Topical sustained-release dexamethasone-loaded chitosan nanoparticles: Assessment of drug delivery efficiency in a rabbit model of endotoxin-induced uveitis. Pharmaceutics; 2023;15: 2273. doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15092273.

Chouhan P, Bhardwaj A, Jatale A, Ahlawat P, Chakraborty T, Shrivastava D, Khan S. Formulation and evaluation of coated chitosan microspheres of prednisolone for colon-targeted drug delivery. Cuest. Fisioter; 2025;54. doi: 10.48047/krbdbh71.

Cervantes B, Arana L, Murillo-Cuesta S, Bruno M, Alkorta I, Varela-Nieto I. Solid lipid nanoparticles loaded with glucocorticoids protect auditory cells from cisplatin-induced ototoxicity. J. Clin. Med; 2019;8: 1464. doi: 10.3390/jcm8091464.

Liu L, Yang H, Lou Y, Wu JY, Miao J, Lu XY, Gao JQ. Enhancement of oral bioavailability of salmon calcitonin through chitosan-modified, dual drug-loaded nanoparticles. Int. J. Pharm; 2019;557: 170–177. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.12.053.

Pinto Reis C, Neufeld RJ, Ribeiro AJ, Veiga F. Nanoencapsulation II. biomedical applications and current status of peptide and protein nanoparticulate delivery systems. Nanomedicine Nanotechnology, Biol. Med. 2006, 2, 53–65, doi:10.1016/j.nano.2006.04.009.

Cao S, Liu Y, Shang H, Li S, Jiang J, Zhu X, Zhang P, Wang X, Li J. Supramolecular nanoparticles of calcitonin and dipeptide for long-term controlled release. J. Control. Release; 2017; 256: 182–192. doi: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.04.014.

Ghasemi R, Abdollahi M, Emamgholi Zadeh E, Khodabakhshi K, Badeli A, Bagheri H, Hosseinkhani S. MPEG-PLA and PLA-PEG-PLA nanoparticles as new carriers for delivery of recombinant human growth hormone (RhGH). Sci. Rep; 2018;8: 9854. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-28092-8.

Dubey N, Varshney R, Shukla J, Ganeshpurkar A, Hazari PP, Bandopadhaya GP, Mishra AK, Trivedi P. Synthesis and evaluation of biodegradable PCL/PEG nanoparticles for neuroendocrine tumor targeted delivery of somatostatin analog. Drug Deliv; 2012;19: 132–142. doi: 10.3109/10717544.2012.657718.

Yusuf A, Almotairy ARZ, Henidi H, Alshehri OY, Aldughaim MS. Nanoparticles as drug delivery systems: a review of the implication of nanoparticles’ physicochemical properties on responses in biological systems. Polymers (Basel); 2023;15: 1596. doi: 10.3390/polym15071596.

Kreyling WG, Semmler-Behnke M, Chaudhry QA. Complementary definition of nanomaterial. Nano Today; 2010;5: 165–168. doi: 10.1016/j.nantod.2010.03.004.

van Staden D, Gerber M, Lemmer HJR. The application of nano drug delivery systems in female upper genital tract disorders. Pharmaceutics; 2024;16: 1475. doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16111475.

Chandrakala V, Aruna V, Angajala G. Review on metal nanoparticles as nanocarriers: current challenges and perspectives in drug delivery systems. Emergent Mater; 2022;5: 1593–1615. doi: 10.1007/s42247-021-00335-x.

Sim S, Wong N. Nanotechnology and its use in imaging and drug delivery (Review). Biomed. Reports; 2021;14: 42. doi: 10.3892/br.2021.1418.

Choi YH, Han HK. Nanomedicines: Current status and future perspectives in aspect of drug delivery and pharmacokinetics. J. Pharm. Investig; 2018;48: 43–60. doi: 10.1007/s40005-017-0370-4.

Afsharzadeh M, Hashemi M, Mokhtarzadeh A, Abnous K, Ramezani M. Recent advances in co-delivery systems based on polymeric nanoparticle for cancer treatment. Artif. Cells, Nanomedicine, Biotechnol; 2018;46: 1095–1110. doi: 10.1080/21691401.2017.1376675.

Elumalai K, Srinivasan S, Shanmugam A. Review of the efficacy of nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems for cancer treatment. Biomed. Technol; 2024; 5: 109–122. doi: 10.1016/j.bmt.2023.09.001.

Visan AI, Popescu-Pelin G, Socol G. Degradation behavior of polymers used as coating materials for drug delivery—a basic review. Polymers (Basel); 2021;13: 1272. doi: 10.3390/polym13081272.

Karimi M, Eslami M, Sahandi‐Zangabad P, Mirab F, Farajisafiloo N, Shafaei Z, Ghosh D, Bozorgomid M, Dashkhaneh F, Hamblin MR. pH sensitive stimulus‐responsive nanocarriers for targeted delivery of therapeutic agents. WIREs Nanomedicine and Nanobiotechnology; 2016;8: 696–716. doi: 10.1002/wnan.1389.

Li J, Wang Q, Xia G, Adilijiang N, Li Y, Hou Z, Fan Z, Li J. Recent advances in targeted drug delivery strategy for enhancing oncotherapy. Pharmaceutics; 2023;15: 2233. doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15092233.

Salih ARC, Farooqi HMU, Amin H, Karn PR, Meghani N, Nagendran S. Hyaluronic acid: comprehensive review of a multifunctional biopolymer. Futur. J. Pharm. Sci; 2024;10: 63. doi: 10.1186/s43094-024-00636-y.

Sonam Dongsar T, Tsering Dongsar T, Molugulu N, Annadurai S, Wahab S, Gupta N, Kesharwani P. Targeted therapy of breast tumor by PLGA-Based nanostructures: The versatile function in doxorubicin delivery. Environ. Res; 2023;233: 116455. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116455.

Kudelkina VV, Gerasimov AD, Kosyreva AM, Alekseeva AI, Makarova OV. PLGA polymers and doxorubicin for the treatment of malignant gliomas in adults: An overview. Open Med. Chem. J; 2025;19. doi: 10.2174/0118741045346445250111104531.

