Büyükbaş ve Küçükbaş Hayvanlarda Su Metabolizması
Özet
Su, ruminantların vücut ağırlığının %60'ından fazlasını oluşturan ve yaşamsal fonksiyonların sürdürülmesinde kritik rol oynayan temel bir bileşendir. Bu kitap bölümünde, büyükbaş ve küçükbaş hayvanlarda su metabolizması, su kaynakları, ideal içme suyu özellikleri ve su dengesini etkileyen faktörler ele alınmıştır. Ruminantlarda vücut suyu, hücre içi sıvı (%40) ve hücre dışı sıvı (%20) olarak dağılım gösterir. Su metabolizması esas olarak gastrointestinal sistem (%60-70 rumen-retikulum), böbrekler ve meme bezinde gerçekleşir. Rumen-retikulumda mikrobiyal fermentasyon sürecinde büyük miktarlarda su emilimi gerçekleşirken, böbreklerde günlük 150-200 litre glomerüler filtrasyon ile su dengesinin hassas kontrolü sağlanır. Laktasyon döneminde meme bezinden önemli su kaybı (her litre süt için 400-500 litre kan geçişi) gerçekleşir. Su kaybı idrar (%40-50), dışkı (%15-25), terleme (%10-20), solunum (%5-10) ve laktasyon (%20-30) yoluyla olur. İdeal içme suyu pH'ı 6,5-8,5 arasında, TDS değeri 1000 mg/L'nin altında olmalıdır. Çevresel faktörler, rasyon içeriği, tür, yaş ve fizyolojik durum su metabolizmasını etkileyen temel parametrelerdir.
Water constitutes more than 60% of body weight in ruminants and plays a critical role in maintaining vital functions. This book chapter addresses water metabolism, water sources, ideal drinking water characteristics, and factors affecting water balance in cattle and small ruminants. Body water in ruminants is distributed as intracellular fluid (40%) and extracellular fluid (20%). Water metabolism primarily occurs in the gastrointestinal system (60-70% rumen-reticulum), kidneys, and mammary gland. Massive water absorption occurs in the rumen-reticulum during microbial fermentation, while kidneys provide precise control of water balance through daily glomerular filtration of 150-200 liters. During lactation, significant water loss occurs through the mammary gland (400-500 liters of blood flow per liter of milk). Water loss occurs through urine (40-50%), feces (15-25%), sweating (10-20%), respiration (5-10%), and lactation (20-30%). Ideal drinking water should have a pH between 6.5-8.5 and TDS values below 1000 mg/L. Environmental factors, dietary content, species, age, and physiological status are fundamental parameters affecting water metabolism.
Referanslar
Araújo GGLD, Voltolini TV, Chizzotti ML, Turco SHN, Carvalho FFRD. Water and small ruminant production. Rev Bras Zootec. 2010;39:326–36.
Ayers RS, Westcot DW. Water quality for agriculture (FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper No. 29, Rev. 1). Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations; 1994. Available from: https://www.fao.org/3/t0234e/t0234e00.htm
Baldwin RL, Allison MJ. Rumen metabolism. J Anim Sci. 1983;57(Suppl 2):461–77.
Baldwin RL, Connor EE. Rumen function and development. Vet Clin Food Anim. 2017;33(3):427–39.
Bazinet L. Electrodialytic phenomena and their applications in the dairy industry: a review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2005;45(4):307–26.
Cai J, Wang D, Liu J. Regulation of fluid flow through the mammary gland of dairy cows and its effect on milk production: a systematic review. J Sci Food Agric. 2018;98(4):1261–70.
Carlson GP. Fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance. In: Kaneko JJ, Harvey JW, Bruss ML, editors. Clinical biochemistry of domestic animals. 5th ed. San Diego: Academic Press; 1997. p. 485–516.
Cemek B, Çetin S, Yıldırım D. Çiftlik ve kümes hayvanlarının su tüketimi ve su kalite özellikleri. Tarım Bilim Araş Derg. 2011;(1):57–67.
Church DC. The ruminant animal: digestive physiology and nutrition. Illinois: Waveland Press; 1993.
Correa-Calderón A, Avendaño-Reyes L, López-Baca M, Macías-Cruz U. Heat stress in dairy cattle with emphasis on milk production and feed and water intake habits: a review. Rev Mex Cienc Pecu. 2022;13(2):488–509.
Dobson A, Sellers AF, Gatewood VH. Absorption and exchange of water across rumen epithelium. Am J Physiol. 1976;231(5):1588–94.
El Mahdy C, Boaru A, Popescu S, Borda C. Water quality, essential condition sustaining the health, production and reproduction in cattle: a review. Bull UASVM Anim Sci Biotechnol. 2016;73(2):113–25.
Giger-Reverdin S, Gihad EA. Water metabolism and intake in goats. In: Morand-Fehr P, editor. Goat nutrition. Wageningen: Wageningen Academic Publishers; 1991. p. 45–60. (EAAP Publication No. 46). Available from: https://edepot.wur.nl/317383
Golher DM, Patel BHM, Bhoite SH, Syed MI, Panchbhai GJ, Thirumurugan P. Factors influencing water intake in dairy cows: a review. Int J Biometeorol. 2021;65(4):617–25.
Hoover WH. Digestion and absorption in the hindgut of ruminants. J Anim Sci. 1978;46(6):1789–95.
