Farklı Dönemlerdeki Mandalarda Besleme Stratejileri ve Rasyon Örnekleri
Özet
Anadolu mandası, nehir mandaları alt grubunda yer alan ve düşük kaliteli kaba yemleri etkin bir şekilde değerlendirebilme, hastalıklara dayanıklılık ve zorlu koşullara uyum sağlama gibi özellikleriyle öne çıkan değerli bir hayvandır. Buna rağmen, Türkiye'deki yıllık ortalama 1000 kg'lık süt verimi, potansiyelinin altındadır ve bu durum büyük ölçüde bilimsel olmayan besleme uygulamalarından kaynaklanmaktadır. Bu potansiyeli açığa çıkarmak, her yaşam evresine özel besleme stratejileriyle mümkündür. Örneğin, doğum sonrası yeterli kolostrum alamayan malaklarda, sindirim sistemi hastalıklarına bağlı ölüm oranı %40'ın üzerine çıkabilmektedir. Gelişme çağındaki düvelerde ise, süt üreten doku yerine yağ birikimine ve döl tutma sorunlarına yol açan aşırı beslemeden kaçınarak, günlük 450-500 gramlık kontrollü bir ağırlık artışı hedeflenmelidir. Kuru dönem beslenmesinde kalsiyum:fostor oranının yaklaşık 1:1,1 düzeyinde dengelenmesi, doğum sonrasında görülebilecek prolapsus gibi önemli sağlık problemlerinin önlenmesinde kritik bir rol oynamaktadır. Sağmal dönemde ise laktasyonun ilk 70 gününde zirveye ulaşan süt verimine karşılık yem tüketiminin yetersiz kalmasıyla oluşan negatif enerji dengesi, hayvanın vücut rezervlerini kullanmasına ve üreme fonksiyonlarının durmasına neden olabilir. Bilimsel parametrelere dayalı beslenme yönetimi, manda sağlığını koruyarak verimliliği somut olarak artırır ve yetiştiriciliğin sürdürülebilirliğini ve karlılığını güvence altına alır.
The Anatolian water buffalo, a member of the river buffalo subgroup, is a valuable breed characterized by its ability to efficiently utilize low-quality roughage, its resistance to diseases, and its adaptability to harsh environmental conditions. Nevertheless, the average annual milk yield in Türkiye remains around 1000 kg, which is below its potential, largely due to non-scientific feeding practices. Unlocking this potential is achievable through stage-specific nutritional strategies tailored to each phase of life. For instance, in calves deprived of adequate colostrum intake after birth, mortality rates associated with digestive disorders may exceed 40%. In growing heifers, a controlled daily weight gain of 450–500 grams should be targeted to prevent excessive fat deposition, which can compromise mammary tissue development and lead to reproductive problems. During the dry period, maintaining a calcium-to-phosphorus ratio of approximately 1:1.1 plays a critical role in preventing serious postpartum health issues such as prolapse. In the lactating period, particularly within the first 70 days when milk yield peaks, insufficient feed intake often results in a negative energy balance, forcing the animal to mobilize body reserves and suppress reproductive functions. Nutrition management based on scientific parameters safeguards buffalo health, enhances productivity, and ensures the sustainability and profitability of buffalo husbandry.
Referanslar
Adkinson AY, Konca Y. Manda eti üretimi ve kalite özellikleri. Avrupa Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi. 2021; 31: 420–428. https://doi.org/10.31590/ejosat.1003259
Adkinson AY, Konca Y. Sütçü manda ırklarının performans ve verimliliğini etkileyen faktörler ve Türkiye’deki geleceği. Avrupa Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi. 2021; 25: 498–508. https://doi.org/10.31590/ejosat.896113
Atasever S, Erdem H. Manda yetiştiriciliği ve Türkiye’deki geleceği. OMÜ Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi. 2008; 23(1): 59–64.
Bartocci S, Tripaldi C, Terramoccia S. Characteristics of foodstuffs and diets, and the quanti-qualitative milk parameters of Mediterranean buffaloes bred in Italy using the intensive system: An estimate of the nutritional requirements of buffalo herds lactating or dry. Livestock Production Science. 2002; 77(1): 45–58.
Bertoni G, Di Lella T, Bartocci S. Nuove acquisizioni nel campo dell’alimentazione dei bufali. Agricoltura Ricerca. 1994; 153: 159–172.
