Mesleki ve Çevresel Endokrin Bozucular
Özet
Endokrin bozucu kimyasallar (EBK’lar), hormonal sistemin işleyişini değiştirerek insan sağlığı üzerinde ciddi etkilere yol açabilen sentetik veya doğal bileşiklerdir. Bu kimyasallar, özellikle endüstriyel üretim, tarım, plastik ve kozmetik gibi sektörlerde çalışan bireylerde mesleki maruziyet yoluyla önemli bir risk oluşturmaktadır. İş yerlerinde maruz kalınan pestisitler, ftalatlar, bisfenol A (BPA), poliklorlu bifeniller (PCB) ve bazı ağır metaller, üreme sağlığı bozuklukları, tiroid disfonksiyonları, gelişimsel anomaliler ve bazı kanser türleri ile ilişkilendirilmiştir. Çevresel düzeyde ise EBK’lar, hava, su ve toprak yoluyla insanlara ulaşmakta ve özellikle çocuklar, hamileler ve yaşlılar gibi hassas gruplarda daha büyük riskler yaratmaktadır. Bu bileşiklerin çevrede kalıcılığı, biyoakümülasyonu ve uzak mesafelere taşınabilme yeteneği, halk sağlığı açısından küresel bir tehdit oluşturmaktadır. EBK maruziyetini azaltmak için hem yasal düzenlemelerin artırılması hem de farkındalık çalışmalarının yaygınlaştırılması gereklidir.
Referanslar
Diamanti-Kandarakis E, Bourguignon JP, Giudice LC, et al. Endocrine-disrupting chemicals: an Endocrine Society Scientific Statement. Endocrine Rev. 2009;30:293–342
Zoeller RT, Brown TR, Doan LL, et al. Endocrine-disrupting chemicals and public health protection: a statement of principles from the Endocrine Society. Endocrinology. 2012;153: 4097–4110.
Kabir ER, Rahman MS, Rahman I. A review on endocrine disruptors and their possible impacts on human health. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology, 2015; 40(1): 241–258.
Gore, A. C., Chappell, V. A., Fenton, S. E., Flaws, J. A., Nadal, A., Prins, G. S., ... & Zoeller, R. T. EDC-2: the endocrine society's second scientific statement on endocrine-disrupting chemicals. Endocrine reviews, 2015; 36(6), E1-E150.
SorianoS, Alonso-MagdalenaP, García-ArévaloM,et al. Rapid insulinotropic action of low doses of bisphenol-A on mouse and human islets of Langerhans: role of estrogen receptor PLoS One. 2012;7:e31109.
Zoeller RT et al. Endocrine-disrupting chemicals and public health protection: A statement of principles. Environmental Health, 2014; 13: 103.
Setchell, K. D., Cassidy, A. Dietary isoflavones: biological effects and relevance to human health. The journal of nutrition, 1999;129(3), 758S-767S.
Patisaul, H. B., & Jefferson, W. The pros and cons of phytoestrogens. Frontiers in neuroendocrinology, 2010;31(4), 400-419.
Jefferson, W. N. Adult ovarian function can be affected by high levels of soy. The Journal of nutrition, 2010;140(12), 2322S-2325S.
Zinedine, A., Soriano, J.M., Moltó, J.C., & Mañes, J. (2007). Review on the toxicity, occurrence, metabolism, detoxification, regulations and intake of zearalenone. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 45(1), 1-18.
Etienne, M., & Dourmad, J.Y. Effects of zearalenone-contaminated feed on reproductive performance of sows. Livestock Production Science,2001; 69(1), 91–102.
Rossini, G.P., & Bigiani, A. Palytoxin Action on the Ionic Conductance of Cell Membranes. Toxins,2011; 3(7), 527–539.
Bhat, K.P.L., Kosmeder, J.W., & Pezzuto, J.M. Biological effects of resveratrol. Antioxidants & Redox Signaling,2001; 3(6), 1041-1064.
Liu, J., et al. Evaluation of estrogenic activity of plant extracts for potential use in dietary supplements. Food and Chemical Toxicology,2004; 42(7), 985-991.
Safe, S. Endocrine disruptors and human health is there a problem? An update. Environmental Health Perspectives, 2004;112(9), 948–950.