Fan CY, Wang SW, Chung C, Chen JY, Chang CY, Chen YC, Hsu TL, Cheng TJR, Wong CH. Synthesis of a dendritic cell-targeted self-assembled polymeric nanoparticle for selective delivery of mRNA vaccines to elicit enhanced ımmune responses. Chem. Sci; 2024;15: 11626–11632. doi: 10.1039/D3SC06575H.

Nouruzi E, Hosseini SM, Asghari B, Mahjoub R, Zare EN, Shahbazi MA, Kalhori F, Arabestani MR. Effect of poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) polymer nanoparticles loaded with vancomycin against staphylococcus aureus biofilm. BMC Biotechnol; 2023;23: 39. doi: 10.1186/s12896-023-00811-8.

Song YH, De R, Lee KT. Emerging strategies to fabricate polymeric nanocarriers for enhanced drug delivery across blood-brain barrier: An overview. Adv. Colloid Interface Sci; 2023;320: 103008. doi: 10.1016/j.cis.2023.103008.

Kosksi T, Bustos-Salgado P, Rejeb M, Selmi A, Debbabi N, Espinoza LC, Sosa L, Silva-Abreu M, Calpena AC, Chekir-Ghedira L. Development of Polymeric nanoparticles loaded with phlomis crinita extract: A promising approach for enhanced wound healing. Int. J. Mol. Sci; 2025;26: 2124. doi: 10.3390/ijms26052124.

Wang J, Li B, Qiu L, Qiao X, Yang H. Dendrimer-based drug delivery systems: History, challenges, and latest developments. J. Biol. Eng; 2022;16: 18. doi: 10.1186/s13036-022-00298-5.

Santos A, Veiga F, Figueiras A. Dendrimers as pharmaceutical excipients: Synthesis, properties, toxicity and biomedical applications. Materials (Basel); 2019;13: 65. doi: 10.3390/ma13010065.

Rahdari T, Mahdavimehr M, Ghafouri H, Ramezanpour S, Ehtesham S, Asghari SM. Advancing triple-negative breast cancer treatment through peptide decorated solid lipid nanoparticles for paclitaxel delivery. Sci. Rep; 2025;15: 6043. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-90107-y.

Omidian H, Gill EJ, Cubeddu LX. Lipid nanoparticles in lung cancer therapy. Pharmaceutics; 2024;16: 644. doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16050644.

Wilson B, Geetha KM. Lipid nanoparticles in the development of mRNA vaccines for COVID-19. J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol; 2022;74: 103553. doi: 10.1016/j.jddst.2022.103553.

Kon E, Elia U, Peer D. Principles for designing an optimal mRNA lipid nanoparticle vaccine. Curr. Opin. Biotechnol; 2022;73: 329–336. doi: 10.1016/j.copbio.2021.09.016.

Mistry N, Bandyopadhyaya R, Mehra S. Enhancement of antimycobacterial activity of rifampicin using mannose-anchored lipid nanoparticles against intramacrophage mycobacteria. ACS Appl. Bio Mater; 2022;5: 5779–5789. doi: 10.1021/acsabm.2c00796.

Singh CP, Rai PK, Kumar M, Tiwari V, Tiwari A, Sharma A, Sharma K. Emphasis on Nanostructured lipid carriers in the ocular delivery of antibiotics. Pharm. Nanotechnol; 2024;12: 126–142. doi: 10.2174/2211738511666230727102213.

Sandhu SK, Kumar S, Raut J, Singh M, Kaur S, Sharma G, Roldan TL, Trehan S, Holloway J, Wahler, G, et al. Systematic development and characterization of novel, high drug-loaded, photostable, curcumin solid lipid nanoparticle hydrogel for wound healing. Antioxidants; 2021;10: 725. doi: 10.3390/antiox10050725.

Miao L, Daozhou L, Ying C, Qibing M, Siyuan Z. A resveratrol-loaded nanostructured lipid carrier hydrogel to enhance the anti-UV irradiation and anti-oxidant efficacy. Colloids Surfaces B Biointerfaces; 2021;204: 111786. doi: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2021.111786.

Mehta M, Bui TA, Yang X, Aksoy Y, Goldys EM, Deng W. Lipid-based nanoparticles for drug/gene delivery: An overview of the production techniques and difficulties encountered in their industrial development. ACS Mater; 2023;3: 600–619. doi: 10.1021/acsmaterialsau.3c00032.

Xu L, Wang X, Liu Y, Yang G, Falconer RJ, Zhao CX. Lipid nanoparticles for drug delivery. Adv. NanoBiomed Res; 2022;2. doi: 10.1002/anbr.202100109.

De Leo V, Maurelli AM, Giotta L, Catucci L. Liposomes containing nanoparticles: preparation and applications. Colloids Surfaces B Biointerfaces; 2022;218: 112737. doi: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2022.112737.

Chen J, Hu S, Sun M, Shi J, Zhang H, Yu H, Yang Z. Recent Advances and clinical translation of liposomal delivery systems in cancer therapy. Eur. J. Pharm. Sci; 2024;193: 106688. doi: 10.1016/j.ejps.2023.106688.

Hussein HA, Abdullah MA. Novel drug delivery systems based on silver nanoparticles, hyaluronic acid, lipid nanoparticles and liposomes for cancer treatment. Appl. Nanosci; 2022;12: 3071–3096. doi: 10.1007/s13204-021-02018-9.

Wan R, Liu S, Feng X, Luo W, Zhang H, Wu Y, Chen S, Shang X. The revolution of exosomes: From biological functions to therapeutic applications in skeletal muscle diseases. J. Orthop. Transl; 2024;45: 132–139. doi: 10.1016/j.jot.2024.01.001.

Dilsiz N. Exosomes as new generation vehicles for drug delivery systems. J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol; 2024;95: 105562. doi: 10.1016/j.jddst.2024.105562.

Zeng H, Guo S, Ren X, Wu Z, Liu S, Yao X. Current strategies for exosome cargo loading and targeting delivery. Cells; 2023;12: 1416. doi: 10.3390/cells12101416.

Gao J, Li A, Hu J, Feng L, Liu L, Shen Z. Recent Developments in isolating methods for exosomes. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol; 2023;10. doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.1100892.

Basyoni AE, Atta A, Salem MM, Mohamed TM. Harnessing exosomes for targeted drug delivery systems to combat brain cancer. Cancer Cell Int; 2025;25: 150. doi: 10.1186/s12935-025-03731-z.