Bhatti SA, Sarwar M, Khan MS, Hussain. Reducing the age at first calving through nutritional manipulations in dairy buffaloes and cows: a review. Pakistan Veterinary Journal. 2007; 27(1): 42–47.
Borghese A, Barile VL, Ficco G, Galasso A, Marchiori E, Terzano GM. Feeding system effect on reproduction performances in buffalo heifers. In: Proceedings, 5th World Buffalo Congress, 1997, Caserta, Italy. pp. 697–701.
Borghese A. Buffalo Production and Research; Technical Series 67; FAO Regional Office for Europe: Rome, Italy. 2005; ISBN 3383172740.
Campanile G, Di Palo R, Di Meo C, Boni R. Effetti dell’integrazione di P durante l’asciutta sui livelli ematici di Ca, P e Mg nella bufala. In 11th international ASPA congress, Italy, Grado. 1995; pp. 77–78.
Campanile G, Di Palo R, Di Meo C, e Boni R. Effetti dell'integrazione di P durante l'asciutta sui livelli ematici di Ca, P e Mg nella bufala. Atti SISVet, XLIII. 1989; pp. 261–265.
Di Lella T. Alimentazione della bufala in asciutta. Bubalus bubalis. 2000; 2: 32–36.
Doğdaş İA. Yozgat ilinde manda yetiştiriciliği. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Ankara Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Ankara. 2021.
Erdem H, Muruz H. Manda yetiştirme ve besleme. Samsun Gıda Tarım ve Hayvancılık İl Müdürlüğü yayını. Samsun. 2016.
Ermetin O. Husbandry and sustainability of water buffaloes in Turkey. Turkish Journal of Agriculture-Food Science and Technology. 2017; 5(12): 1673–1682. https://doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v5i12.1673-1682.1639
Ermetin O. KOP bölgesinde manda yetiştiriciliği ve önemi. Osmaniye Korkut Ata Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi. 2020; 3(2): 164–171. https://doi.org/10.47495/okufbed.722605
FAO. Livestock statistics. https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL. 2022. (Erişim Tarihi: 15.04.2024).
Khanum SA, Hussain M, Jabbar L, Kausar R, Cheema AM, Jabbar MA. Effect of concentrate supplementation on age at maturity in growing buffalo heifers. The Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences. 2012; 22: 329–331.
Krishnamoorthy U, Moran J. Rearing young ruminants on milk replacers and starter feeds. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). 2012. pp. 92–pp.
Kul E, Filik G, Şahin A, Çayıroğlu H, Uğurlutepe E, Erdem H. Effects of some environmental factors on birth weight of Anatolian buffalo calves. Turkish Journal of Agriculture-Food Science and Technology. 2018; 6(4): 444–446. https://doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v6i4.444-446.1716
Kul E, Şahin A, Abacı SH. The effects of some environmental factors on colostrum quality in Anatolian buffaloes. Anadolu Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi. 2022; 37(3): 655–662. https://doi.org/10.7161/omuanajas.1105193
Kul E. Determination of the best lactation curve model and lactation curve parameters using different nonlinear models for Anatolian buffaloes. Pakistan Journal of Zoology. 2020; 52(4): 1291–1297. https://dx.doi.org/10.17582/journal.pjz/20190517090530
Medhammar E, Wijesinha-Bettoni R, Stadlmayr B, Nilsson E, Charrondiere UR, Burlingame B. Composition of milk from minor dairy animals and buffalo breeds: a biodiversity perspective. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture. 2012; 92(3): 445–474. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.4690
Muruz H, Garipoğlu AV. Manda buzağı (malak) ve düvelerinin beslenmesi. Türkiye Klinikleri J. Anim. Nutr&Nutr Dis-Special Topics. 2017; 3(2): 98–107.
Naveena BM, Kiran M. Buffalo meat quality, composition, and processing characteristics: Contribution to the global economy and nutritional security. Animal Frontiers. 2014; 4(4): 18–24. https://doi.org/10.2527/af.2014-0029
Öz S, Küçükersan S. Mandaların kuru dönemde beslenmesi. Türkiye Klinikleri J. Anim Nutr&Nutr Dis-Special Topics. 2017; 3(2): 114–120.
Pasha TN. Prospect of nutrition and feeding for sustainable buffalo production. Buffalo Bulletin. 2013; 32: 91–110.
