Yoğun Bakımda Kan Şeker Yönetimi

McCowen KC, Malhotra A, Bistrian BR. Stress-induced hyperglycemia. Crit Care Clin, 2001; 17(1), 107-124. Doi: 10.1016/s0749-0704(05)70154-8

Saberi F, Heyland D, Lam M, et al. Prevalence, incidence, and clinical resolution of insulin resistance in critically ill patients: an observational study. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr, 2008; 32(3), 227-235. Doi: 10.1177/0148607108316195

Reignier J, Plantefeve G, Mira JP, et al. Low versus standard calorie and protein feeding in ventilated adults with shock: a randomised, controlled, multicentre, open-label, parallel-group trial (NUTRIREA-3). Lancet Respir Med, 2023; 11(7), 602-612. Doi: 10.1016/S2213-2600(23)00092-9

Swanson CM, Potter DJ, Kongable GL, et al. Update on inpatient glycemic control in hospitals in the United States. Endocr Pract, 2011; 17(6), 853-861. Doi: 10.4158/EP11042.OR

Desgrouas M, Demiselle J, Stiel L, et al. Insulin therapy and blood glucose management in critically ill patients: a 1-day cross-sectional observational study in 69 French intensive care units. Ann Intensive Care, 2023; 13(1), 53. Doi: 10.1186/s13613-023-01142-9

Zhang Y, Bullard KM, Imperatore G, et al. Proportions and trends of adult hospitalizations with Diabetes, United States, 2000-2018. Diabetes Res Clin Pract, 2022; 187, 109862. Doi: 10.1016/j.diabres.2022.109862

Yendamuri S, Fulda GJ, Tinkoff GH. Admission hyperglycemia as a prognostic indicator in trauma. J Trauma, 2003; 55(1), 33-38. Doi: 10.1097/01.TA.0000074434.39928.72

Falciglia M, Freyberg RW, Almenoff PL, et al. Hyperglycemia-related mortality in critically ill patients varies with admission diagnosis. Crit Care Med, 2009; 37(12), 3001-3009. Doi: 10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181b083f7

Becker CD, Sabang RL, Nogueira Cordeiro MF, et al. Hyperglycemia in Medically Critically Ill Patients: Risk Factors and Clinical Outcomes. Am J Med, 2020; 133(10), e568-e574. Doi: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2020.03.012

Krinsley JS. Association between hyperglycemia and increased hospital mortality in a heterogeneous population of critically ill patients. Mayo Clin Proc, 2003; 78(12), 1471-1478. Doi: 10.4065/78.12.1471

Lanspa MJ, Krinsley JS, Hersh AM, et al. Percentage of Time in Range 70 to 139 mg/dL Is Associated With Reduced Mortality Among Critically Ill Patients Receiving IV Insulin Infusion. Chest, 2019; 156(5), 878-886. Doi: 10.1016/j.chest.2019.05.016

Van den Berghe G, Wilmer A, Hermans G, et al. Intensive insulin therapy in the medical ICU. N Engl J Med, 2006; 354(5), 449-461. Doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa052521

Grey NJ, Perdrizet GA. Reduction of nosocomial infections in the surgical intensive-care unit by strict glycemic control. Endocr Pract, 2004; 10 Suppl 2, 46-52. Doi: 10.4158/EP.10.S2.46

Van den Berghe G, Wouters P, Weekers F, et al. Intensive insulin therapy in critically ill patients. N Engl J Med, 2001; 345(19), 1359-1367. Doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa011300

Van den Berghe G, Wilmer A, Milants I, et al. Intensive insulin therapy in mixed medical/surgical intensive care units: benefit versus harm. Diabetes, 2006; 55(11), 3151-3159. Doi: 10.2337/db06-0855

Dowdy DW, Dinglas V, Mendez-Tellez PA, et al. Intensive care unit hypoglycemia predicts depression during early recovery from acute lung injury. Crit Care Med, 2008; 36(10), 2726-2733. Doi: 10.1097/CCM.0b013e31818781f5

Hermanides J, Bosman RJ, Vriesendorp TM, et al. Hypoglycemia is associated with intensive care unit mortality. Crit Care Med, 2010; 38(6), 1430-1434. Doi: 10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181de562c