Geng JX, Lu YF, Zhou JN, Huang B, Qin Y. Exosome technology: A novel and effective drug delivery system in the field of cancer therapy. World J. Gastrointest. Oncol; 2025;17. doi: 10.4251/wjgo.v17.i3.101857.

Kandimalla R, Saeed M, Tyagi N, Gupta RC, Aqil F. Exosome-based approaches in the management of Alzheimer’s disease. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev; 2023;144: 104974. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104974.

Jiang M, Zhang K, Meng J, Xu L, Liu Y, Wei R. Engineered exosomes in service of tumor immunotherapy: From optimizing tumor‐derived exosomes to delivering CRISPR/Cas9 system. Int. J. Cancer; 2025;156: 898–913. doi: 10.1002/ijc.35241.

Chen L, Zhang J, Huang Y, Zhang X, Zhang G, Kong S, Gao J, Zhang X, Ding B. Drug delivery systems based on dendritic-cell-derived exosomes. Pharmaceutics; 2025;17: 326. doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics17030326.

Sun D, Zhuang X, Xiang X, Grizzle W, Miller D, Zhang HG. A novel nanoparticle drug delivery system: the anti-ınflammatory activity of curcumin is enhanced when encapsulated in exosomes. Mol. Ther; 2010;18: 1606–1614.

Xiang X, Chen J, Jiang T, Yan C, Kang Y, Zhang M, Xiang K, Guo J, Jiang G, Wang C, et al. Milk-derived exosomes carrying siRNA-keap1 promote diabetic wound healing by improving oxidative stress. Drug Deliv. Transl. Res; 2023;13: 2286–2296. doi: 10.1007/s13346-023-01306-x.

Kaltbeitzel J, Wich PR. Protein‐based nanoparticles: from drug delivery to imaging, nanocatalysis and protein therapy. Angew. Chemie Int. Ed; 2023;62. doi: 10.1002/anie.202216097.

Sadeghi S, Lee WK, Kong SN, Shetty A, Drum CL. Oral administration of protein nanoparticles: An emerging route to disease treatment. Pharmacol. Res; 2020;158: 104685. doi: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104685.

Miele E, Spinelli GP, Ermanno M, Federica T, Tomao S. Albumin-bound formulation of paclitaxel (Abraxane® Abi-007) in the treatment of breast cancer. Int. J. Nanomedicine; 2009;4: 99–105.

Newaj SM, Kashem TB, Ferdous J, Jahan I, Rawshan H, Prionty NJ, Rakib R, Sadman MA, Faruk F. Bin, Reza HM, et al. Skin Cancer treatment with subcutaneous delivery of doxorubicin-loaded gelatin nanoparticles and NIR activation. ACS Appl. Bio Mater; 2024;7: 6313–6324. doi: 10.1021/acsabm.4c01129.

Galiyeva A, Daribay A, Zhumagaliyeva T, Zhaparova L, Sadyrbekov D, Tazhbayev Y. Human serum albumin nanoparticles: synthesis, optimization and ımmobilization with antituberculosis drugs. Polymers (Basel); 2023; 15: 2774. doi: 10.3390/polym15132774.

Paulpandi M, Rajaganesh R, Kavithaa K, Kalaiarasi G, Arul N. Curcumin-loaded a-lactalbumin nanoparticles neuroprotective effects against permethrine-induced neurotoxicity. Inorg. Chem. Commun; 2023;158: 111586. doi: 10.1016/j.inoche.2023.111586.

Shamsi A, Mohammad T, Anwar S, Alajmi MF, Hussain A, Hassan MI, Ahmad F, Islam A. Probing the interaction of rivastigmine tartrate, an important Alzheimer’s drug, with serum albumin: Attempting treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. Int. J. Biol. Macromol; 2020;148: 533–542. doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.01.134.

Abolmaali SS, Tamaddon AM, Dinarvand R. A review of therapeutic challenges and achievements of methotrexate delivery systems for treatment of cancer and rheumatoid arthritis. Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol; 2013;71: 1115–1130. doi: 10.1007/s00280-012-2062-0.

Song Y, Su Y, Hussain SA, Tang C. Resveratrol and prednisolone loaded into human serum albumin nanoparticles for the alleviation of rheumatoid arthritis symptoms: An in vitro and in vivo study. Mater. Sci; 2024;42: 16–25. doi: 10.2478/msp-2024-0005.

Qi H, Wang K, Li M, Zhang Y, Dong K, Heise S, Boccaccini AR, Lu T. Co-culture of BMSCs and HUVECs with simvastatin-loaded gelatin nanosphere/chitosan coating on mg alloy for osteogenic differentiation and vasculogenesis. Int. J. Biol. Macromol; 2021;193: 2021–2028. doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.11.032.

Debnath SK, Srivastava R. Drug delivery with carbon-based nanomaterials as versatile nanocarriers: Progress and prospects. Front. Nanotechnol; 2021;3. doi: 10.3389/fnano.2021.644564.

Murjani BO, Kadu PS, Bansod M, Vaidya SS, Yadav MD. Carbon nanotubes in biomedical applications: Current status, promises, and challenges. Carbon Lett; 2022;32: 1207–1226. doi: 10.1007/s42823-022-00364-4.

Elgamal HA, Mohamed SA, Farghali AA, Hassan AME. PEG@ carbon nanotubes composite as an effective nanocarrier of ixazomib for myeloma cancer therapy. Nanoscale Res. Lett; 2022;17: 72. doi: 10.1186/s11671-022-03707-2.

Xiong S, Luo J, Wang Q, Li Z, Li J, Liu Q, Gao L, Fang S, Li Y, Pan H, et al. Targeted graphene oxide for drug delivery as a therapeutic nanoplatform against Parkinson’s disease. Biomater. Sci; 2021;9: 1705–1715. doi: 10.1039/D0BM01765E.

Sudewi S, Sai Sashank PV, Kamaraj R, Zulfajri M, Huang GG. Understanding antibiotic detection with fluorescence quantum dots: A review. J. Fluoresc; 2024;35: 2527–2551. doi: 10.1007/s10895-024-03743-4.

Abdelhamid HN, Badr G. Nanobiotechnology as a platform for the diagnosis of COVID-19: A review. Nanotechnol. Environ. Eng; 2021;6: 19. doi: 10.1007/s41204-021-00109-0.