Proto V. L’alimentazione della bufala. In Giornata di studio ‘Alimentazione zootecnica e qualità del latte bovino e bufalino’, October 29th 1993, Eboli, Italy. pp. 1–42.
Punia BS, Singh S. Buffalo calf feeding and management. Buffalo Bulletin. 2001; 20: 3–11.
Rashid MA, Pasha TN, Jabbar MA, Ijaz A, Rehman H, Yousaf MS. Influence of weaning regimen on intake, growth characteristics and plasma blood metabolites in male buffalo calves. Animal. 2013; 7(9): 1472–1478. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731113000943
Sabia E, Napolitano F, De Rosa G, Terzano GM, Barile VL, Braghieri A, et al. Efficiency to reach age of puberty and behaviour of buffalo heifers (Bubalus bubalis) kept on pasture or in confinement. Animal. 2014; 8: 1907–1916. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731114001876
Sarubbi F, Baculo R, Palomba R, Auriemma G. Evaluation of homeopathic treatments in early lactation in buffalo cows and neonatal mortality in buffalo calf. Open Journal of Animal Sciences. 2012; 2(3): 196–203. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojas.2012.23027
Sarwar M, Khan MA, Nisa M, Bhatti SA, Shahzad MA. Nutritional management for buffalo production. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences. 2009; 22(7): 1060–1068.
Soysal Mİ. Anatolian water buffaloes husbandry in Turkey. Buffalo Bulletin. 2013; 32(1): 293–309.
Soysal Mİ. Manda ve ürünleri üretimi ders notları. Tekirdağ Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Basımı. 2006.
Sumit S, Mishra SK, Gupta RP, Deepika Lather DL, Vikas Nehra VN. Study on buffalo calves mortality with special reference to gastro-intestinal tract disorders. Haryana Veterinarian. 2011; 50: 98–100.
Şahin A, Ulutaş Z, Yıldırım A. Türkiye ve Dünya’da manda yetiştiriciliği. Gaziosmanpaşa Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi. 2013; 8: 65–70.
Terramoccia S, Bartocci A, Di Giovanni S. Bartocci S. The influence of dietary characteristics on the milk quantity and quality of riverine buffaloes: Estimate of the energy/protein requirements, for a medium-high production, in the first ninety days of lactation. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences. 2012; 25(3): 335.
Terzano GM, Barile VL, Francia U, Malfatti A, Todini L, Borghese A. Onset of puberty in buffalo heifers bred on pasture or in intensive feeding systems. Bulgarian Journal of Agricultural Science. 1996; 2: 89–92.
Thomas CS. Efficient dairy buffalo production. DeLaval International AB, Tumba, Sweden. 2008.
Yavaşoğlu NUK, Koksal C, Yaman Y, Un C. Karyotype of Anatolian water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis). Buffalo Bulletin. 2014; 33(4): 337–342.
Yengkhom R, Raje K, Muwel N, Choudhary S, Gupta M. Research and reviews formulation of balanced ration of buffaloes. Journal of Dairy Science and Technology. 2018; 7(2).
Zicarelli L, Gasparrini B, Amante L, Campanile G, Di Palo R. Mediterranean Italian buffalo young bull production. Note I: relationship among growing parameters. Atti 3 Congresso Nazionale sull’Allevamento del Bufalo - 1st Buffalo Symposium of Europe and the Americas. 2005. pp. 128–129.
Zicarelli L, Intrieri F, De Franciscis G, Squillaciotti S. II profilo metabolico nella bufala gravida in relazione al regime alimentare adottato: indagine in allevamenti con diversa incidenza di prolasso vaginale. Atti del II Conv. Int. sull'allevamento bufalino nel mondo. 1982. pp. 262–288.
Referanslar
Adkinson AY, Konca Y. Manda eti üretimi ve kalite özellikleri. Avrupa Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi. 2021; 31: 420–428. https://doi.org/10.31590/ejosat.1003259
Adkinson AY, Konca Y. Sütçü manda ırklarının performans ve verimliliğini etkileyen faktörler ve Türkiye’deki geleceği. Avrupa Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi. 2021; 25: 498–508. https://doi.org/10.31590/ejosat.896113
Atasever S, Erdem H. Manda yetiştiriciliği ve Türkiye’deki geleceği. OMÜ Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi. 2008; 23(1): 59–64.