Dolinoy, D.C., & Jirtle, R.L. Environmental epigenomics in human health and disease. Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis,2008; 49(1), 4-8.
Gore, A.C., et al. EDC-2: The Endocrine Society’s Second Scientific Statement on Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals. Endocrine Reviews, 2015; 36(6), E1–E150.
Safe, S.H. Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs): Environmental Impact, Biochemical and Toxic Responses, and Implications for Risk Assessment. Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 1994; 24(2), 87–149.
Grandjean, P., & Landrigan, P.J. Developmental neurotoxicity of industrial chemicals. The Lancet, 2006; 368(9553), 2167–2178.
Vandenberg, L.N., et al. Human exposure to bisphenol A (BPA). Reproductive Toxicology, 2007; 24(2), 139–177.
Rochester, J.R. Bisphenol A and human health: A review of the literature. Reproductive Toxicology, 2013; 42, 132–155.
Meeker, J.D., Sathyanarayana, S., & Swan, S.H Phthalates and other additives in plastics: human exposure and associated health outcomes. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 2009; 364(1526), 2097–2113.
Swan, S.H. Environmental phthalate exposure in relation to reproductive outcomes and other health endpoints in humans. Environmental Research, 2008;108(2), 177–184.
Cohn, B.A., et al. DDT and breast cancer in young women: new data on the significance of age at exposure. Environmental Health Perspectives, 2003; 111(4), 376–382.
Hayes, T.B., et al. Hermaphroditic, demasculinized frogs after exposure to the herbicide atrazine. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2002; 99(8), 5476–5480.
Costa, L.G., & Giordano, G. Developmental neurotoxicity of polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants. Neurotoxicology, 2007; 28(6), 1047–1067.
Kodavanti, P.R. Neurotoxicity of persistent organic pollutants: possible mode(s) of action and further considerations. Dose-Response, 2005; 3(3), 273–305.
Boberg, J., Taxvig, C., Christiansen, S., & Hass, U. Possible endocrine disrupting effects of parabens and their metabolites. Reproductive Toxicology, 2010; 30(2), 301–312.
Crofton, K.M., et al. Thyroid-hormone-disrupting chemicals: evidence for dose-dependent effects. Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism, 2007; 18(5), 273–279.
Mnif, W. et al. Effect of endocrine disruptor pesticides: a review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2011;8(6), 2265–2303
Vandenberg, L. N. et al. Bisphenol-A and the great divide: a review of controversies in the field of endocrine disruption. Endocrine Reviews, 2010; 31(1), 75–95.
Daphedar, A., & Taranath, T. C. Characterization and cytotoxic effect of biogenic silver nanoparticles on mitotic chromosomes of Drimia polyantha (Blatt. & McCann) Stearn. Toxicology Reports, 2018; 5, 910-918.
Bergman, Åke, ed. State of the Science of Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals-2012: An assessment of the state of the science of endocrine disruptors. WHO, 2013.
Meeker, J. D., Hu, H., Cantonwine, D. E., Lamadrid-Figueroa, H., Calafat, A. M., Ettinger, A. S., & Téllez-Rojo, M. M. Urinary phthalate metabolites in relation to preterm birth in Mexicocity. Environmental health perspectives, 2009. 117(10), 1587-1592.
Eskenazi, B. et al. Exposures of children to organophosphate pesticides and their potential adverse health effects. Environmental Health Perspectives, 1999; 107(Suppl 3), 409–419.
Darbre, P. D. Metalloestrogens: an emerging class of inorganic xenoestrogens with potential to add to the oestrogenic burden of the human breast. Journal of Applied Toxicology: An International Journal, 2006;26(3), 191-197.
Dodson, R. E., Perovich, L. J., Covaci, A., Van den Eede, N., Ionas, A. C., Dirtu, A. C., ... & Rudel, R. A. After the PBDE phase-out: a broad suite of flame retardants in repeat house dust samples from California. Environmental science & technology,2012; 46(24), 13056-13066.
Filby, A. L., Neuparth, T., Thorpe, K. L., Owen, R., Galloway, T. S., & Tyler, C. R. Health impacts of estrogens in the environment, considering complex mixture effects. Environmental health perspectives, 2007;115(12), 1704-1710.
