Tiroid Nodüllerine Multidisipliner Yaklaşım

Popoveniuc G, Jonklaas J. Tiroid nodülleri. The Medical clinics of North America. 2012;96(2): 329-349.

Yeung MJ, Serpell JW. Management of the solitary thyroid nodule. The oncologist. 2008;13(2): 105-112

Dean DS, Gharib H. Epidemiology of thyroid nodules. Best practice & research. Clinical endocrinology & metabolism. 2008;22(6): 901-911.

Türkiye Endokrinoloji ve Metabolizma Derneği (TEMD). Tiroid Hastalıkları Tanı Ve Tedavi Kılavuzu 2025. (20.02.2025 tarihinde (https://file.temd.org.tr/Uploads/publications/guides/documents/tiroid2025_11042025.pdf adresinden erişilmiştir).

Cibas ES, Ali S Z. The 2017 Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology. Thyroid. 2017;27(11): 1341-1346.

Baloch ZW, LiVolsi VA, Asa SL, et al. Diagnostic terminology and morphologic criteria for cytologic diagnosis of thyroid lesions: a synopsis of the National Cancer Institute Thyroid Fine-Needle Aspiration State of the Science Conference. Diagnostic cytopathology. 2008; 36(6): 425–437. https://doi.org/10.1002/dc.20830

Burch HB,Cooper DS. Management of Graves Disease: A Review. JAMA. 2015;314(23): 2544–2554. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2015.16535

Tuttle RM, Haugen B, Perrier ND. Updated American Joint Committee on Cancer/Tumor-Node-Metastasis Staging System for Differentiated and Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer (Eighth Edition): What Changed and Why?. Thyroid. 2017;27(6): 751–756. https://doi.org/10.1089/thy.2017.0102

Xu B, Ghossein R. Genomic Landscape of poorly Differentiated and Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma. Endocrine pathology. 2016;27(3): 205–212. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12022-016-9445-4

Wells SA Jr, Asa SL, Dralle H, et al. American Thyroid Association Guidelines Task Force on Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma. Revised American Thyroid Association guidelines for the management of medullary thyroid carcinoma. Thyroid. 2015;25(6): 567–610.

Molinaro E, Romei C, Biagini A, et al. Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma: from clinicopathology to genetics and advanced therapies. Nature reviews Endocrinology. 2017;13(11): 644–660. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrendo.2017.76

Graff-Baker A, Sosa JA, Roman SA. Primary thyroid lymphoma: a review of recent developments in diagnosis and histology-driven treatment. Current opinion in oncology. 2010;22(1): 17–22. https://doi.org/10.1097/CCO.0b013e3283330848

Soylu H. Tiroid nodüllü hastada anamnez ve fizik muayene. Tuzcu AK (ed). Tiroid Nodüllerine Multidisipliner Yaklaşım içinde. Ankara: Türkiye Klinikleri; 2020. p.3-5.

Hegedüs L, Bonnema SJ, Bennedbaek FN. Management of simple nodular goiter: current status and future perspectives. Endocrine reviews. 2003;24(1): 102-132.

Burch HB, Wartofsky L. Life-threatening thyrotoxi-cosis. Thyroid storm. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 1993;22: 263-277.

Bomeli SR, LeBeau SO, Ferris RL. Evaluation of a thyroid nodule. Otolaryngologic clinics of North America. 2010;43(2): 229-238.

Haugen BR, Alexander EK, Bible KC, et al. 2015 American Thyroid Association Management Guidelines for Adult Patients with Thyroid Nodules and Differentiated Thyroid Cancer: The American Thyroid Association Guidelines Task Force on Thyroid Nodules and Differentiated Thyroid Cancer. Thyroid. 2016;26(1):1-133. doi:10.1089/thy.2015.0020.

Jonklaas J, Bianco AC, Bauer AJ, et al. Guidelines for the treatment of hypothyroidism: prepared by the american thyroid association task force on thyroid hormone replacement. Thyroid. 2014;24(12): 1670-1751. doi:10.1089/thy.2014.0028

Ragusa F, Fallahi P, Elia G, et al. Hashimotos' thyroiditis: Epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinic and therapy. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2019;33(6): 101367. doi:10.1016/j.beem.2019.101367

Gharib H, Papini E. Thyroid nodules: clinical importance, assessment, and treatment. Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America. 2007;36(3): 707-735.

Gleich LL, Gluckman JL, Nemunaitis J, et al. Clinical experience with HLA-B7 plasmid DNA/lipid complex in advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Archives of otolaryngology--head & neck surgery. 2001;127(7): 775-779.