Bartocci S, Tripaldi C, Terramoccia S. Characteristics of foodstuffs and diets, and the quanti-qualitative milk parameters of Mediterranean buffaloes bred in Italy using the intensive system: An estimate of the nutritional requirements of buffalo herds lactating or dry. Livestock Production Science. 2002; 77(1): 45–58.
Bertoni G, Di Lella T, Bartocci S. Nuove acquisizioni nel campo dell’alimentazione dei bufali. Agricoltura Ricerca. 1994; 153: 159–172.
Bhatti SA, Sarwar M, Khan MS, Hussain. Reducing the age at first calving through nutritional manipulations in dairy buffaloes and cows: a review. Pakistan Veterinary Journal. 2007; 27(1): 42–47.
Borghese A, Barile VL, Ficco G, Galasso A, Marchiori E, Terzano GM. Feeding system effect on reproduction performances in buffalo heifers. In: Proceedings, 5th World Buffalo Congress, 1997, Caserta, Italy. pp. 697–701.
Borghese A. Buffalo Production and Research; Technical Series 67; FAO Regional Office for Europe: Rome, Italy. 2005; ISBN 3383172740.
Campanile G, Di Palo R, Di Meo C, Boni R. Effetti dell’integrazione di P durante l’asciutta sui livelli ematici di Ca, P e Mg nella bufala. In 11th international ASPA congress, Italy, Grado. 1995; pp. 77–78.
Campanile G, Di Palo R, Di Meo C, e Boni R. Effetti dell'integrazione di P durante l'asciutta sui livelli ematici di Ca, P e Mg nella bufala. Atti SISVet, XLIII. 1989; pp. 261–265.
Di Lella T. Alimentazione della bufala in asciutta. Bubalus bubalis. 2000; 2: 32–36.
Doğdaş İA. Yozgat ilinde manda yetiştiriciliği. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Ankara Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Ankara. 2021.
Erdem H, Muruz H. Manda yetiştirme ve besleme. Samsun Gıda Tarım ve Hayvancılık İl Müdürlüğü yayını. Samsun. 2016.
Ermetin O. Husbandry and sustainability of water buffaloes in Turkey. Turkish Journal of Agriculture-Food Science and Technology. 2017; 5(12): 1673–1682. https://doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v5i12.1673-1682.1639
Ermetin O. KOP bölgesinde manda yetiştiriciliği ve önemi. Osmaniye Korkut Ata Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi. 2020; 3(2): 164–171. https://doi.org/10.47495/okufbed.722605
FAO. Livestock statistics. https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL. 2022. (Erişim Tarihi: 15.04.2024).
Khanum SA, Hussain M, Jabbar L, Kausar R, Cheema AM, Jabbar MA. Effect of concentrate supplementation on age at maturity in growing buffalo heifers. The Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences. 2012; 22: 329–331.
Krishnamoorthy U, Moran J. Rearing young ruminants on milk replacers and starter feeds. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). 2012. pp. 92–pp.
Kul E, Filik G, Şahin A, Çayıroğlu H, Uğurlutepe E, Erdem H. Effects of some environmental factors on birth weight of Anatolian buffalo calves. Turkish Journal of Agriculture-Food Science and Technology. 2018; 6(4): 444–446. https://doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v6i4.444-446.1716
Kul E, Şahin A, Abacı SH. The effects of some environmental factors on colostrum quality in Anatolian buffaloes. Anadolu Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi. 2022; 37(3): 655–662. https://doi.org/10.7161/omuanajas.1105193
Kul E. Determination of the best lactation curve model and lactation curve parameters using different nonlinear models for Anatolian buffaloes. Pakistan Journal of Zoology. 2020; 52(4): 1291–1297. https://dx.doi.org/10.17582/journal.pjz/20190517090530
Medhammar E, Wijesinha-Bettoni R, Stadlmayr B, Nilsson E, Charrondiere UR, Burlingame B. Composition of milk from minor dairy animals and buffalo breeds: a biodiversity perspective. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture. 2012; 92(3): 445–474. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.4690
Muruz H, Garipoğlu AV. Manda buzağı (malak) ve düvelerinin beslenmesi. Türkiye Klinikleri J. Anim. Nutr&Nutr Dis-Special Topics. 2017; 3(2): 98–107.
