Otoimmun Tiroid Hastalıklarına İmmunolojik Yaklaşım

Zhu Q, Xu QH, Xie T, et al. Recent insights into the impact of immune dysfunction on reproduction in autoimmune thyroiditis. Clin Immunol. 2021;224:108663. doi: 10.1016/j.clim.2020.108663.

Pyzik A, Grywalska E, Matyjaszek-Matuszek B, et al. Immune disorders in Hashimoto’s thyroiditis: what do we know so far? Journal of Immunological Research. 2015:979167. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/979167

McLachlan SM, Rapoport B. Thyroid peroxidase as an autoantigen. Thyroid. 2007;17:939–48. https://doi.org/10.1089/thy.2007.0169.

Iddah MA, Macharia BN. Autoimmune Thyroid Disorders. International Scholarly Research Notices. 2013;2013:509764. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/509764

Petranović Ovčariček P, Görges R, Giovanella L. Autoimmune Thyroid Diseases. Semin Nucl Med. 2024;54(2):219-36. doi: 10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2023.11.002.

Tiroid hastalıkları Tanı ve Tedavi kılavuzu. Ankara: Türkiye Endokrinoloji ve Metabolizma Derneği; 2023.

Huber A, Menconi F, Corathers S, et al. Joint genetic susceptibility to type 1 diabetes and autoimmune thyroiditis: from epidemiology to mechanisms. Endocrine Reviews. 2008;29(6):697–725.

Hanafusa T, Pujol-Borrell R, Chiovato L. Aberrant expression of HLA-DR antigen on thyrocytes in Graves’ disease: relevance for autoimmunity. Lancet. 1983;2(8359):1111–5.

Maoz-Segal R, Andrade P. Molecular Mimicry and Autoimmunity. In: Shoenfeld Y, Meroni PL, Gershwin ME, editors. Infection and Autoimmunity. London: Academic Press; 2015. p. 27–44.

Muratori L, Bogdanos DP, Muratori P. Susceptibility to thyroid disorders in hepatitis C. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2005;3(6):595–603. doi: 10.1016/s1542-3565(05)00018-2.

Vargas-Uricoechea H. Molecular Mechanisms in Autoimmune Thyroid Disease. Cells. 2023;12(6):918. doi: 10.3390/cells12060918.

Skov J, Eriksson D, Kuja-Halkola R, et al. Co-aggregation and heritability of organ-specific autoimmunity: A population-based twin study. Eur. J. Endocrinol. 2020;182:473–80.

Hansen PS, Brix TH, Iachine I, et al. The relative importance of genetic and environmental effects for the early stages of thyroid autoimmunity: A study of healthy Danish twins. Eur. J. Endocrinol. 2006;154:29–38.

Tomer Y, Ban Y, Concepcion E. Common and unique susceptibility loci in Graves and Hashimoto diseases: Results of whole-genome screening in a data set of 102 multiplex families. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 2003;73:736–47.

Aust G, Krohn K, Morgenthaler NG, et al. Graves’ disease and Hashimoto’s thyroiditis in monozygotic twins: Case study as well as transcriptomic and immunohistological analysis of thyroid tissues. Eur. J. Endocrinol. 2006;154:13–20.

Tomer Y, Davies TF. Searching for the autoimmune thyroid disease susceptibility genes: From gene mapping to gene function. Endocr. Rev. 2003;24:694–717.

Jacobson EM, Huber A, Tomer Y, et al. A gene complex in thyroid autoimmunity: From epidemiology to etiology. J. Autoimmun. 2008;30:58e62.

Lee HJ, Li CW, Hammerstad S, et al. Immunogenetics of autoimmune thyroid diseases: A comprehensive review. J. Autoimmun. 2015;64:82–90.

Sollid LM, Pos W, Wucherpfennig KW. Molecular Mechanisms for contribution of MHC molecules to autoimmune diseases. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 2014;31:24–30.

Wamala D, Buteme HK, Kirimunda S. Association between human leukocyte antigen class II and pulmonary tuberculosis due to mycobacterium tuberculosis in Uganda. BMC Infect. Dis. 2016;16:23.

Lie BA, Thorsby E. Several genes in the extended human MHC contribute to predisposition to autoimmune diseases. Curr Opin Immunol. 2005;17(5):526-31. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2005.07.001.

Mehraji Z, Farazmand A, Esteghamati A. Association of Human Leukocyte Antigens Class I and II with Graves’ Disease in Iranian Population. Iran. J. Immunol. 2017;14:223–30.