Papini E, Guglielmi R, Bianchini A, et al. Risk of malignancy in nonpalpable thyroid nodules: predictive value of ultrasound and color-Doppler features. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism. 2002;87(5): 1941-1946.

Kim EK, Park CS, Chung WY, et al. New sonographic criteria for recommending fine-needle aspiration biopsy of nonpalpable solid nodules of the thyroid. American journal of roentgenology. 2002;178(3): 687-691.

Tessler FN, Middleton WD, Grant EG, et al. ACR Thyroid Imaging, Reporting and Data System (TI-RADS): White Paper of the ACR TI-RADS Committee. Journal of the American College of Radiology. 2017;14(5): 587–595. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacr.2017.01.046

Russ G, Bonnema SJ, Erdogan MF, et al. European Thyroid Association Guidelines for Ultrasound Malignancy Risk Stratification of Thyroid Nodules in Adults: The EU-TIRADS. European thyroid journal. 2017;6(5):225–237. https://doi.org/10.1159/000478927

Hegedüs L. Can elastography stretch our understanding of thyroid histomorphology? J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010;95: 5213-5215

Cerit MN, Oktar SÖ. Lenf Bezleri, Tükrük Bezleri ve Boyun Kitlelerinde Elastografi. Türk Radyoloji Seminerleri. 2019;7: 38-49.

Gharib H, Papini E, Paschke R, et al. AACE/AME/ETA Task Force on Thyroid Nodules. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists, Associazione Medici Endocrinologi, and European Thyroid Association medical guidelines for clinical practice for the diagnosis and management of thyroid nodules: executive summary of recommendations. Endocrine practice : official journal of the American College of Endocrinology and the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists. 2010;16(3): 468–475.

Deniz MA, Taş Deniz Z. Tiroid nodüllerinde manyetik rezonans görüntüleme, bilgisayarlı tomografi. Tuzcu AK, editör. Tiroid Nodüllerine Multidisipliner Yaklaşım. 1. Baskı. Ankara:Türkiye Klinikleri; 2020. p.23-7

Youserm DM, Huang T, Loevner LA, et al. Clinical and economic impact of incidental thyroid lesions found with CT and MR. American journal of neuroradiology. 1997;18(8): 1423-1428.

Intenzo CM, Dam HQ, Manzone TA, et al. Imaging of the thyroid in benign and malignant disease. Seminars in nuclear medicine. 2012;42(1): 49-61.

Gezici A. Tiroid nodülleri ve sintigrafi. Tuzcu AK (ed.), editör. Tiroid Nodüllerine Multidisipliner Yaklaşım içinde. Ankara: Türkiye Klinikleri; 2020. p.18-22.

Rohren EM, Turkington TG, Coleman RE. Clinical applications of PET in oncology. Radiology. 2004;231(2): 305-332.

Giovanella L, Suriano S, Maffioli M, et al. 18FDG-positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) scanning in thyroid nodules with nondiagnostic cytology. Clinical endocrinology. 2011;74(5): 644-648.

de Geus-Oei LF, Pieters GF, Bonenkamp JJ, et al. 18F-FDG PET reduces unnecessary hemithyroidectomies for thyroid nodules with inconclusive cytologic results. Journal of nuclear medicine : official publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine. 2006;47(5): 770-775.

Wang j, Liu j, Liu Z. Impact of ultrasoundguided fine needle aspiration cytology for diagnosis of thyroid nodules. Medicine. 2019;98(38): e171 92.

Zamora EA, Khare S, Cassaro S. Thyroid Nodule. In: StatPearls [Internet]. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK535422/ (Erişim tarihi: 01.03.2025)

Alexander EK, Heering JP, Benson CB, et al. Assessment of nondiagnostic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspirations of thyroid nodules. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism. 2002;87(11): 4924-4927.

Durante C, Costante G, Lucisano G, et al. The natural history of benign thyroid nodules. JAMA. 2015;313(9): 926-935.

Singh RS, Wang HH. Timing of repeat thyroid fine-needle aspiration in the management of thyroid nodules. Acta cytologica. 2011;55(6): 544-548.

Rajab M, Payne RJ, Forest VI, et al. Molecular Testing for Thyroid Nodules: The Experience at McGill University Teaching Hospitals in Canada. Cancers. 2022;14(17): 4140.

Eszlinger M, Hegedüs L, Paschke R. Ruling in or ruling out thyroid malignancy by molecular diagnostics of thyroid nodules. Best practice & research. Clinical endocrinology & metabolism. 2014;28(4): 545–557.