MuczynskiV, LecureuilC, MessiaenS, etal.Cellular and molecular effect of MEHP involving LXR in human fetal testis and ovary. PLoS One. 2012;7:e48266
Braun, J. M., Kalkbrenner, A. E., Calafat, A. M., Yolton, K., Ye, X., Dietrich, K. N., & Lanphear, B. P. Impact of early-life bisphenol A exposure on behavior and executive function in children. Pediatrics,2011, 128(5), 873-882.
Heindel, J. J., Skalla, L. A., Joubert, B. R., Dilworth, C. H., & Gray, K. A. Review of developmental origins of health and disease publications in environmental epidemiology. Reproductive toxicology,2017; 68, 34-48.
Prins, G. S. Endocrine disruptors and prostate cancer risk. Endocrine-related cancer, 2008;15(3), 649.
Bars, R., Fegert, I., Gross, M., Lewis, D., Weltje, L., Weyers, A., ... & Galay-Burgos, M. Risk assessment of endocrine active chemicals: Identifying chemicals of regulatory concern. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 2012;64(1), 143-154.
Grandjean, P., & Landrigan, P. J. Developmental neurotoxicity of industrial chemicals. The Lancet,2006; 368(9553), 2167-2178.
European Chemicals Agency (ECHA). (2020). REACH Regulation. Available at: https://echa.europa.eu/regulations/reach
Flocks JD, et al. Community-based occupational health surveillance for farmworkers. Int J Occup Environ Health, 2007;13(3): 278–286.
Flocks JD, et al. Community-based occupational health surveillance for farmworkers. Int J Occup Environ Health, 2007;13(3): 278–286.
Schug TT, et al. Designing endocrine disruption out of the next generation of chemicals. Green Chem, 2011;15(1): 181–198.
Petrie B, et al. A review on emerging contaminants in wastewaters and the environment: Current knowledge, understudied areas and recommendations for future monitoring. Water Res, 2015; 72: 3–27.
European Chemicals Agency (ECHA). REACH Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006. https://echa.europa.eu/regulations/reach
MÜDÜRLÜĞÜ, Meteoroloji Genel. TC ÇEVRE, ŞEHİRCİLİK VE İKLİM DEĞİŞİKLİĞİ BAKANLIĞI. TC, 2022, 1.2022.
Kimyasalların Kaydı, Değerlendirilmesi,İzni ve Kısıtlanması Hakkında Yönetmelik,23.06.2027
T.C Sağlık Bakanlığı Ulusal Beslenme Konseyi Gıda ve Beslenme Kaynaklı Endokrin BOzucular ve Sağlık Etkileri Bilim Komisyonu Raporu, ANKARA,2024
Endokrin Bozucular ve Sağlık, Editötler: Şahin K,Keleştemur F, Türkiye Bilim Akademisi,Ankara,2022
Referanslar
Diamanti-Kandarakis E, Bourguignon JP, Giudice LC, et al. Endocrine-disrupting chemicals: an Endocrine Society Scientific Statement. Endocrine Rev. 2009;30:293–342
Zoeller RT, Brown TR, Doan LL, et al. Endocrine-disrupting chemicals and public health protection: a statement of principles from the Endocrine Society. Endocrinology. 2012;153: 4097–4110.
Kabir ER, Rahman MS, Rahman I. A review on endocrine disruptors and their possible impacts on human health. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology, 2015; 40(1): 241–258.
Gore, A. C., Chappell, V. A., Fenton, S. E., Flaws, J. A., Nadal, A., Prins, G. S., ... & Zoeller, R. T. EDC-2: the endocrine society's second scientific statement on endocrine-disrupting chemicals. Endocrine reviews, 2015; 36(6), E1-E150.
SorianoS, Alonso-MagdalenaP, García-ArévaloM,et al. Rapid insulinotropic action of low doses of bisphenol-A on mouse and human islets of Langerhans: role of estrogen receptor PLoS One. 2012;7:e31109.
Zoeller RT et al. Endocrine-disrupting chemicals and public health protection: A statement of principles. Environmental Health, 2014; 13: 103.
Setchell, K. D., Cassidy, A. Dietary isoflavones: biological effects and relevance to human health. The journal of nutrition, 1999;129(3), 758S-767S.