Zakharova MY, Belyanina TA, Sokolov AV. The Contribution of Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I Genes to an Association with Autoimmune Diseases. Acta Nat. 2019;11:4–12.

Jassim BA, Lin J, Zhang ZY. PTPN22, structure, function, and developments in inhibitor discovery with applications for immunotherapy. Expert Opin. Drug. Discov. 2022;17:825–37.

Karnell JL, Rieder SA, Ettinger R. Targeting the CD40-CD40L pathway in autoimmune diseases: Humoral immunity and beyond. Adv. Drug. Deliv. Rev. 2019;141:92–103.

Tomer Y, Concepcion E, Greenberg DA. A C/T Single-Nucleotide Polymorphism in the Region of the CD40 Gene Is Associated With Graves’ Disease. Thyroid. 2002;12:1129–35.

Chand Dakal T, Dhabhai B, Agarwal D, et al. Mechanistic basis of co-stimulatory CD40-CD40L ligation mediated regulation of immune responses in cancer and autoimmune disorders. Immunobiology. 2020;225:151899.

Van Coillie S, Wiernicki B, Xu J. Molecular and Cellular Functions of CTLA-4. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 2020;1248:7–32.

Chennamadhavuni A, Abushahin L, Jin N, et al. Risk Factors and Biomarkers for Immune-Related Adverse Events: A Practical Guide to Identifying High-Risk Patients and Rechallenging Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors. Front. Immunol. 2022;13:779691.

Frommer L, Kahaly GJ. Type 1 Diabetes and Autoimmune Thyroid Disease-The Genetic Link. Front. Endocrinol. 2021;12:618213.

Li Y, Li X, Geng X, Zhao H. The IL-2A receptor pathway and its role in lymphocyte differentiation and function. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 2022;67:66–79.

Damoiseaux J. The IL-2-IL-2 receptor pathway in health and disease: The role of the soluble IL-2 receptor. Clin. Immunol. 2020;218:108515.

Brand OJ, Barrett JC, Simmonds MJ, et al. Association of the thyroid stimulating hormone receptor gene (TSHR) with Graves’ disease. Hum. Mol. Genet. 2009;18:1704–13.

Xiong H, Wu M, Yi H, et al. Genetic associations of the thyroid stimulating hormone receptor gene with Graves diseases and Graves ophthalmopathy: A meta-analysis. Sci. Rep. 2016;6:30356.

Tomer Y, Greenberg DA, Concepcion E, et al. Thyroglobulin is a thyroid specific gene for the familial autoimmune thyroid diseases. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2002;87:404–7.

Medici M, Porcu E, Pistis G, et al. Identification of novel genetic Loci associated with thyroid peroxidase antibodies and clinical thyroid disease. PLoS Genet. 2014;10:e1004123.

Yan N, Mu K, An XF, et al. Aberrant Histone Methylation in Patients with Graves’ Disease. Int. J. Endocrinol. 2019;2019:1454617.

Coppedè F. Epigenetics and Autoimmune Thyroid Diseases. Front. Endocrinol. 2017;8:149.

Arakawa Y, Watanabe M, Inoue N, et al. Association of polymorphisms in DNMT1, DNMT3A, DNMT3B, MTHFR and MTRR genes with global DNA methylation levels and prognosis of autoimmune thyroid disease. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 2012;170:194–201.

Liu T, Sun J, Wang Z, et al. Changes in the DNA Methylation and Hydroxymethylation Status of the Intercellular Adhesion Molecule 1 Gene Promoter in Thyrocytes from Autoimmune Thyroiditis Patients. Thyroid. 2017;27:838–45.

Bottazzo GF, Borrell RP, Hanafusa T, et al. Role of aberrant HLA-DR expression and antigen presentation in induction of endocrine autoimmunity. Lancet. 1983;2(8359):1115–8.

Wang PW, Liu RT, Juo SH, et al. Cytotoxic T lymphocyteassociated molecule-4 polymorphism and relapse of Graves’ hyperthyroidism after antithyroid withdrawal. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2004;8(1):169–73.

Nanba T, Watanabe M, Inoue N, et al. Increases of theTh1/Th2 cell ratio in severe Hashimoto’s disease and in the proportion of Th17 cells in intractable Graves’ disease. Thyroid. 2009;19(5):495–501.

Yin X, Latif R, Tomer Y, et al. Thyroid epigenetics: X chromosome inactivation in patients with autoimmune thyroid disease. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2007;1110:193–200.