Moztarzadeh O, Jamshidi M, Taherpour AA, Babuska V. Molecular modelling of fullerene c60 functionalized by nitric oxide for use in biological environment. Sci. Rep; 2024;14: 2565. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-53050-y.

Yahyazadeh A, Nanda S, Dalai AK. Carbon nanotubes: A review of synthesis methods and applications. Reactions; 2024;5: 429–451. doi: 10.3390/reactions5030022.

Zare H, Ahmadi S, Ghasemi A, Ghanbari M, Rabiee N, Bagherzadeh M, Karimi M, Webster TJ, Hamblin MR, Mostafavi E. Carbon nanotubes: Smart drug/gene delivery carriers. Int. J. Nanomedicine; 2021;16: 1681–1706. doi: 10.2147/IJN.S299448.

Rezazade M, Ketabi S, Qomi M. Effect of functionalization on the adsorption performance of carbon nanotube as a drug delivery system for imatinib: Molecular simulation study. BMC Chem; 2024;18: 85. doi: 10.1186/s13065-024-01197-0.

Seifalian A, Stanciu PI, Digesu A, Khullar V. Graphene-based nanocomposite materials to provide a surgical solution for the condition of pelvic organ prolapse. Med. Hypotheses; 2024;189: 111398. doi: 10.1016/j.mehy.2024.111398.

Magne TM, de Oliveira Vieira T, Alencar LMR, Junior FFM, Gemini-Piperni S, Carneiro SV, Fechine LMUD, Freire RM, Golokhvast K, Metrangolo P, et al. Graphene and its derivatives: Understanding the main chemical and medicinal chemistry roles for biomedical applications. J. Nanostructure Chem; 2022;12: 693–727. doi: 10.1007/s40097-021-00444-3.

Gu M, Toh TB, Hooi L, Lim JJ, Zhang X, Chow EKH. Nanodiamond-mediated delivery of a G9a inhibitor for hepatocellular carcinoma therapy. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces; 2019;11: 45427–45441. doi: 10.1021/acsami.9b16323.

Priyadarshni N, Singh R, Mishra MK. Nanodiamonds: Next generation nano-theranostics for cancer therapy. Cancer Lett; 2024;587: 216710. doi: 10.1016/j.canlet.2024.216710.

Pan F, Khan M, Ragab AH, Javed E, Alsalmah HA, Khan I, Lei T, Hussain A, Mohamed A, Zada A., et al. Recent advances in the structure and biomedical applications of nanodiamonds and their future perspectives. Mater. Des: 2023;233: 112179. doi: 10.1016/j.matdes.2023.112179.

Fernandes NB, Shenoy RUK, Kajampady MK, DCruz CEM, Shirodkar RK, Kumar L, Verma R. Fullerenes for the treatment of cancer: An Emerging tool. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res; 2022;29: 58607–58627. doi: 10.1007/s11356-022-21449-7.

Radivoievych A, Kolp B, Grebinyk S, Prylutska S, Ritter U, Zolk O, Glökler J, Frohme M, Grebinyk A. Silent death by sound: C60 Fullerene sonodynamic treatment of cancer cells. Int. J. Mol. Sci; 2023;24: 1020. doi: 10.3390/ijms24021020.

Mehdipour-Ataei S, Aram E. Mesoporous carbon-based materials: A review of synthesis, modification, and applications. Catalysts; 2022;13: 2. doi: 10.3390/catal13010002.

Zhou Y, Liu M, Liu X, Jiang R, He Y, Yao Q, Chen H, Fu C. Rapid and sensitive fluorescence determination of oxytocin using nitrogen-doped carbon dots as fluorophores. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal; 2023;229: 115344. doi: 10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115344.

Jana P, Dev A. Carbon quantum dots: A promising nanocarrier for bioimaging and drug delivery in cancer. Mater. Today Commun; 2022;32: 104068. doi: 10.1016/j.mtcomm.2022.104068.

Pang X, Li L, Wang P, Zhang Y, Dong W, Mei Q. Adenine-Derived carbon dots for the chemosensing of hypochlorite based on fluorescence enhancement. Microchem. J; 2021;168: 106400. doi: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.106400.

Liu L, Qian M, Sun H, Yang Z, Xiao L, Gong X, Hu Q. A highly sensitive fluorescence probe for methyl parathion detection in vegetable and fruit samples based on N and S co-doped carbon dots. J. Food Compos. Anal; 2022;107: 104374. doi: 10.1016/j.jfca.2021.104374.

Alshammari BH, Lashin MMA, Mahmood MA, Al-Mubaddel FS, Ilyas N, Rahman N, Sohail M, Khan A, Abdullaev SS, Khan R. Organic and inorganic nanomaterials: Fabrication, properties and applications. RSC Adv; 2023;13: 13735–13785. doi: 10.1039/D3RA01421E.

Tomoaia G, Horovitz O, Mocanu A, Nita A, Avram A, Racz CP, Soritau O, Cenariu M, Tomoaia-Cotisel M. Effects of doxorubicin mediated by gold nanoparticles and resveratrol in two human cervical tumor cell lines. Colloids Surfaces B Biointerfaces; 2015;135: 726–734. doi: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2015.08.036.

Zou Z, Wen S, Li Y, An J, Wu Q, Tong L, Mei X, Tian H, Wu C. Novel lactoferrin-functionalized manganese-doped silica hollow mesoporous nanoparticles loaded with resveratrol for the treatment of ischemic stroke. Mater. Today Adv; 2022;15: 100262. doi: 10.1016/j.mtadv.2022.100262.

Malawong S, Thammawithan S, Sirithongsuk P, Daduang S, Klaynongsruang S, Wong PT, Patramanon R. Silver nanoparticles enhance antimicrobial efficacy of antibiotics and restore that efficacy against the melioidosis pathogen. Antibiotics; 2021;10: 839. doi: 10.3390/antibiotics10070839.

Sadalage PS, Patil RV, Havaldar DV, Gavade SS, Santos AC, Pawar KD. Optimally biosynthesized, PEGylated gold nanoparticles functionalized with quercetin and camptothecin enhance potential anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer and anti-angiogenic activities. J. Nanobiotechnology; 2021;19: 84. doi: 10.1186/s12951-021-00836-1.