Brunkhorst FM, Engel C, Bloos F, et al. Intensive insulin therapy and pentastarch resuscitation in severe sepsis. N Engl J Med, 2008; 358(2), 125-139. Doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa070716

NICE-SUGAR Study Investigators, Finfer S, Liu B, et al. Hypoglycemia and risk of death in critically ill patients. N Engl J Med, 2012; 367(12), 1108-1118. Doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1204942

Preiser JC, Devos P, Ruiz-Santana S, et al. A prospective randomised multi-centre controlled trial on tight glucose control by intensive insulin therapy in adult intensive care units: the Glucontrol study. Intensive Care Med, 2009; 35(10), 1738-1748. Doi: 10.1007/s00134-009-1585-2

Krinsley JS, Grover A. Severe hypoglycemia in critically ill patients: risk factors and outcomes. Crit Care Med, 2007; 35(10), 2262-2267. Doi: 10.1097/01.CCM.0000282073.98414.4B

Macrae D, Grieve R, Allen E, et al. A randomized trial of hyperglycemic control in pediatric intensive care [published correction appears in N Engl J Med. 2014 Apr 10;370(15):1469]. N Engl J Med, 2014; 370(2), 107-118. Doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1302564

Gunst J, Mebis L, Wouters PJ, et al. Impact of tight blood glucose control within normal fasting ranges with insulin titration prescribed by the Leuven algorithm in adult critically ill patients: the TGC-fast randomized controlled trial. Trials, 2022; 23(1), 788. Doi: 10.1186/s13063-022-06709-8

Dungan KM, Braithwaite SS, Preiser JC. Stress hyperglycaemia. Lancet, 2009; 373(9677), 1798-1807. Doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60553-5

Umpierrez GE, Hellman R, Korytkowski MT, et al. Management of hyperglycemia in hospitalized patients in non-critical care setting: an endocrine society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2012; 97(1), 16-38. Doi: 10.1210/jc.2011-2098

Kar P, Plummer MP, Ali Abdelhamid Y, et al. Incident Diabetes in Survivors of Critical Illness and Mechanisms Underlying Persistent Glucose Intolerance: A Prospective Cohort Study. Crit Care Med, 2019; 47(2), e103-e111. Doi: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000003524

Dhatariya K, James J, Kong MF, et al. Joint British Diabetes Society (JBDS) for Inpatient Care Group and guidelines writing group. Diabetes at the front door. A guideline for dealing with glucose related emergencies at the time of acute hospital admission from the Joint British Diabetes Society (JBDS) for Inpatient Care Group. Diabet Med, 2020; 37(9), 1578-1589. Doi: 10.1111/dme.14304

Gómez AM, Imitola Madero A, Henao Carrillo DC, et al. Hypoglycemia Incidence and Factors Associated in a Cohort of Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Hospitalized in General Ward Treated With Basal Bolus Insulin Regimen Assessed by Continuous Glucose Monitoring. J Diabetes Sci Technol, 2020; 14(2), 233-239. Doi: 10.1177/1932296818823720

American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee. 16. Diabetes Care in the Hospital: Standards of Care in Diabetes-2025. Diabetes Care, 2025; 48(Supplement_1), S321-S334. Doi: 10.2337/dc25-S016

Gandhi GY, Murad MH, Flynn DN, et al. Effect of perioperative insulin infusion on surgical morbidity and mortality: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials.7. Mayo Clin Proc, 2008; 83(4), 418-430. Doi: 10.4065/83.4.418

Marik PE, Bellomo R. Stress hyperglycemia: an essential survival response!. Crit Care, 2013; 17(2), 305. Doi: 10.1186/cc12514

American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee. 16. Diabetes Care in the Hospital: Standards of Care in Diabetes-2024. Diabetes Care, 2024; 47(Suppl 1), S295-S306. Doi: 10.2337/dc24-S016

Cryer PE. The barrier of hypoglycemia in diabetes. Diabetes, 2008; 57(12), 3169–3176. Doi:

Seaquist ER, Anderson J, Childs B, et al. Hypoglycemia and diabetes: a report of a workgroup of the American Diabetes Association and the Endocrine Society. Diabetes Care, 2013; 36(5), 1384-1395. Doi: 10.2337/dc12-2480