Patisaul, H. B., & Jefferson, W. The pros and cons of phytoestrogens. Frontiers in neuroendocrinology, 2010;31(4), 400-419.
Jefferson, W. N. Adult ovarian function can be affected by high levels of soy. The Journal of nutrition, 2010;140(12), 2322S-2325S.
Zinedine, A., Soriano, J.M., Moltó, J.C., & Mañes, J. (2007). Review on the toxicity, occurrence, metabolism, detoxification, regulations and intake of zearalenone. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 45(1), 1-18.
Etienne, M., & Dourmad, J.Y. Effects of zearalenone-contaminated feed on reproductive performance of sows. Livestock Production Science,2001; 69(1), 91–102.
Rossini, G.P., & Bigiani, A. Palytoxin Action on the Ionic Conductance of Cell Membranes. Toxins,2011; 3(7), 527–539.
Bhat, K.P.L., Kosmeder, J.W., & Pezzuto, J.M. Biological effects of resveratrol. Antioxidants & Redox Signaling,2001; 3(6), 1041-1064.
Liu, J., et al. Evaluation of estrogenic activity of plant extracts for potential use in dietary supplements. Food and Chemical Toxicology,2004; 42(7), 985-991.
Safe, S. Endocrine disruptors and human health is there a problem? An update. Environmental Health Perspectives, 2004;112(9), 948–950.
Dolinoy, D.C., & Jirtle, R.L. Environmental epigenomics in human health and disease. Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis,2008; 49(1), 4-8.
Gore, A.C., et al. EDC-2: The Endocrine Society’s Second Scientific Statement on Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals. Endocrine Reviews, 2015; 36(6), E1–E150.
Safe, S.H. Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs): Environmental Impact, Biochemical and Toxic Responses, and Implications for Risk Assessment. Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 1994; 24(2), 87–149.
Grandjean, P., & Landrigan, P.J. Developmental neurotoxicity of industrial chemicals. The Lancet, 2006; 368(9553), 2167–2178.
Vandenberg, L.N., et al. Human exposure to bisphenol A (BPA). Reproductive Toxicology, 2007; 24(2), 139–177.
Rochester, J.R. Bisphenol A and human health: A review of the literature. Reproductive Toxicology, 2013; 42, 132–155.
Meeker, J.D., Sathyanarayana, S., & Swan, S.H Phthalates and other additives in plastics: human exposure and associated health outcomes. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 2009; 364(1526), 2097–2113.
Swan, S.H. Environmental phthalate exposure in relation to reproductive outcomes and other health endpoints in humans. Environmental Research, 2008;108(2), 177–184.
Cohn, B.A., et al. DDT and breast cancer in young women: new data on the significance of age at exposure. Environmental Health Perspectives, 2003; 111(4), 376–382.
Hayes, T.B., et al. Hermaphroditic, demasculinized frogs after exposure to the herbicide atrazine. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2002; 99(8), 5476–5480.
Costa, L.G., & Giordano, G. Developmental neurotoxicity of polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants. Neurotoxicology, 2007; 28(6), 1047–1067.
Kodavanti, P.R. Neurotoxicity of persistent organic pollutants: possible mode(s) of action and further considerations. Dose-Response, 2005; 3(3), 273–305.
Boberg, J., Taxvig, C., Christiansen, S., & Hass, U. Possible endocrine disrupting effects of parabens and their metabolites. Reproductive Toxicology, 2010; 30(2), 301–312.
Crofton, K.M., et al. Thyroid-hormone-disrupting chemicals: evidence for dose-dependent effects. Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism, 2007; 18(5), 273–279.
Mnif, W. et al. Effect of endocrine disruptor pesticides: a review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2011;8(6), 2265–2303
Vandenberg, L. N. et al. Bisphenol-A and the great divide: a review of controversies in the field of endocrine disruption. Endocrine Reviews, 2010; 31(1), 75–95.
Daphedar, A., & Taranath, T. C. Characterization and cytotoxic effect of biogenic silver nanoparticles on mitotic chromosomes of Drimia polyantha (Blatt. & McCann) Stearn. Toxicology Reports, 2018; 5, 910-918.