Pham LM, Kim EC, Ou W, Phung CD, Nguyen TT, Pham TT, Poudel K, Gautam M, Nguyen HT, Jeong JH, et al. Targeting and clearance of senescent foamy macrophages and senescent endothelial cells by antibody-functionalized mesoporous silica nanoparticles for alleviating aorta atherosclerosis. Biomaterials; 2021;269: 120677. doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.120677.

Yokchom R, Laiwejpithaya S, Maneeprakorn W, Tapaneeyakorn S, Rabablert J, Dharakul T. Paper-based immunosensor with signal amplification by enzyme-labeled anti-p16ınk4a multifunctionalized gold nanoparticles for cervical cancer screening. Nanomedicine Nanotechnology, Biol. Med; 2018;14: 1051–1058. doi: 10.1016/j.nano.2018.01.016.

Wang J, Potocny AM, Rosenthal J, Day ES. Gold nanoshell-linear tetrapyrrole conjugates for near infrared-activated dual photodynamic and photothermal therapies. ACS Omega; 2020;5: 926–940. doi: 10.1021/acsomega.9b04150.

Zhang XF, Liu ZG, Shen W, Gurunathan S. Silver nanoparticles: Synthesis, characterization, properties, applications, and therapeutic approaches. Int. J. Mol. Sci; 2016;17: 1534. doi: 10.3390/ijms17091534.

Hussein HA, Mohamad H, Mohd Ghazaly M, Laith AA, Abdullah MA. Anticancer and antioxidant activities of nannochloropsis Oculata and Chlorella Sp. extracts in co-application with silver nanoparticle. J. King Saud Univ. - Sci; 2020;32: 3486–3494. doi: 10.1016/j.jksus.2020.10.011.

Hussein HA, Syamsumir DF, Radzi SAM, Siong JYF, Zin NAM, Abdullah MA. Phytochemical screening, metabolite profiling and enhanced antimicrobial activities of microalgal crude extracts in co-application with silver nanoparticle. Bioresour. Bioprocess; 2020;7: 39. doi: 10.1186/s40643-020-00322-w.

Ivanova N, Gugleva V, Dobreva M, Pehlivanov I, Stefanov S, Andonova V. Silver nanoparticles as multi-functional drug delivery systems. In Nanomedicines, IntechOpen, 2019. doi: 10.5772/intechopen.80238

Mazzotta E, De Santo M, Lombardo D, Leggio A, Pasqua L. Mesoporous silicas in materials engineering: Nanodevices for bionanotechnologies. Mater. Today Bio; 2022;17: 100472. doi: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2022.100472.

Ghaffari A, Abazari M, Moghimi HR. Wound healing and nanotechnology: Opportunities and Challenges. In Bioengineered Nanomaterials for Wound Healing and Infection Control, Elsevier, 2023: 115–174. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-323-95376-4.00014-9Get rights and content

Bobo D, Robinson KJ, Islam J, Thurecht KJ, Corrie SR. Nanoparticle-based medicines: A review of FDA-approved materials and clinical trials to date. Pharm. Res; 2016;33: 2373–2387. doi: 10.1007/s11095-016-1958-5.

Arias LS, Pessan JP, Vieira APM, Lima TMT, de Delbem ACB, Monteiro DR. Iron oxide nanoparticles for biomedical applications: A perspective on synthesis, drugs, antimicrobial activity, and toxicity. Antibiotics; 2018;7: 46. doi: 10.3390/antibiotics7020046.

Akintelu SA, Folorunso AS. A review on green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using plant extracts and its biomedical applications. Bionanoscience; 2020;10: 848–863. doi: 10.1007/s12668-020-00774-6.

Anjum S, Hashim M, Malik SA, Khan M, Lorenzo JM, Abbasi BH, Hano C. Recent advances in zinc oxide nanoparticles (zno nps) for cancer diagnosis, target drug delivery, and treatment. Cancers (Basel); 2021;13: 4570. doi: 10.3390/cancers13184570.

Ziental D, Czarczynska-Goslinska B, Mlynarczyk DT, Glowacka-Sobotta A, Stanisz B, Goslinski T, Sobotta L. Titanium dioxide nanoparticles: Prospects and applications in medicine. Nanomaterials; 2020;10: 387. doi: 10.3390/nano10020387.

Nations S, Long M, Wages M, Maul JD, Theodorakis CW, Cobb GP. Subchronic and Chronic developmental effects of copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles on Xenopus laevis. Chemosphere; 2015;135: 166–174. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.03.078.

Ostaszewska T, Chojnacki M, Kamaszewski M, Sawosz-Chwalibóg E. Histopathological effects of silver and copper nanoparticles on the epidermis, gills, and liver of siberian sturgeon. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res; 2016;23: 1621–1633. doi: 10.1007/s11356-015-5391-9.

Hu CMJ, Zhang L, Aryal S, Cheung C, Fang RH, Zhang L. Erythrocyte membrane-camouflaged polymeric nanoparticles as a biomimetic delivery platform. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci; 2011;108: 10980–10985. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1106634108.

Fang RH, Hu CMJ, Luk BT, Gao W, Copp JA, Tai Y, O’Connor DE, Zhang L. Cancer cell membrane-coated nanoparticles for anticancer vaccination and drug delivery. Nano Lett; 2014;14: 2181–2188. doi: 10.1021/nl500618u.

Vieira R, Souto SB, Sánchez-López E, López Machado A, Severino P, Jose S, Santini A, Silva AM, Fortuna A, García ML, et al. Sugar-lowering drugs for type 2 diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome—strategies for in vivo administration: Part-II. J. Clin. Med; 2019;8: 1332. doi: 10.3390/jcm8091332.

Meng Q, Hu H, Zhou L, Zhang Y, Yu B, Shen Y, Cong H. Logical design and application of prodrug platforms. Polym. Chem; 2019;10: 306–324. doi: 10.1039/C8PY01160E.

Rai VK, Mishra N, Agrawal AK, Jain S, Yadav NP. Novel drug delivery system: An immense hope for diabetics. Drug Deliv; 2016;23: 2371–2390. doi: 10.3109/10717544.2014.991001.

Zhao R, Lu Z, Yang J, Zhang L, Li Y, Zhang X. Drug delivery system in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol; 2020;8. doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00880.