Krikorian A, Ismail-Beigi F, Moghissi ES. Comparisons of different insulin infusion protocols: a review of recent literature. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care, 2010; 13(2), 198-204. Doi: 10.1097/MCO.0b013e32833571db

International Hypoglycaemia Study Group. Hypoglycaemia, cardiovascular disease, and mortality in diabetes: epidemiology, pathogenesis, and management [published correction appears in Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2019 Jun;7(6):e18. doi: 10.1016/S2213-8587(19)30139-1.]. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol, 2019; 7(5), 385-396. Doi: 10.1016/S2213-8587(18)30315-2

Desouza CV, Bolli GB, Fonseca V. Hypoglycemia, diabetes, and cardiovascular events. Diabetes Care, 2010; 33(6), 1389-1394. Doi: 10.2337/dc09-2082

Kosiborod M, Inzucchi SE, Goyal A, et al. Relationship between spontaneous and iatrogenic hypoglycemia and mortality in patients hospitalized with acute myocardial infarction. JAMA, 2009; 301(15), 1556-1564. Doi: 10.1001/jama.2009.496

Boucai L, Southern WN, Zonszein J. Hypoglycemia-associated mortality is not drug-associated but linked to comorbidities. Am J Med, 2011; 124(11), 1028-1035. Doi: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2011.07.011

Wu Z, Liu J, Zhang D, et al. Expert consensus on the glycemic management of critically ill patients. J Intensive Med, 2022; 2(3), 131-145. Doi: 10.1016/j.jointm.2022.06.001

Qaseem A, Chou R, Humphrey LL, et al. Clinical Guidelines Committee of the American College of Physicians. Inpatient glycemic control: best practice advice from the Clinical Guidelines Committee of the American College of Physicians. Am J Med Qual, 2014; 29(2), 95-98. Doi: 10.1177/1062860613489339

LJ, Watson RS, Sorce LR, et al. International Consensus Criteria for Pediatric Sepsis and Septic Shock. JAMA, 2024; 331(8), 665-674. Doi: 10.1001/jama.2024.0179

Poole AP, Finnis ME, Anstey J, et al. The Effect of a Liberal Approach to Glucose Control in Critically Ill Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Multicenter, Parallel-Group, Open-Label Randomized Clinical Trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2022; 206(7), 874-882. Doi: 10.1164/rccm.202202-0329OC

Demidowich AP, Stanback C, Zilbermint M. Inpatient diabetes management. Ann N Y Acad Sci, 2024; 1538(1), 5-20. Doi: 10.1111/nyas.15190

Ware LR, Gilmore JF, Szumita PM. Practical approach to clinical controversies in glycemic control for hospitalized surgical patients. Nutr Clin Pract, 2022; 37(3), 521-535. Doi: 10.1002/ncp.10858

TEMD Diabetes Mellitus ve Komplikasyonlarının Tanı, Tedavi ve İzlem Kılavuzu - 2024, https://file.temd.org.tr/Uploads/publications/guides/documents/diabetesmellitus2024.pdf, erişim tarihi 26.06.2024.

Juneja D, Deepak D, Nasa P. What, why and how to monitor blood glucose in critically ill patients. World J Diabetes, 2023; 14(5), 528-538. Doi: 10.4239/wjd.v14.i5.528

Salinas PD, Mendez CE. Glucose Management Technologies for the Critically Ill. J Diabetes Sci Technol, 2019; 13(4), 682-690. Doi: 10.1177/1932296818822838

George S, Dale J, Stanisstreet D; Joint British Diabetes Societies (JBDS) for Inpatient Care; JBDS Medical VRIII Writing Group. A guideline for the use of variable rate intravenous insulin infusion in medical inpatients. Diabet Med, 2015; 32(6), 706-713. Doi: 10.1111/dme.12756

Ullal J, Aloi JA. Subcutaneous Insulin Dosing Calculators for Inpatient Glucose Control. Curr Diab Rep, 2019; 19(11), 120. Doi: 10.1007/s11892-019-1254-y

Qaseem A, Chou R, Humphrey LL, et al. Clinical Guidelines Committee of the American College of Physicians. Inpatient glycemic control: best practice advice from the Clinical Guidelines Committee of the American College of Physicians. Am J Med Qual, 2014; 29(2): 95-98. Doi: 10.1177/106286061349339