Da Silva JAP. Sex hormones, glucocorticoids and autoimmunity: facts and hypotheses. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 1995;54(1):6–16.

Yin X, Latif R, Tomer Y, et al. Thyroid epigenetics: X chromosome inactivation in patients with autoimmune thyroid disease. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2007;1110:193–200.

Alexander EK, Pearce EN, Brent GA, et al. 2017 guidelines of the American Thyroid Association for the diagnosis and management of thyroid disease during pregnancy and the postpartum. Thyroid. 2017;27:315–89. https://doi.org/10.1089/thy.2016.0457.

Rose NR, Bonita R, Burek CL. Iodine: an environmental trigger of thyroiditis. Autoimmunity Reviews. 2002;1(1-2):97–103.

Benbassat CA, Mechlis-Frish S, Cohen M, et al. Amiodarone-induced thyrotoxicosis type 2: a case report and review of the literature. The American Journal of the Medical Sciences. 2000;320(4):288–91.

Pacini F, Vorontsova T, Molinaro L, et al. Prevalence of thyroid autoantibodies in children and adolescents from Belarus exposed to the Chernobyl radioactive fallout. Lancet. 1998;352(9130):763–6.

Stefan M, Wei C, Lombardi A, et al. Genetic-epigenetic dysregulation of thymic TSH receptor gene expression triggers thyroid autoimmunity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2014;111:12562e7.

Villano MJ, Huber AK, Greenberg DA, et al. Autoimmune thyroiditis and diabetes: dissecting the joint genetic susceptibility in a large cohort of multiplex families. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2009;94:1458e66.

Svejgaard A, Platz P, Ryder LP. HLA and disease 1982 – a survey. Immunol. Rev. 1983;70:193e218.

Todd JA, Acha-Orbea H, Bell JI, et al. A molecular basis for MHC class IIeassociated autoimmunity. Science. 1988;240:1003e9.

Tomer Y, Huber A. The etiology of autoimmune thyroid disease: a story of genes and environment. J. Autoimmun. 2009;32:231e9.

Chen X, Hu Z, Li W, et al. Synergistic combined effect between CD40-1C>T and CTLA-4þ6230G>A polymorphisms in Graves' disease. Gene. 2015;567:154e8.

Zhu Q, Xu QH, Xie T, et al. Recent insights into the impact of immune dysfunction on reproduction in autoimmune thyroiditis. Clin Immunol. 2021;224:108663. doi: 10.1016/j.clim.2020.108663.

Pyzik A, Grywalska E, Matyjaszek-Matuszek B, et al. Immune disorders in Hashimoto’s thyroiditis: what do we know so far? Journal of Immunological Research. 2015:979167. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/979167

McLachlan SM, Rapoport B. Thyroid peroxidase as an autoantigen. Thyroid. 2007;17:939–48. https://doi.org/10.1089/thy.2007.0169.

Iddah MA, Macharia BN. Autoimmune Thyroid Disorders. International Scholarly Research Notices. 2013;2013:509764. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/509764

Petranović Ovčariček P, Görges R, Giovanella L. Autoimmune Thyroid Diseases. Semin Nucl Med. 2024;54(2):219-36. doi: 10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2023.11.002.

Tiroid hastalıkları Tanı ve Tedavi kılavuzu. Ankara: Türkiye Endokrinoloji ve Metabolizma Derneği; 2023.

Huber A, Menconi F, Corathers S, et al. Joint genetic susceptibility to type 1 diabetes and autoimmune thyroiditis: from epidemiology to mechanisms. Endocrine Reviews. 2008;29(6):697–725.

Hanafusa T, Pujol-Borrell R, Chiovato L. Aberrant expression of HLA-DR antigen on thyrocytes in Graves’ disease: relevance for autoimmunity. Lancet. 1983;2(8359):1111–5.

Maoz-Segal R, Andrade P. Molecular Mimicry and Autoimmunity. In: Shoenfeld Y, Meroni PL, Gershwin ME, editors. Infection and Autoimmunity. London: Academic Press; 2015. p. 27–44.

Muratori L, Bogdanos DP, Muratori P. Susceptibility to thyroid disorders in hepatitis C. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2005;3(6):595–603. doi: 10.1016/s1542-3565(05)00018-2.

Vargas-Uricoechea H. Molecular Mechanisms in Autoimmune Thyroid Disease. Cells. 2023;12(6):918. doi: 10.3390/cells12060918.