Wang A, Yang T, Fan W, Yang Y, Zhu Q, Guo S, Zhu C, Yuan Y, Zhang T, Gan Y. Protein corona liposomes achieve efficient oral insulin delivery by overcoming mucus and epithelial barriers. Adv. Healthc. Mater; 2019;8. doi: 10.1002/adhm.201801123.

Gu Z, Aimetti AA, Wang Q, Dang TT, Zhang Y, Veiseh O, Cheng H, Langer RS, Anderson DG. Injectable nano-network for glucose-mediated insulin delivery. ACS Nano; 2013;7: 4194–4201. doi: 10.1021/nn400630x.

Wu L, Liu M, Shan W, Zhu X, Li L, Zhang Z, Huang Y. Bioinspired butyrate-functionalized nanovehicles for targeted oral delivery of biomacromolecular drugs. J. Control. Release; 2017;262: 273–283. doi: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.07.045.

Sheng J, Han L, Qin J, Ru G, Li R, Wu L, Cui D, Yang P, He Y, Wang J. N-trimethyl chitosan chloride-coated PLGA nanoparticles overcoming multiple barriers to oral insulin absorption. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces; 2015;7: 15430–15441. doi: 10.1021/acsami.5b03555.

Wong CY, Al-Salami H, Dass CR. Potential of insulin nanoparticle formulations for oral delivery and diabetes treatment. J. Control. Release; 2017;264: 247–275. doi: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.09.003.

Zhang Y, Jiang G, Hong W, Gao M, Xu B, Zhu J, Song G, Liu T. Polymeric microneedles integrated with metformin-loaded and PDA/LA-Coated hollow mesoporous SiO 2 for NIR-triggered transdermal delivery on diabetic rats. ACS Appl. Bio Mater; 2018;1: 1906–1917. doi: 10.1021/acsabm.8b00470.

Kesharwani P, Gorain B, Low SY, Tan SA, Ling ECS, Lim YK, Chin CM, Lee PY, Lee CM, Ooi CH, et al. Nanotechnology based approaches for anti-diabetic drugs delivery. Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract; 2018;136: 52–77. doi: 10.1016/j.diabres.2017.11.018.

Yu J, Qian C, Zhang Y, Cui Z, Zhu Y, Shen Q, Ligler FS, Buse JB, Gu Z. Hypoxia and H2O2 dual-sensitive vesicles for enhanced glucose-responsive insulin delivery. Nano Lett; 2017;17: 733–739. doi: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b03848.

Rather MA, Sharma R, Gupta S, Ferosekhan S, Ramya VL, Jadhao SB. Chitosan-nanoconjugated hormone nanoparticles for sustained surge of gonadotropins and enhanced reproductive output in female fish. PLoS One; 2013;8: e57094. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057094.

Ghaly HSA, Varamini P. New drug delivery strategies targeting the GnRH receptor in breast and other cancers. Endocr. Relat. Cance; 2021;28: R251–R269. doi: 10.1530/ERC-20-0442.

Dharap S. Molecular targeting of drug delivery systems to ovarian cancer by BH3 and LHRH peptides. J. Control. Release; 2003;91: 61–73. doi: 10.1016/S0168-3659(03)00209-8.

Khandare JJ, Chandna P, Wang Y, Pozharov VP, Minko T. Novel Polymeric prodrug with multivalent components for cancer therapy. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther; 2006;317: 929–937. doi: 10.1124/jpet.105.098855.

Chandna P, Khandare JJ, Ber E, Rodriguez-Rodriguez L, Minko T. Multifunctional tumor-targeted polymer-peptide-drug delivery system for treatment of primary and metastatic cancers. Pharm. Res; 2010;27: 2296–2306. doi: 10.1007/s11095-010-0235-2.

Saad M, Garbuzenko OB, Ber E, Chandna P, Khandare JJ, Pozharov VP, Minko T. Receptor targeted polymers, dendrimers, liposomes: Which nanocarrier is the most efficient for tumor-specific treatment and imaging? J. Control. Release; 2008;130: 107–114. doi: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2008.05.024.

Li M, Tang Z, Zhang Y, Lv S, Li Q, Chen X. Targeted delivery of cisplatin by LHRH-peptide conjugated dextran nanoparticles suppresses breast cancer growth and metastasis. Acta Biomater; 2015;18: 132–143. doi: 10.1016/j.actbio.2015.02.022.

Taheri A, Dinarvand R, Atyabi F, Ahadi F, Nouri FS, Ghahremani MH, Ostad SN, Boroujeni AT, Mansoori P. Enhanced anti-tumoral activity of methotrexate-human serum albumin conjugated nanoparticles by targeting with luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) peptide. Int. J. Mol. Sci; 2011;12: 4591–4608. doi: 10.3390/ijms12074591.

Ghanghoria R, Tekade RK, Mishra AK, Chuttani K, Jain NK. Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone peptide tethered nanoparticulate system for enhanced antitumoral efficacy of paclitaxel. Nanomedicine; 2016;11: 797–816. doi: 10.2217/nnm.16.19.

Zhang L, Ren Y, Wang Y, He Y, Feng W, Song C. Pharmacokinetics, distribution and anti-tumor efficacy of liposomal mitoxantrone modified with a luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone receptor-specific peptide. Int. J. Nanomedicine; 2018;13: 1097–1105. doi: 10.2147/IJN.S150512.

Hu J, Obayemi JD, Malatesta K, Košmrlj A, Soboyejo WO. Enhanced cellular uptake of LHRH-conjugated PEG-coated magnetite nanoparticles for specific targeting of triple negative breast cancer cells. Mater. Sci. Eng. C; 2018;88: 32–45. doi: 10.1016/j.msec.2018.02.017.

Taratula O, Garbuzenko OB, Chen AM, Minko T. Innovative strategy for treatment of lung cancer: Targeted nanotechnology-based inhalation co-delivery of anticancer drugs and siRNA. J. Drug Target; 2011;19: 900–914. doi: 10.3109/1061186X.2011.622404.

Hariharan S, Bhardwaj V, Bala I, Sitterberg J, Bakowsky U, Ravi Kumar MNV. Design of estradiol loaded PLGA nanoparticulate formulations: A potential oral delivery system for hormone therapy. Pharm. Res; 2006;23: 184–195. doi: 10.1007/s11095-005-8418-y.