Korytkowski MT, Muniyappa R, Antinori-Lent K, et al. Management of Hyperglycemia in Hospitalized Adult Patients in Non-Critical Care Settings: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2022; 107(8), 2101-2128. Doi: 10.1210/clinem/dgac278

Goldberg PA, Siegel MD, Sherwin RS, et al. Implementation of a safe and effective insulin infusion protocol in a medical intensive care unit. Diabetes Care, 2004; 27(2), 461-467. Doi: 10.2337/diacare.27.2.461

Davidson PC, Steed RD, Bode BW. Glucommander: a computer-directed intravenous insulin system shown to be safe, simple, and effective in 120,618 h of operation. Diabetes Care, 2005; 28(10), 2418-2423. Doi: 10.2337/diacare.28.10.2418

Kalfon P, Giraudeau B, Ichai C, et al. Tight computerized versus conventional glucose control in the ICU: a randomized controlled trial. Intensive Care Med, 2014; 40(2): 171-181. Doi: 10.1007/s00134-013-3189-0

Avari P, Lumb A, Flanagan D, et al. Insulin Pumps and Hybrid Close Loop Systems Within Hospital: A Scoping Review and Practical Guidance From the Joint British Diabetes Societies for Inpatient Care. J Diabetes Sci Technol, 2023; 17(3), 625-634. Doi: 10.1177/19322968221137335

Pilackas K, El-Oshar S, Carter C. Clinical Reliability of Point-of-Care Glucose Testing in Critically Ill Patients. J Diabetes Sci Technol, 2020; 14(1), 65-69. Doi: 10.1177/1932296819858633

Galindo RJ, Aleppo G, Klonoff DC, et al. Implementation of Continuous Glucose Monitoring in the Hospital: Emergent Considerations for Remote Glucose Monitoring During the COVID-19 Pandemic. J Diabetes Sci Technol, 2020; 14(4), 822-832. Doi: 10.1177/1932296820932903

Tsur A, Cahn A, Israel M, et al. Impact of flash glucose monitoring on glucose control and hospitalization in type 1 diabetes: A nationwide cohort study. Diabetes Metab Res Rev, 2021; 37(1), e3355. Doi: 10.1002/dmrr.3355

Spanakis EK, Urrutia A, Galindo RJ, et al. Continuous Glucose Monitoring-Guided Insulin Administration in Hospitalized Patients With Diabetes: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Diabetes Care, 2022; 45(10), 2369-2375. Doi: 10.2337/dc22-0716

Davis GM, Galindo RJ, Migdal AL,et al. Diabetes Technology in the Inpatient Setting for Management of Hyperglycemia. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am, 2020; 49(1), 79-93. Doi: 10.1016/j.ecl.2019.11.002

Wang G, Liu X, Ying Z, et al. Optimized glycemic control of type 2 diabetes with reinforcement learning: a proof-of-concept trial. Nat Med, 2023; 29(10), 2633-2642. Doi: 10.1038/s41591-023-02552-9

Avari P, Choudhary P, Lumb A, et al. Using technology to support diabetes care in hospital: Guidelines from the Joint British Diabetes Societies for Inpatient Care (JBDS-IP) group and Diabetes Technology Network (DTN) UK. Diabet Med, 2025; 42(3), e15452. Doi: 10.1111/dme.15452

Korytkowski MT, Salata RJ, Koerbel GL, et al. Insulin therapy and glycemic control in hospitalized patients with diabetes during enteral nutrition therapy: a randomized controlled clinical trial. Diabetes Care, 2009; 32(4), 594-596. Doi: 10.2337/dc08-1436

Drincic AT, Knezevich JT, Akkireddy P. Nutrition and Hyperglycemia Management in the Inpatient Setting (Meals on Demand, Parenteral, or Enteral Nutrition). Curr Diab Rep, 2017; 17(8), 59. Doi: 10.1007/s11892-017-0882-3

McCowen KC, Malhotra A, Bistrian BR. Stress-induced hyperglycemia. Crit Care Clin, 2001; 17(1), 107-124. Doi: 10.1016/s0749-0704(05)70154-8