Nikiforov YE, Steward DL, Robinson-Smith TM, et al. Molecular testing for mutations in improving the fine-needle aspiration diagnosis of thyroid nodules. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism. 2009;94(6): 2092-2098.

Bartolazzi A, Gasbarri A, Papotti M, et al. Thyroid Cancer Study Group. Application of an immunodiagnostic method for improving preoperative diagnosis of nodular thyroid lesions. Lancet (London, England). 2001;357(9269): 1644-1650.

Li H, Robinson KA, Anton B, et al. Cost-effectiveness of a novel molecular test for cytologically indeterminate thyroid nodules. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism. 2011 Nov;96(11): E1719-26.

Ziemiańska K, Kopczyński J, Kowalska A. Repeated nondiagnostic result of thyroid fine-needle aspiration biopsy. Contemporary oncology (Poznan, Poland). 2016;20(6):491-495.

Woo SH, Kim KH, Kim RB. Thyroid nodules with repeat nondiagnostic cytologic results: the role of clinical and ultrasonographic findings. World journal of surgery. 2015;39(7): 1721-1727.

Brauer VF, Eder P, Miehle K, et al. Wiesner TD, Hasenclever H, Paschke R. Interobserver variation for ultrasound determination of thyroid nodule volumes. Thyroid. 2005;15(10): 1169-75.

Asanuma K, Kobayashi S, Shingu K, et al. The rate of tumour growth does not distinguish between malignant and benign thyroid nodules. The European journal of surgery = Acta chirurgica. 2001;167(2): 102-105.

Eustatia-Rutten CF, Corssmit EP, Biermasz NR, et al. Survival and death causes in differentiated thyroid carcinoma. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism. 2006;91(1): 313-319.

Tan GH, Gharib H, Goellner JR, et al. Management of thyroid nodules in pregnancy. Archives of internal medicine. 1996;156(20): 2317-20.

Cooper DS, Doherty GM, Haugen BR, et al. American Thyroid Association (ATA) Guidelines Taskforce on Thyroid Nodules and Differentiated Thyroid Cancer. Revised American Thyroid Association management guidelines for patients with thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid cancer. Thyroid : official journal of the American Thyroid Association. 2009;19(11): 1167-1214.

Popoveniuc G, Jonklaas J. Tiroid nodülleri. The Medical clinics of North America. 2012;96(2): 329-349.

Yeung MJ, Serpell JW. Management of the solitary thyroid nodule. The oncologist. 2008;13(2): 105-112

Dean DS, Gharib H. Epidemiology of thyroid nodules. Best practice & research. Clinical endocrinology & metabolism. 2008;22(6): 901-911.

Türkiye Endokrinoloji ve Metabolizma Derneği (TEMD). Tiroid Hastalıkları Tanı Ve Tedavi Kılavuzu 2025. (20.02.2025 tarihinde (https://file.temd.org.tr/Uploads/publications/guides/documents/tiroid2025_11042025.pdf adresinden erişilmiştir).

Cibas ES, Ali S Z. The 2017 Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology. Thyroid. 2017;27(11): 1341-1346.

Baloch ZW, LiVolsi VA, Asa SL, et al. Diagnostic terminology and morphologic criteria for cytologic diagnosis of thyroid lesions: a synopsis of the National Cancer Institute Thyroid Fine-Needle Aspiration State of the Science Conference. Diagnostic cytopathology. 2008; 36(6): 425–437. https://doi.org/10.1002/dc.20830

Burch HB,Cooper DS. Management of Graves Disease: A Review. JAMA. 2015;314(23): 2544–2554. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2015.16535

Tuttle RM, Haugen B, Perrier ND. Updated American Joint Committee on Cancer/Tumor-Node-Metastasis Staging System for Differentiated and Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer (Eighth Edition): What Changed and Why?. Thyroid. 2017;27(6): 751–756. https://doi.org/10.1089/thy.2017.0102

Xu B, Ghossein R. Genomic Landscape of poorly Differentiated and Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma. Endocrine pathology. 2016;27(3): 205–212. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12022-016-9445-4

Wells SA Jr, Asa SL, Dralle H, et al. American Thyroid Association Guidelines Task Force on Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma. Revised American Thyroid Association guidelines for the management of medullary thyroid carcinoma. Thyroid. 2015;25(6): 567–610.