Wang X, Chi N, Tang X. Preparation of estradiol chitosan nanoparticles for improving nasal absorption and brain targeting. Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm; 2008;70: 735–740. doi: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2008.07.005.

Mittal G, Carswell H, Brett R, Currie S, Kumar MNVR. Development and evaluation of polymer nanoparticles for oral delivery of estradiol to rat brain in a model of Alzheimer’s pathology. J. Control. Release; 2011;150: 220–228. doi: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2010.11.013.

Gholami Farashah MS, Javadi M, Soleimani Rad J, Shakouri SK, Asnaashari S, Dastmalchi S, Nikzad S, Roshangar L. 17β-estradiol-loaded exosomes for targeted drug delivery in osteoporosis: A comparative study of two loading methods. Adv. Pharm. Bull; 2023;13: 736–746. doi: 10.34172/apb.2023.072.

Takeuchi I, Kobayashi S, Hida Y, Makino K. Estradiol-loaded PLGA nanoparticles for improving low bone mineral density of cancellous bone caused by osteoporosis: Application of enhanced charged nanoparticles with iontophoresis. Colloids Surfaces B Biointerfaces; 2017;155, 35–40. doi: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2017.03.047.

Jain S, Spandana G, Agrawal AK, Kushwah V, Thanki K. Enhanced antitumor efficacy and reduced toxicity of docetaxel loaded estradiol functionalized stealth polymeric nanoparticles. Mol. Pharm; 2015;12: 3871–3884. doi: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.5b00281.

Hu Y, Li J, Zhu X, Li Y, Zhang S, Chen X, Gao Y, Li F. 17β-estradiol-loaded PEGlyated upconversion nanoparticles as a bone-targeted drug nanocarrier. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces; 2015;7: 15803–15811. doi: 10.1021/acsami.5b02831.

Sakurai R, Takeuchi I, Makino K, Itoh F, Saitoh A. Usefulness of percutaneous estradiol-loaded PLGA-PEG-PLGA nanoparticles for the treatment of osteoporosis. Results Mater; 2024;22: 100577. doi: 10.1016/j.rinma.2024.100577.

Guo Y, Liu Y, Shi C, Wu T. Cui Y, Wang S, Liu P, Feng X, He Y, Fu D. Remote-controllable bone-targeted delivery of estradiol for the treatment of ovariectomy-induced osteoporosis in rats. J. Nanobiotechnology; 2021;19: 248. doi: 10.1186/s12951-021-00976-4.

Wang Y, Zhang S, Ma X, Hu D, Wei L, Hu Y, Liu J, Lei X, Li F, Gao Y. Alendronic acid modified PLGA drug delivery system loaded with 17β-estradiol and vitamin D3 has anti-osteoporotic effect. Material Today Bio; 2025. doi: 10.2139/ssrn.5253301.

Alhakamy NA, Al-Rabia MW, Asfour HZ, Alshehri S, Alharbi WS, Halawani A, Alamoudi AJ, Noor AO, Bannan DF, Fahmy UA, et al. 2-Methoxy-estradiol loaded alpha lipoic acid nanoparticles augment cytotoxicity in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Dose-Response; 2021;19. doi: 10.1177/15593258211055023.

Xie B, Liu Y, Guo Y, Zhang E, Pu C, He H, Yin T, Tang X. Progesterone PLGA/MPEG-PLGA hybrid nanoparticle sustained-release system by intramuscular injection. Pharm. Res; 2018;35: 62. doi: 10.1007/s11095-018-2357-x.

Fogolari O, Leimann FV, Ineu RP, Rudy M, Ludwig AF, Salles FM, de Arruda Amorim JP, Franci CR, Sagae SC, Sayer C, et al. Progesterone-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles for use in the regulation of the estrous cycle in female rats. J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol; 2023;88: 104954. doi: 10.1016/j.jddst.2023.104954.

Bhowmik BB, Sa B, Mukherjee A. Preparation and in vitro characterization of slow release testosterone nanocapsules in alginates. Acta Pharm; 2006;56: 417–429.

Noori T, Kashanian S, Rafipour R, Mansouri K, Nazari M. Dual-targeted drug delivery system based on dopamine functionalized human serum albumin nanoparticles as a carrier for methyltestosterone drug. Nanomed. J; 2021;8: 147–155. doi: 10.22038/nmj.2021.08.008.

Tajbakhsh M, Saeedi M, Akbari J, Morteza-Semnani K, Nokhodchi A, Hedayatizadeh-Omran A. An investigation on parameters affecting the optimization of testosterone enanthate loaded solid nanoparticles for enhanced transdermal delivery. Colloids Surfaces A Physicochem. Eng. Asp; 2020;589: 124437. doi: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2020.124437.

Quiñones JP, Jokinen J, Keinänen S, Covas CP, Brüggemann O, Ossipov D. Self-assembled hyaluronic acid-testosterone nanocarriers for delivery of anticancer drugs. Eur. Polym. J; 2018;99: 384–393. doi: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2017.12.043.

Quiñones JP, Gothelf KV, Kjems J, Heras A, Schmidt C, Peniche C. Novel self-assembled nanoparticles of testosterone-modified glycol chitosan and fructose chitosan for controlled release. J. Biomater. Tissue Eng; 2013;3: 164–172. doi: 10.1166/jbt.2013.1071.

Chauhan SB, Naved T, Parvez N. Formulation and development of transdermal drug delivery system of ethinylestradiol and testosterone: In vitro evaluation. Int. J. Appl. Pharm; 2019;11: 55. doi: 10.22159/ijap.2019v11i1.28564.

Kashanian S, Rostami E. PEG-stearate coated solid lipid nanoparticles as levothyroxine carriers for oral administration. J. Nanoparticle Res; 2014;16: 2293. doi: 10.1007/s11051-014-2293-6.

Rostami E, Kashanian S, Azandaryani AH. Preparation of solid lipid nanoparticles as drug carriers for levothyroxine sodium with in vitro drug delivery kinetic characterization. Mol. Biol. Rep; 2014;41: 3521–3527. doi: 10.1007/s11033-014-3216-4.