Saberi F, Heyland D, Lam M, et al. Prevalence, incidence, and clinical resolution of insulin resistance in critically ill patients: an observational study. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr, 2008; 32(3), 227-235. Doi: 10.1177/0148607108316195

Reignier J, Plantefeve G, Mira JP, et al. Low versus standard calorie and protein feeding in ventilated adults with shock: a randomised, controlled, multicentre, open-label, parallel-group trial (NUTRIREA-3). Lancet Respir Med, 2023; 11(7), 602-612. Doi: 10.1016/S2213-2600(23)00092-9

Swanson CM, Potter DJ, Kongable GL, et al. Update on inpatient glycemic control in hospitals in the United States. Endocr Pract, 2011; 17(6), 853-861. Doi: 10.4158/EP11042.OR

Desgrouas M, Demiselle J, Stiel L, et al. Insulin therapy and blood glucose management in critically ill patients: a 1-day cross-sectional observational study in 69 French intensive care units. Ann Intensive Care, 2023; 13(1), 53. Doi: 10.1186/s13613-023-01142-9

Zhang Y, Bullard KM, Imperatore G, et al. Proportions and trends of adult hospitalizations with Diabetes, United States, 2000-2018. Diabetes Res Clin Pract, 2022; 187, 109862. Doi: 10.1016/j.diabres.2022.109862

Yendamuri S, Fulda GJ, Tinkoff GH. Admission hyperglycemia as a prognostic indicator in trauma. J Trauma, 2003; 55(1), 33-38. Doi: 10.1097/01.TA.0000074434.39928.72

Falciglia M, Freyberg RW, Almenoff PL, et al. Hyperglycemia-related mortality in critically ill patients varies with admission diagnosis. Crit Care Med, 2009; 37(12), 3001-3009. Doi: 10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181b083f7

Becker CD, Sabang RL, Nogueira Cordeiro MF, et al. Hyperglycemia in Medically Critically Ill Patients: Risk Factors and Clinical Outcomes. Am J Med, 2020; 133(10), e568-e574. Doi: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2020.03.012

Krinsley JS. Association between hyperglycemia and increased hospital mortality in a heterogeneous population of critically ill patients. Mayo Clin Proc, 2003; 78(12), 1471-1478. Doi: 10.4065/78.12.1471

Lanspa MJ, Krinsley JS, Hersh AM, et al. Percentage of Time in Range 70 to 139 mg/dL Is Associated With Reduced Mortality Among Critically Ill Patients Receiving IV Insulin Infusion. Chest, 2019; 156(5), 878-886. Doi: 10.1016/j.chest.2019.05.016

Van den Berghe G, Wilmer A, Hermans G, et al. Intensive insulin therapy in the medical ICU. N Engl J Med, 2006; 354(5), 449-461. Doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa052521

Grey NJ, Perdrizet GA. Reduction of nosocomial infections in the surgical intensive-care unit by strict glycemic control. Endocr Pract, 2004; 10 Suppl 2, 46-52. Doi: 10.4158/EP.10.S2.46

Van den Berghe G, Wouters P, Weekers F, et al. Intensive insulin therapy in critically ill patients. N Engl J Med, 2001; 345(19), 1359-1367. Doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa011300

Van den Berghe G, Wilmer A, Milants I, et al. Intensive insulin therapy in mixed medical/surgical intensive care units: benefit versus harm. Diabetes, 2006; 55(11), 3151-3159. Doi: 10.2337/db06-0855

Dowdy DW, Dinglas V, Mendez-Tellez PA, et al. Intensive care unit hypoglycemia predicts depression during early recovery from acute lung injury. Crit Care Med, 2008; 36(10), 2726-2733. Doi: 10.1097/CCM.0b013e31818781f5

Hermanides J, Bosman RJ, Vriesendorp TM, et al. Hypoglycemia is associated with intensive care unit mortality. Crit Care Med, 2010; 38(6), 1430-1434. Doi: 10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181de562c

Brunkhorst FM, Engel C, Bloos F, et al. Intensive insulin therapy and pentastarch resuscitation in severe sepsis. N Engl J Med, 2008; 358(2), 125-139. Doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa070716

NICE-SUGAR Study Investigators, Finfer S, Liu B, et al. Hypoglycemia and risk of death in critically ill patients. N Engl J Med, 2012; 367(12), 1108-1118. Doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1204942