Molinaro E, Romei C, Biagini A, et al. Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma: from clinicopathology to genetics and advanced therapies. Nature reviews Endocrinology. 2017;13(11): 644–660. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrendo.2017.76

Graff-Baker A, Sosa JA, Roman SA. Primary thyroid lymphoma: a review of recent developments in diagnosis and histology-driven treatment. Current opinion in oncology. 2010;22(1): 17–22. https://doi.org/10.1097/CCO.0b013e3283330848

Soylu H. Tiroid nodüllü hastada anamnez ve fizik muayene. Tuzcu AK (ed). Tiroid Nodüllerine Multidisipliner Yaklaşım içinde. Ankara: Türkiye Klinikleri; 2020. p.3-5.

Hegedüs L, Bonnema SJ, Bennedbaek FN. Management of simple nodular goiter: current status and future perspectives. Endocrine reviews. 2003;24(1): 102-132.

Burch HB, Wartofsky L. Life-threatening thyrotoxi-cosis. Thyroid storm. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 1993;22: 263-277.

Bomeli SR, LeBeau SO, Ferris RL. Evaluation of a thyroid nodule. Otolaryngologic clinics of North America. 2010;43(2): 229-238.

Haugen BR, Alexander EK, Bible KC, et al. 2015 American Thyroid Association Management Guidelines for Adult Patients with Thyroid Nodules and Differentiated Thyroid Cancer: The American Thyroid Association Guidelines Task Force on Thyroid Nodules and Differentiated Thyroid Cancer. Thyroid. 2016;26(1):1-133. doi:10.1089/thy.2015.0020.

Jonklaas J, Bianco AC, Bauer AJ, et al. Guidelines for the treatment of hypothyroidism: prepared by the american thyroid association task force on thyroid hormone replacement. Thyroid. 2014;24(12): 1670-1751. doi:10.1089/thy.2014.0028

Ragusa F, Fallahi P, Elia G, et al. Hashimotos' thyroiditis: Epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinic and therapy. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2019;33(6): 101367. doi:10.1016/j.beem.2019.101367

Gharib H, Papini E. Thyroid nodules: clinical importance, assessment, and treatment. Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America. 2007;36(3): 707-735.

Gleich LL, Gluckman JL, Nemunaitis J, et al. Clinical experience with HLA-B7 plasmid DNA/lipid complex in advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Archives of otolaryngology--head & neck surgery. 2001;127(7): 775-779.

Papini E, Guglielmi R, Bianchini A, et al. Risk of malignancy in nonpalpable thyroid nodules: predictive value of ultrasound and color-Doppler features. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism. 2002;87(5): 1941-1946.

Kim EK, Park CS, Chung WY, et al. New sonographic criteria for recommending fine-needle aspiration biopsy of nonpalpable solid nodules of the thyroid. American journal of roentgenology. 2002;178(3): 687-691.

Tessler FN, Middleton WD, Grant EG, et al. ACR Thyroid Imaging, Reporting and Data System (TI-RADS): White Paper of the ACR TI-RADS Committee. Journal of the American College of Radiology. 2017;14(5): 587–595. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacr.2017.01.046

Russ G, Bonnema SJ, Erdogan MF, et al. European Thyroid Association Guidelines for Ultrasound Malignancy Risk Stratification of Thyroid Nodules in Adults: The EU-TIRADS. European thyroid journal. 2017;6(5):225–237. https://doi.org/10.1159/000478927

Hegedüs L. Can elastography stretch our understanding of thyroid histomorphology? J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010;95: 5213-5215

Cerit MN, Oktar SÖ. Lenf Bezleri, Tükrük Bezleri ve Boyun Kitlelerinde Elastografi. Türk Radyoloji Seminerleri. 2019;7: 38-49.

Gharib H, Papini E, Paschke R, et al. AACE/AME/ETA Task Force on Thyroid Nodules. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists, Associazione Medici Endocrinologi, and European Thyroid Association medical guidelines for clinical practice for the diagnosis and management of thyroid nodules: executive summary of recommendations. Endocrine practice : official journal of the American College of Endocrinology and the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists. 2010;16(3): 468–475.

Deniz MA, Taş Deniz Z. Tiroid nodüllerinde manyetik rezonans görüntüleme, bilgisayarlı tomografi. Tuzcu AK, editör. Tiroid Nodüllerine Multidisipliner Yaklaşım. 1. Baskı. Ankara:Türkiye Klinikleri; 2020. p.23-7

Youserm DM, Huang T, Loevner LA, et al. Clinical and economic impact of incidental thyroid lesions found with CT and MR. American journal of neuroradiology. 1997;18(8): 1423-1428.