Skov J, Eriksson D, Kuja-Halkola R, et al. Co-aggregation and heritability of organ-specific autoimmunity: A population-based twin study. Eur. J. Endocrinol. 2020;182:473–80.

Hansen PS, Brix TH, Iachine I, et al. The relative importance of genetic and environmental effects for the early stages of thyroid autoimmunity: A study of healthy Danish twins. Eur. J. Endocrinol. 2006;154:29–38.

Tomer Y, Ban Y, Concepcion E. Common and unique susceptibility loci in Graves and Hashimoto diseases: Results of whole-genome screening in a data set of 102 multiplex families. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 2003;73:736–47.

Aust G, Krohn K, Morgenthaler NG, et al. Graves’ disease and Hashimoto’s thyroiditis in monozygotic twins: Case study as well as transcriptomic and immunohistological analysis of thyroid tissues. Eur. J. Endocrinol. 2006;154:13–20.

Tomer Y, Davies TF. Searching for the autoimmune thyroid disease susceptibility genes: From gene mapping to gene function. Endocr. Rev. 2003;24:694–717.

Jacobson EM, Huber A, Tomer Y, et al. A gene complex in thyroid autoimmunity: From epidemiology to etiology. J. Autoimmun. 2008;30:58e62.

Lee HJ, Li CW, Hammerstad S, et al. Immunogenetics of autoimmune thyroid diseases: A comprehensive review. J. Autoimmun. 2015;64:82–90.

Sollid LM, Pos W, Wucherpfennig KW. Molecular Mechanisms for contribution of MHC molecules to autoimmune diseases. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 2014;31:24–30.

Wamala D, Buteme HK, Kirimunda S. Association between human leukocyte antigen class II and pulmonary tuberculosis due to mycobacterium tuberculosis in Uganda. BMC Infect. Dis. 2016;16:23.

Lie BA, Thorsby E. Several genes in the extended human MHC contribute to predisposition to autoimmune diseases. Curr Opin Immunol. 2005;17(5):526-31. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2005.07.001.

Mehraji Z, Farazmand A, Esteghamati A. Association of Human Leukocyte Antigens Class I and II with Graves’ Disease in Iranian Population. Iran. J. Immunol. 2017;14:223–30.

Zakharova MY, Belyanina TA, Sokolov AV. The Contribution of Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I Genes to an Association with Autoimmune Diseases. Acta Nat. 2019;11:4–12.

Jassim BA, Lin J, Zhang ZY. PTPN22, structure, function, and developments in inhibitor discovery with applications for immunotherapy. Expert Opin. Drug. Discov. 2022;17:825–37.

Karnell JL, Rieder SA, Ettinger R. Targeting the CD40-CD40L pathway in autoimmune diseases: Humoral immunity and beyond. Adv. Drug. Deliv. Rev. 2019;141:92–103.

Tomer Y, Concepcion E, Greenberg DA. A C/T Single-Nucleotide Polymorphism in the Region of the CD40 Gene Is Associated With Graves’ Disease. Thyroid. 2002;12:1129–35.

Chand Dakal T, Dhabhai B, Agarwal D, et al. Mechanistic basis of co-stimulatory CD40-CD40L ligation mediated regulation of immune responses in cancer and autoimmune disorders. Immunobiology. 2020;225:151899.

Van Coillie S, Wiernicki B, Xu J. Molecular and Cellular Functions of CTLA-4. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 2020;1248:7–32.

Chennamadhavuni A, Abushahin L, Jin N, et al. Risk Factors and Biomarkers for Immune-Related Adverse Events: A Practical Guide to Identifying High-Risk Patients and Rechallenging Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors. Front. Immunol. 2022;13:779691.

Frommer L, Kahaly GJ. Type 1 Diabetes and Autoimmune Thyroid Disease-The Genetic Link. Front. Endocrinol. 2021;12:618213.

Li Y, Li X, Geng X, Zhao H. The IL-2A receptor pathway and its role in lymphocyte differentiation and function. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 2022;67:66–79.

Damoiseaux J. The IL-2-IL-2 receptor pathway in health and disease: The role of the soluble IL-2 receptor. Clin. Immunol. 2020;218:108515.

Brand OJ, Barrett JC, Simmonds MJ, et al. Association of the thyroid stimulating hormone receptor gene (TSHR) with Graves’ disease. Hum. Mol. Genet. 2009;18:1704–13.