Preiser JC, Devos P, Ruiz-Santana S, et al. A prospective randomised multi-centre controlled trial on tight glucose control by intensive insulin therapy in adult intensive care units: the Glucontrol study. Intensive Care Med, 2009; 35(10), 1738-1748. Doi: 10.1007/s00134-009-1585-2

Krinsley JS, Grover A. Severe hypoglycemia in critically ill patients: risk factors and outcomes. Crit Care Med, 2007; 35(10), 2262-2267. Doi: 10.1097/01.CCM.0000282073.98414.4B

Macrae D, Grieve R, Allen E, et al. A randomized trial of hyperglycemic control in pediatric intensive care [published correction appears in N Engl J Med. 2014 Apr 10;370(15):1469]. N Engl J Med, 2014; 370(2), 107-118. Doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1302564

Gunst J, Mebis L, Wouters PJ, et al. Impact of tight blood glucose control within normal fasting ranges with insulin titration prescribed by the Leuven algorithm in adult critically ill patients: the TGC-fast randomized controlled trial. Trials, 2022; 23(1), 788. Doi: 10.1186/s13063-022-06709-8

Dungan KM, Braithwaite SS, Preiser JC. Stress hyperglycaemia. Lancet, 2009; 373(9677), 1798-1807. Doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60553-5

Umpierrez GE, Hellman R, Korytkowski MT, et al. Management of hyperglycemia in hospitalized patients in non-critical care setting: an endocrine society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2012; 97(1), 16-38. Doi: 10.1210/jc.2011-2098

Kar P, Plummer MP, Ali Abdelhamid Y, et al. Incident Diabetes in Survivors of Critical Illness and Mechanisms Underlying Persistent Glucose Intolerance: A Prospective Cohort Study. Crit Care Med, 2019; 47(2), e103-e111. Doi: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000003524

Dhatariya K, James J, Kong MF, et al. Joint British Diabetes Society (JBDS) for Inpatient Care Group and guidelines writing group. Diabetes at the front door. A guideline for dealing with glucose related emergencies at the time of acute hospital admission from the Joint British Diabetes Society (JBDS) for Inpatient Care Group. Diabet Med, 2020; 37(9), 1578-1589. Doi: 10.1111/dme.14304

Gómez AM, Imitola Madero A, Henao Carrillo DC, et al. Hypoglycemia Incidence and Factors Associated in a Cohort of Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Hospitalized in General Ward Treated With Basal Bolus Insulin Regimen Assessed by Continuous Glucose Monitoring. J Diabetes Sci Technol, 2020; 14(2), 233-239. Doi: 10.1177/1932296818823720

American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee. 16. Diabetes Care in the Hospital: Standards of Care in Diabetes-2025. Diabetes Care, 2025; 48(Supplement_1), S321-S334. Doi: 10.2337/dc25-S016

Gandhi GY, Murad MH, Flynn DN, et al. Effect of perioperative insulin infusion on surgical morbidity and mortality: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials.7. Mayo Clin Proc, 2008; 83(4), 418-430. Doi: 10.4065/83.4.418

Marik PE, Bellomo R. Stress hyperglycemia: an essential survival response!. Crit Care, 2013; 17(2), 305. Doi: 10.1186/cc12514

American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee. 16. Diabetes Care in the Hospital: Standards of Care in Diabetes-2024. Diabetes Care, 2024; 47(Suppl 1), S295-S306. Doi: 10.2337/dc24-S016

Cryer PE. The barrier of hypoglycemia in diabetes. Diabetes, 2008; 57(12), 3169–3176. Doi:

Seaquist ER, Anderson J, Childs B, et al. Hypoglycemia and diabetes: a report of a workgroup of the American Diabetes Association and the Endocrine Society. Diabetes Care, 2013; 36(5), 1384-1395. Doi: 10.2337/dc12-2480

Krikorian A, Ismail-Beigi F, Moghissi ES. Comparisons of different insulin infusion protocols: a review of recent literature. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care, 2010; 13(2), 198-204. Doi: 10.1097/MCO.0b013e32833571db