Intenzo CM, Dam HQ, Manzone TA, et al. Imaging of the thyroid in benign and malignant disease. Seminars in nuclear medicine. 2012;42(1): 49-61.

Gezici A. Tiroid nodülleri ve sintigrafi. Tuzcu AK (ed.), editör. Tiroid Nodüllerine Multidisipliner Yaklaşım içinde. Ankara: Türkiye Klinikleri; 2020. p.18-22.

Rohren EM, Turkington TG, Coleman RE. Clinical applications of PET in oncology. Radiology. 2004;231(2): 305-332.

Giovanella L, Suriano S, Maffioli M, et al. 18FDG-positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) scanning in thyroid nodules with nondiagnostic cytology. Clinical endocrinology. 2011;74(5): 644-648.

de Geus-Oei LF, Pieters GF, Bonenkamp JJ, et al. 18F-FDG PET reduces unnecessary hemithyroidectomies for thyroid nodules with inconclusive cytologic results. Journal of nuclear medicine : official publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine. 2006;47(5): 770-775.

Wang j, Liu j, Liu Z. Impact of ultrasoundguided fine needle aspiration cytology for diagnosis of thyroid nodules. Medicine. 2019;98(38): e171 92.

Zamora EA, Khare S, Cassaro S. Thyroid Nodule. In: StatPearls [Internet]. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK535422/ (Erişim tarihi: 01.03.2025)

Alexander EK, Heering JP, Benson CB, et al. Assessment of nondiagnostic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspirations of thyroid nodules. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism. 2002;87(11): 4924-4927.

Durante C, Costante G, Lucisano G, et al. The natural history of benign thyroid nodules. JAMA. 2015;313(9): 926-935.

Singh RS, Wang HH. Timing of repeat thyroid fine-needle aspiration in the management of thyroid nodules. Acta cytologica. 2011;55(6): 544-548.

Rajab M, Payne RJ, Forest VI, et al. Molecular Testing for Thyroid Nodules: The Experience at McGill University Teaching Hospitals in Canada. Cancers. 2022;14(17): 4140.

Eszlinger M, Hegedüs L, Paschke R. Ruling in or ruling out thyroid malignancy by molecular diagnostics of thyroid nodules. Best practice & research. Clinical endocrinology & metabolism. 2014;28(4): 545–557.

Nikiforov YE, Steward DL, Robinson-Smith TM, et al. Molecular testing for mutations in improving the fine-needle aspiration diagnosis of thyroid nodules. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism. 2009;94(6): 2092-2098.

Bartolazzi A, Gasbarri A, Papotti M, et al. Thyroid Cancer Study Group. Application of an immunodiagnostic method for improving preoperative diagnosis of nodular thyroid lesions. Lancet (London, England). 2001;357(9269): 1644-1650.

Li H, Robinson KA, Anton B, et al. Cost-effectiveness of a novel molecular test for cytologically indeterminate thyroid nodules. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism. 2011 Nov;96(11): E1719-26.

Ziemiańska K, Kopczyński J, Kowalska A. Repeated nondiagnostic result of thyroid fine-needle aspiration biopsy. Contemporary oncology (Poznan, Poland). 2016;20(6):491-495.

Woo SH, Kim KH, Kim RB. Thyroid nodules with repeat nondiagnostic cytologic results: the role of clinical and ultrasonographic findings. World journal of surgery. 2015;39(7): 1721-1727.

Brauer VF, Eder P, Miehle K, et al. Wiesner TD, Hasenclever H, Paschke R. Interobserver variation for ultrasound determination of thyroid nodule volumes. Thyroid. 2005;15(10): 1169-75.

Asanuma K, Kobayashi S, Shingu K, et al. The rate of tumour growth does not distinguish between malignant and benign thyroid nodules. The European journal of surgery = Acta chirurgica. 2001;167(2): 102-105.

Eustatia-Rutten CF, Corssmit EP, Biermasz NR, et al. Survival and death causes in differentiated thyroid carcinoma. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism. 2006;91(1): 313-319.

Tan GH, Gharib H, Goellner JR, et al. Management of thyroid nodules in pregnancy. Archives of internal medicine. 1996;156(20): 2317-20.

Cooper DS, Doherty GM, Haugen BR, et al. American Thyroid Association (ATA) Guidelines Taskforce on Thyroid Nodules and Differentiated Thyroid Cancer. Revised American Thyroid Association management guidelines for patients with thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid cancer. Thyroid : official journal of the American Thyroid Association. 2009;19(11): 1167-1214.