Bergman, Åke, ed. State of the Science of Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals-2012: An assessment of the state of the science of endocrine disruptors. WHO, 2013.
Meeker, J. D., Hu, H., Cantonwine, D. E., Lamadrid-Figueroa, H., Calafat, A. M., Ettinger, A. S., & Téllez-Rojo, M. M. Urinary phthalate metabolites in relation to preterm birth in Mexicocity. Environmental health perspectives, 2009. 117(10), 1587-1592.
Eskenazi, B. et al. Exposures of children to organophosphate pesticides and their potential adverse health effects. Environmental Health Perspectives, 1999; 107(Suppl 3), 409–419.
Darbre, P. D. Metalloestrogens: an emerging class of inorganic xenoestrogens with potential to add to the oestrogenic burden of the human breast. Journal of Applied Toxicology: An International Journal, 2006;26(3), 191-197.
Dodson, R. E., Perovich, L. J., Covaci, A., Van den Eede, N., Ionas, A. C., Dirtu, A. C., ... & Rudel, R. A. After the PBDE phase-out: a broad suite of flame retardants in repeat house dust samples from California. Environmental science & technology,2012; 46(24), 13056-13066.
Filby, A. L., Neuparth, T., Thorpe, K. L., Owen, R., Galloway, T. S., & Tyler, C. R. Health impacts of estrogens in the environment, considering complex mixture effects. Environmental health perspectives, 2007;115(12), 1704-1710.
MuczynskiV, LecureuilC, MessiaenS, etal.Cellular and molecular effect of MEHP involving LXR in human fetal testis and ovary. PLoS One. 2012;7:e48266
Braun, J. M., Kalkbrenner, A. E., Calafat, A. M., Yolton, K., Ye, X., Dietrich, K. N., & Lanphear, B. P. Impact of early-life bisphenol A exposure on behavior and executive function in children. Pediatrics,2011, 128(5), 873-882.
Heindel, J. J., Skalla, L. A., Joubert, B. R., Dilworth, C. H., & Gray, K. A. Review of developmental origins of health and disease publications in environmental epidemiology. Reproductive toxicology,2017; 68, 34-48.
Prins, G. S. Endocrine disruptors and prostate cancer risk. Endocrine-related cancer, 2008;15(3), 649.
Bars, R., Fegert, I., Gross, M., Lewis, D., Weltje, L., Weyers, A., ... & Galay-Burgos, M. Risk assessment of endocrine active chemicals: Identifying chemicals of regulatory concern. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 2012;64(1), 143-154.
Grandjean, P., & Landrigan, P. J. Developmental neurotoxicity of industrial chemicals. The Lancet,2006; 368(9553), 2167-2178.
European Chemicals Agency (ECHA). (2020). REACH Regulation. Available at: https://echa.europa.eu/regulations/reach
Flocks JD, et al. Community-based occupational health surveillance for farmworkers. Int J Occup Environ Health, 2007;13(3): 278–286.
Flocks JD, et al. Community-based occupational health surveillance for farmworkers. Int J Occup Environ Health, 2007;13(3): 278–286.
Schug TT, et al. Designing endocrine disruption out of the next generation of chemicals. Green Chem, 2011;15(1): 181–198.
Petrie B, et al. A review on emerging contaminants in wastewaters and the environment: Current knowledge, understudied areas and recommendations for future monitoring. Water Res, 2015; 72: 3–27.
European Chemicals Agency (ECHA). REACH Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006. https://echa.europa.eu/regulations/reach
MÜDÜRLÜĞÜ, Meteoroloji Genel. TC ÇEVRE, ŞEHİRCİLİK VE İKLİM DEĞİŞİKLİĞİ BAKANLIĞI. TC, 2022, 1.2022.
Kimyasalların Kaydı, Değerlendirilmesi,İzni ve Kısıtlanması Hakkında Yönetmelik,23.06.2027
T.C Sağlık Bakanlığı Ulusal Beslenme Konseyi Gıda ve Beslenme Kaynaklı Endokrin BOzucular ve Sağlık Etkileri Bilim Komisyonu Raporu, ANKARA,2024
Endokrin Bozucular ve Sağlık, Editötler: Şahin K,Keleştemur F, Türkiye Bilim Akademisi,Ankara,2022