Xiong H, Wu M, Yi H, et al. Genetic associations of the thyroid stimulating hormone receptor gene with Graves diseases and Graves ophthalmopathy: A meta-analysis. Sci. Rep. 2016;6:30356.

Tomer Y, Greenberg DA, Concepcion E, et al. Thyroglobulin is a thyroid specific gene for the familial autoimmune thyroid diseases. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2002;87:404–7.

Medici M, Porcu E, Pistis G, et al. Identification of novel genetic Loci associated with thyroid peroxidase antibodies and clinical thyroid disease. PLoS Genet. 2014;10:e1004123.

Yan N, Mu K, An XF, et al. Aberrant Histone Methylation in Patients with Graves’ Disease. Int. J. Endocrinol. 2019;2019:1454617.

Coppedè F. Epigenetics and Autoimmune Thyroid Diseases. Front. Endocrinol. 2017;8:149.

Arakawa Y, Watanabe M, Inoue N, et al. Association of polymorphisms in DNMT1, DNMT3A, DNMT3B, MTHFR and MTRR genes with global DNA methylation levels and prognosis of autoimmune thyroid disease. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 2012;170:194–201.

Liu T, Sun J, Wang Z, et al. Changes in the DNA Methylation and Hydroxymethylation Status of the Intercellular Adhesion Molecule 1 Gene Promoter in Thyrocytes from Autoimmune Thyroiditis Patients. Thyroid. 2017;27:838–45.

Bottazzo GF, Borrell RP, Hanafusa T, et al. Role of aberrant HLA-DR expression and antigen presentation in induction of endocrine autoimmunity. Lancet. 1983;2(8359):1115–8.

Wang PW, Liu RT, Juo SH, et al. Cytotoxic T lymphocyteassociated molecule-4 polymorphism and relapse of Graves’ hyperthyroidism after antithyroid withdrawal. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2004;8(1):169–73.

Nanba T, Watanabe M, Inoue N, et al. Increases of theTh1/Th2 cell ratio in severe Hashimoto’s disease and in the proportion of Th17 cells in intractable Graves’ disease. Thyroid. 2009;19(5):495–501.

Yin X, Latif R, Tomer Y, et al. Thyroid epigenetics: X chromosome inactivation in patients with autoimmune thyroid disease. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2007;1110:193–200.

Da Silva JAP. Sex hormones, glucocorticoids and autoimmunity: facts and hypotheses. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 1995;54(1):6–16.

Yin X, Latif R, Tomer Y, et al. Thyroid epigenetics: X chromosome inactivation in patients with autoimmune thyroid disease. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2007;1110:193–200.

Alexander EK, Pearce EN, Brent GA, et al. 2017 guidelines of the American Thyroid Association for the diagnosis and management of thyroid disease during pregnancy and the postpartum. Thyroid. 2017;27:315–89. https://doi.org/10.1089/thy.2016.0457.

Rose NR, Bonita R, Burek CL. Iodine: an environmental trigger of thyroiditis. Autoimmunity Reviews. 2002;1(1-2):97–103.

Benbassat CA, Mechlis-Frish S, Cohen M, et al. Amiodarone-induced thyrotoxicosis type 2: a case report and review of the literature. The American Journal of the Medical Sciences. 2000;320(4):288–91.

Pacini F, Vorontsova T, Molinaro L, et al. Prevalence of thyroid autoantibodies in children and adolescents from Belarus exposed to the Chernobyl radioactive fallout. Lancet. 1998;352(9130):763–6.

Stefan M, Wei C, Lombardi A, et al. Genetic-epigenetic dysregulation of thymic TSH receptor gene expression triggers thyroid autoimmunity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2014;111:12562e7.

Villano MJ, Huber AK, Greenberg DA, et al. Autoimmune thyroiditis and diabetes: dissecting the joint genetic susceptibility in a large cohort of multiplex families. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2009;94:1458e66.

Svejgaard A, Platz P, Ryder LP. HLA and disease 1982 – a survey. Immunol. Rev. 1983;70:193e218.

Todd JA, Acha-Orbea H, Bell JI, et al. A molecular basis for MHC class IIeassociated autoimmunity. Science. 1988;240:1003e9.

Tomer Y, Huber A. The etiology of autoimmune thyroid disease: a story of genes and environment. J. Autoimmun. 2009;32:231e9.

Chen X, Hu Z, Li W, et al. Synergistic combined effect between CD40-1C>T and CTLA-4þ6230G>A polymorphisms in Graves' disease. Gene. 2015;567:154e8.