Naveena BM, Kiran M. Buffalo meat quality, composition, and processing characteristics: Contribution to the global economy and nutritional security. Animal Frontiers. 2014; 4(4): 18–24. https://doi.org/10.2527/af.2014-0029
Öz S, Küçükersan S. Mandaların kuru dönemde beslenmesi. Türkiye Klinikleri J. Anim Nutr&Nutr Dis-Special Topics. 2017; 3(2): 114–120.
Pasha TN. Prospect of nutrition and feeding for sustainable buffalo production. Buffalo Bulletin. 2013; 32: 91–110.
Proto V. L’alimentazione della bufala. In Giornata di studio ‘Alimentazione zootecnica e qualità del latte bovino e bufalino’, October 29th 1993, Eboli, Italy. pp. 1–42.
Punia BS, Singh S. Buffalo calf feeding and management. Buffalo Bulletin. 2001; 20: 3–11.
Rashid MA, Pasha TN, Jabbar MA, Ijaz A, Rehman H, Yousaf MS. Influence of weaning regimen on intake, growth characteristics and plasma blood metabolites in male buffalo calves. Animal. 2013; 7(9): 1472–1478. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731113000943
Sabia E, Napolitano F, De Rosa G, Terzano GM, Barile VL, Braghieri A, et al. Efficiency to reach age of puberty and behaviour of buffalo heifers (Bubalus bubalis) kept on pasture or in confinement. Animal. 2014; 8: 1907–1916. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731114001876
Sarubbi F, Baculo R, Palomba R, Auriemma G. Evaluation of homeopathic treatments in early lactation in buffalo cows and neonatal mortality in buffalo calf. Open Journal of Animal Sciences. 2012; 2(3): 196–203. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojas.2012.23027
Sarwar M, Khan MA, Nisa M, Bhatti SA, Shahzad MA. Nutritional management for buffalo production. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences. 2009; 22(7): 1060–1068.
Soysal Mİ. Anatolian water buffaloes husbandry in Turkey. Buffalo Bulletin. 2013; 32(1): 293–309.
Soysal Mİ. Manda ve ürünleri üretimi ders notları. Tekirdağ Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Basımı. 2006.
Sumit S, Mishra SK, Gupta RP, Deepika Lather DL, Vikas Nehra VN. Study on buffalo calves mortality with special reference to gastro-intestinal tract disorders. Haryana Veterinarian. 2011; 50: 98–100.
Şahin A, Ulutaş Z, Yıldırım A. Türkiye ve Dünya’da manda yetiştiriciliği. Gaziosmanpaşa Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi. 2013; 8: 65–70.
Terramoccia S, Bartocci A, Di Giovanni S. Bartocci S. The influence of dietary characteristics on the milk quantity and quality of riverine buffaloes: Estimate of the energy/protein requirements, for a medium-high production, in the first ninety days of lactation. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences. 2012; 25(3): 335.
Terzano GM, Barile VL, Francia U, Malfatti A, Todini L, Borghese A. Onset of puberty in buffalo heifers bred on pasture or in intensive feeding systems. Bulgarian Journal of Agricultural Science. 1996; 2: 89–92.
Thomas CS. Efficient dairy buffalo production. DeLaval International AB, Tumba, Sweden. 2008.
Yavaşoğlu NUK, Koksal C, Yaman Y, Un C. Karyotype of Anatolian water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis). Buffalo Bulletin. 2014; 33(4): 337–342.
Yengkhom R, Raje K, Muwel N, Choudhary S, Gupta M. Research and reviews formulation of balanced ration of buffaloes. Journal of Dairy Science and Technology. 2018; 7(2).
Zicarelli L, Gasparrini B, Amante L, Campanile G, Di Palo R. Mediterranean Italian buffalo young bull production. Note I: relationship among growing parameters. Atti 3 Congresso Nazionale sull’Allevamento del Bufalo - 1st Buffalo Symposium of Europe and the Americas. 2005. pp. 128–129.
Zicarelli L, Intrieri F, De Franciscis G, Squillaciotti S. II profilo metabolico nella bufala gravida in relazione al regime alimentare adottato: indagine in allevamenti con diversa incidenza di prolasso vaginale. Atti del II Conv. Int. sull'allevamento bufalino nel mondo. 1982. pp. 262–288.