International Hypoglycaemia Study Group. Hypoglycaemia, cardiovascular disease, and mortality in diabetes: epidemiology, pathogenesis, and management [published correction appears in Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2019 Jun;7(6):e18. doi: 10.1016/S2213-8587(19)30139-1.]. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol, 2019; 7(5), 385-396. Doi: 10.1016/S2213-8587(18)30315-2

Desouza CV, Bolli GB, Fonseca V. Hypoglycemia, diabetes, and cardiovascular events. Diabetes Care, 2010; 33(6), 1389-1394. Doi: 10.2337/dc09-2082

Kosiborod M, Inzucchi SE, Goyal A, et al. Relationship between spontaneous and iatrogenic hypoglycemia and mortality in patients hospitalized with acute myocardial infarction. JAMA, 2009; 301(15), 1556-1564. Doi: 10.1001/jama.2009.496

Boucai L, Southern WN, Zonszein J. Hypoglycemia-associated mortality is not drug-associated but linked to comorbidities. Am J Med, 2011; 124(11), 1028-1035. Doi: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2011.07.011

Wu Z, Liu J, Zhang D, et al. Expert consensus on the glycemic management of critically ill patients. J Intensive Med, 2022; 2(3), 131-145. Doi: 10.1016/j.jointm.2022.06.001

Qaseem A, Chou R, Humphrey LL, et al. Clinical Guidelines Committee of the American College of Physicians. Inpatient glycemic control: best practice advice from the Clinical Guidelines Committee of the American College of Physicians. Am J Med Qual, 2014; 29(2), 95-98. Doi: 10.1177/1062860613489339

LJ, Watson RS, Sorce LR, et al. International Consensus Criteria for Pediatric Sepsis and Septic Shock. JAMA, 2024; 331(8), 665-674. Doi: 10.1001/jama.2024.0179

Poole AP, Finnis ME, Anstey J, et al. The Effect of a Liberal Approach to Glucose Control in Critically Ill Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Multicenter, Parallel-Group, Open-Label Randomized Clinical Trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2022; 206(7), 874-882. Doi: 10.1164/rccm.202202-0329OC

Demidowich AP, Stanback C, Zilbermint M. Inpatient diabetes management. Ann N Y Acad Sci, 2024; 1538(1), 5-20. Doi: 10.1111/nyas.15190

Ware LR, Gilmore JF, Szumita PM. Practical approach to clinical controversies in glycemic control for hospitalized surgical patients. Nutr Clin Pract, 2022; 37(3), 521-535. Doi: 10.1002/ncp.10858

TEMD Diabetes Mellitus ve Komplikasyonlarının Tanı, Tedavi ve İzlem Kılavuzu - 2024, https://file.temd.org.tr/Uploads/publications/guides/documents/diabetesmellitus2024.pdf, erişim tarihi 26.06.2024.

Juneja D, Deepak D, Nasa P. What, why and how to monitor blood glucose in critically ill patients. World J Diabetes, 2023; 14(5), 528-538. Doi: 10.4239/wjd.v14.i5.528

Salinas PD, Mendez CE. Glucose Management Technologies for the Critically Ill. J Diabetes Sci Technol, 2019; 13(4), 682-690. Doi: 10.1177/1932296818822838

George S, Dale J, Stanisstreet D; Joint British Diabetes Societies (JBDS) for Inpatient Care; JBDS Medical VRIII Writing Group. A guideline for the use of variable rate intravenous insulin infusion in medical inpatients. Diabet Med, 2015; 32(6), 706-713. Doi: 10.1111/dme.12756

Ullal J, Aloi JA. Subcutaneous Insulin Dosing Calculators for Inpatient Glucose Control. Curr Diab Rep, 2019; 19(11), 120. Doi: 10.1007/s11892-019-1254-y

Qaseem A, Chou R, Humphrey LL, et al. Clinical Guidelines Committee of the American College of Physicians. Inpatient glycemic control: best practice advice from the Clinical Guidelines Committee of the American College of Physicians. Am J Med Qual, 2014; 29(2): 95-98. Doi: 10.1177/106286061349339

Korytkowski MT, Muniyappa R, Antinori-Lent K, et al. Management of Hyperglycemia in Hospitalized Adult Patients in Non-Critical Care Settings: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2022; 107(8), 2101-2128. Doi: 10.1210/clinem/dgac278

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