Rostami E, Kashanian S, Askari M. The effect of ultrasound wave on levothyroxine release from chitosan nanoparticles. Adv. Mater. Res; 2013; 829: 284–288. doi: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.829.284.

Kamali H, Khodaverdi E, Kaffash E, Saffari AS, Shiadeh SNR, Nokhodchi A, Hadizadeh F. Optimization and in vitro evaluation of injectable sustained-release of levothyroxine using PLGA-PEG-PLGA. J. Pharm. Innov; 2021;16: 688–698. doi: 10.1007/s12247-020-09480-y.

Kaur S, Bhararia A, Sharma KK, Mittal S, Jain R, Wangoo N, Sharma RK. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone loaded and chitosan engineered polymeric nanoparticles: Towards effective delivery of neuropeptides. J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol; 2016;16: 5324–5332. doi: 10.1166/jnn.2016.12431.

Paolino D, Cosco D, Gaspari M, Celano M, Wolfram J, Voce P, Puxeddu E, Filetti S, Celia C, Ferrari M, et al. Targeting the Thyroid gland with thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)-nanoliposomes. Biomaterials; 2014;35: 7101–7109. doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.04.088.

Mdzinarishvili A, Sutariya V, Talasila PK, Geldenhuys WJ, Sadana P. Engineering triiodothyronine (T3) nanoparticle for use in ischemic brain stroke. Drug Deliv. Transl. Res; 2013;3: 309–317. doi: 10.1007/s13346-012-0117-8.

Liu J, Zhou X, Feng C, Zheng W, Chen P, Zhang X, Hou P. Glucagon-modified liposomes delivering thyroid hormone for anti-obesity therapy. Arch. Med. Res; 2023;54: 287–298. doi: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2023.04.001.

Gao X, Li A, Zhang X, Liu P, Wang JR, Cai X. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)-armed polymer–lipid nanoparticles for the targeted delivery of cisplatin in thyroid cancers: Therapeutic efficacy evaluation. RSC Adv; 2015;5: 106413–106420. doi: 10.1039/C5RA12588J.

Tessier B, Tsapis N, Fattal E, Moine L. Emerging Nanoparticle platforms to improve the administration of glucocorticoids. J. Control. Release; 2023;358: 273–292. doi: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.04.039.

Katas H, Hussain Z, Ling TC. Chitosan nanoparticles as a percutaneous drug delivery system for hydrocortisone. J. Nanomater; 2012. doi:10.1155/2012/372725.

Siddique MI, Katas H, Amin MCIM, Ng SF, Zulfakar MH, Jamil A. In-vivo dermal pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and safety of skin targeting nanoparticles for corticosteroid treatment of atopic dermatitis. Int. J. Pharm; 2016;507: 72–82. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.05.005.

Alsaidan OA, Elmowafy M, Shalaby K, Alzarea SI, Massoud D, Kassem AM, Ibrahim MF. Hydrocortisone-loaded lipid–polymer hybrid nanoparticles for controlled topical delivery: Formulation design optimization and in vitro and in vivo appraisal. ACS Omega; 2023;8: 18714–18725. doi: 10.1021/acsomega.3c00638.

Hudan-Tsilo I, Tokarskyy O, Shevchuk O, Korda M. Chitosan self-assembled polymeric nanoparticles for percutaneous delivery of betamethasone in contact dermatitis. Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm; 2021;47: 1310–1317. doi: 10.1080/03639045.2021.1989457.

Álvarez-Álvarez L, Barral L, Bouza R, Farrag Y, Otero-Espinar F, Feijóo-Bandín S, Lago F. Hydrocortisone loaded poly-(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) nanoparticles for topical ophthalmic administration: Preparation, characterization and evaluation of ophthalmic toxicity. Int. J. Pharm; 2019;568: 118519. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.118519.

Alkholief M, Kalam MA, Raish M, Ansari MA, Alsaleh NB, Almomen A, Ali R, Alshamsan A. Topical sustained-release dexamethasone-loaded chitosan nanoparticles: Assessment of drug delivery efficiency in a rabbit model of endotoxin-induced uveitis. Pharmaceutics; 2023;15: 2273. doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15092273.

Chouhan P, Bhardwaj A, Jatale A, Ahlawat P, Chakraborty T, Shrivastava D, Khan S. Formulation and evaluation of coated chitosan microspheres of prednisolone for colon-targeted drug delivery. Cuest. Fisioter; 2025;54. doi: 10.48047/krbdbh71.

Cervantes B, Arana L, Murillo-Cuesta S, Bruno M, Alkorta I, Varela-Nieto I. Solid lipid nanoparticles loaded with glucocorticoids protect auditory cells from cisplatin-induced ototoxicity. J. Clin. Med; 2019;8: 1464. doi: 10.3390/jcm8091464.

Liu L, Yang H, Lou Y, Wu JY, Miao J, Lu XY, Gao JQ. Enhancement of oral bioavailability of salmon calcitonin through chitosan-modified, dual drug-loaded nanoparticles. Int. J. Pharm; 2019;557: 170–177. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.12.053.

Pinto Reis C, Neufeld RJ, Ribeiro AJ, Veiga F. Nanoencapsulation II. biomedical applications and current status of peptide and protein nanoparticulate delivery systems. Nanomedicine Nanotechnology, Biol. Med. 2006, 2, 53–65, doi:10.1016/j.nano.2006.04.009.

Cao S, Liu Y, Shang H, Li S, Jiang J, Zhu X, Zhang P, Wang X, Li J. Supramolecular nanoparticles of calcitonin and dipeptide for long-term controlled release. J. Control. Release; 2017; 256: 182–192. doi: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.04.014.

Ghasemi R, Abdollahi M, Emamgholi Zadeh E, Khodabakhshi K, Badeli A, Bagheri H, Hosseinkhani S. MPEG-PLA and PLA-PEG-PLA nanoparticles as new carriers for delivery of recombinant human growth hormone (RhGH). Sci. Rep; 2018;8: 9854. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-28092-8.

Dubey N, Varshney R, Shukla J, Ganeshpurkar A, Hazari PP, Bandopadhaya GP, Mishra AK, Trivedi P. Synthesis and evaluation of biodegradable PCL/PEG nanoparticles for neuroendocrine tumor targeted delivery of somatostatin analog. Drug Deliv; 2012;19: 132–142. doi: 10.3109/10717544.2012.657718.