Kara K. Sürdürülebilir hayvan beslemede su ve önemi. Turkiye Klin Anim Nutr Nutr Dis Spec Top. 2025;11(1):14–21.
King JM. Livestock water needs in pastoral Africa in relation to climate and forage (ILCA Research Report No. 7). Addis Ababa: International Livestock Centre for Africa; 1983. Available from: https://www.fao.org/4/x5525e/x5525e00.htm#Contents
Murphy MR. Water metabolism of dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci. 1992;75(1):326–33.
Rémond D, Meschy F, Boivin R. Metabolites, water and mineral exchanges across the rumen wall: mechanisms and regulation. Ann Zootech. 1996;45(2):97–119.
Saha SK, Pathak NN. Water. In: Fundamentals of animal nutrition. Singapore: Springer; 2021. p. 29–38. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-9125-9
Schmidt-Nielsen K, Schmidt-Nielsen B. Water metabolism of desert mammals. Physiol Rev. 1952;32(2):135–66.
Silanikove N. Effects of water scarcity and hot environment on appetite and digestion in ruminants: a review. Liv Prod Sci. 1992; 30(3): 175-194.
Weeth HJ, Sawhney DS, Lesperance AL. Changes in body fluids, excreta and kidney function of cattle deprived of water. J Anim Sci. 1967;26(2):418–23.
Referanslar
Araújo GGLD, Voltolini TV, Chizzotti ML, Turco SHN, Carvalho FFRD. Water and small ruminant production. Rev Bras Zootec. 2010;39:326–36.
Ayers RS, Westcot DW. Water quality for agriculture (FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper No. 29, Rev. 1). Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations; 1994. Available from: https://www.fao.org/3/t0234e/t0234e00.htm
Baldwin RL, Allison MJ. Rumen metabolism. J Anim Sci. 1983;57(Suppl 2):461–77.
Baldwin RL, Connor EE. Rumen function and development. Vet Clin Food Anim. 2017;33(3):427–39.
Bazinet L. Electrodialytic phenomena and their applications in the dairy industry: a review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2005;45(4):307–26.
Cai J, Wang D, Liu J. Regulation of fluid flow through the mammary gland of dairy cows and its effect on milk production: a systematic review. J Sci Food Agric. 2018;98(4):1261–70.
Carlson GP. Fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance. In: Kaneko JJ, Harvey JW, Bruss ML, editors. Clinical biochemistry of domestic animals. 5th ed. San Diego: Academic Press; 1997. p. 485–516.
Cemek B, Çetin S, Yıldırım D. Çiftlik ve kümes hayvanlarının su tüketimi ve su kalite özellikleri. Tarım Bilim Araş Derg. 2011;(1):57–67.
Church DC. The ruminant animal: digestive physiology and nutrition. Illinois: Waveland Press; 1993.
Correa-Calderón A, Avendaño-Reyes L, López-Baca M, Macías-Cruz U. Heat stress in dairy cattle with emphasis on milk production and feed and water intake habits: a review. Rev Mex Cienc Pecu. 2022;13(2):488–509.
Dobson A, Sellers AF, Gatewood VH. Absorption and exchange of water across rumen epithelium. Am J Physiol. 1976;231(5):1588–94.
El Mahdy C, Boaru A, Popescu S, Borda C. Water quality, essential condition sustaining the health, production and reproduction in cattle: a review. Bull UASVM Anim Sci Biotechnol. 2016;73(2):113–25.
Giger-Reverdin S, Gihad EA. Water metabolism and intake in goats. In: Morand-Fehr P, editor. Goat nutrition. Wageningen: Wageningen Academic Publishers; 1991. p. 45–60. (EAAP Publication No. 46). Available from: https://edepot.wur.nl/317383
Golher DM, Patel BHM, Bhoite SH, Syed MI, Panchbhai GJ, Thirumurugan P. Factors influencing water intake in dairy cows: a review. Int J Biometeorol. 2021;65(4):617–25.
Hoover WH. Digestion and absorption in the hindgut of ruminants. J Anim Sci. 1978;46(6):1789–95.
Kara K. Sürdürülebilir hayvan beslemede su ve önemi. Turkiye Klin Anim Nutr Nutr Dis Spec Top. 2025;11(1):14–21.
King JM. Livestock water needs in pastoral Africa in relation to climate and forage (ILCA Research Report No. 7). Addis Ababa: International Livestock Centre for Africa; 1983. Available from: https://www.fao.org/4/x5525e/x5525e00.htm#Contents
Murphy MR. Water metabolism of dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci. 1992;75(1):326–33.
Rémond D, Meschy F, Boivin R. Metabolites, water and mineral exchanges across the rumen wall: mechanisms and regulation. Ann Zootech. 1996;45(2):97–119.
Saha SK, Pathak NN. Water. In: Fundamentals of animal nutrition. Singapore: Springer; 2021. p. 29–38. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-9125-9
Schmidt-Nielsen K, Schmidt-Nielsen B. Water metabolism of desert mammals. Physiol Rev. 1952;32(2):135–66.
Silanikove N. Effects of water scarcity and hot environment on appetite and digestion in ruminants: a review. Liv Prod Sci. 1992; 30(3): 175-194.
Weeth HJ, Sawhney DS, Lesperance AL. Changes in body fluids, excreta and kidney function of cattle deprived of water. J Anim Sci. 1967;26(2):418–23.
