Büyükbaş ve Küçükbaş Hayvanlarda Karbonhidrat Metabolizması
Özet
Ruminantlarda karbonhidrat metabolizması, sindirim sistemlerinde bulunan mikroorganizmaların fermantasyon süreçleriyle şekillenir. Rumen, selüloz ve hemiselüloz gibi kompleks karbonhidratları kısa zincirli yağ asitlerine (asetat, propiyonat, bütirat) dönüştüren mikroorganizmaların yaşadığı bir ortamdır. Bu süreç, hayvanın enerji ihtiyacını karşılamak için kritik öneme sahiptir. Propiyonat, glukoneogenez yoluyla karaciğerde glukoza çevrilirken, asetat lipogenez ve enerji üretiminde rol oynar. Bütirat ise özellikle rumen epitel hücrelerinin gelişimini destekler. Karbonhidratların sindirilebilirliği, yem türü, partikül boyutu, rumen pH’sı ve mikrobiyal popülasyon gibi faktörlerden etkilenir. Ruminantlarda nişasta ve şeker gibi hızlı fermente olan karbonhidratlar ile selüloz gibi yavaş fermente olan bileşikler, farklı metabolik yollardan enerjiye dönüşerek hayvan performansını doğrudan etkiler.
Referanslar
Alataş M, Umucalılar H. Rumenin mikrobiyel ekosistemindeki bakteriler ve rolleri. Atatürk Üniv Vet Bilim Derg. 2011;6(1):71–83.
Anonim [Internet]. Available from: https://www.dairynz.co.nz/media/5x4prqvq/techn o-te-5_web.pdf.
Anonim [Internet]. Available from: https://www.cabidigitallibrary.org/doi/pdf/10.555 5/2010 3291131.
Anonim [Internet]. Available from: https://nios.ac.in/media/documents/dmlt/Biochemi stry /Lesson-03.pdf.
Annison EF, Bryden WL. Perspectives on ruminant nutrition and metabolism. II. Metabolism in ruminant tissues. Nutr Res Rev. 1999;12(1):147–177.
Armstrong DG, Smithard RR. The fate of carbohydrates in the small and large intestines of the ruminant. Proc Nutr Soc. 1979;38(3):283–294.
Baldwin RL, Allison MJ. Rumen metabolism. J Anim Sci. 1983;57(Suppl 2):461–477.
Brockman RP, Laarveld B. Hormonal regulation of metabolism in ruminants: A review. Livest Prod Sci. 1986;14(4):313–334.
Christie WW, editor. Lipid metabolism in ruminant animals. London: Elsevier; 2014.
Çolpan İ, Ergün A, Küçükersan MK, Küçükersan S, Şehu A, Tunçer ŞD, et al. Hayvan besleme ve beslenme hastalıkları. Ankara: Pozitif Matbaacılık; 2014.
Gardner GE, McGilchrist P, Pethick DW. Ruminant glycogen metabolism. Anim Prod Sci. 2014;54(10):1575–1583.
Hall MB, Mertens DR. A 100-year review: Carbohydrates—characterization, digestion, and utilization. J Dairy Sci. 2017;100(12):10078–10093.
Lindsay DB. The significance of carbohydrate in ruminant metabolism. Nutr Abstr Rev. 1959;29(1):1–16.
Lindsay DB. Characteristics of the metabolism of carbohydrate in ruminants compared with other mammals. In: Hood DE, Tarrant PV, editors. The problem of dark-cutting in beef: A seminar in the EEC programme of coordination of research on animal welfare, held in Brussels, October 7–8, 1980. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands; 1981. p. 101–125.
Nafikov RA, Beitz DC. Carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in farm animals. J Nutr. 2007;137(3):702–705.
National Research Council (NRC). Nutrient requirements of dairy cattle. 7th rev. ed. Washington, DC: National Academies Press; 2001.
Oba M, Allen MS. Evaluation of the importance of the digestibility of neutral detergent fiber from forage: Effects on dry matter intake and milk yield of dairy cows. J Dairy Sci. 1999;82(3):589–596.
Ortega Cerrilla ME, Mendoza Martínez G. Starch digestion and glucose metabolism in the ruminant: A review. Interciencia. 2003;28(7):380–386.
Russell JB, Rychlik JL. Factors that alter rumen microbial ecology. Science. 2001;292(5519):1119–1122.
Smith GH. Glucose metabolism in the ruminant. Proc Nutr Soc. 1971;30(3):265–272.
Sun X, Cheng L, Jonker A, Munidasa S, Pacheco D. A review: Plant carbohydrate types—The potential impact on ruminant methane emissions. Front Vet Sci. 2022;9:880115.
Van Soest PJ. Nutritional ecology of the ruminant. 2nd ed. Ithaca: Cornell University Press; 1994.
Waldo DR, Smith LW, Cox EL. Model of cellulose disappearance from the rumen. J Dairy Sci. 1972;55(1):125–129.
Referanslar
Alataş M, Umucalılar H. Rumenin mikrobiyel ekosistemindeki bakteriler ve rolleri. Atatürk Üniv Vet Bilim Derg. 2011;6(1):71–83.
Anonim [Internet]. Available from: https://www.dairynz.co.nz/media/5x4prqvq/techn o-te-5_web.pdf.
Anonim [Internet]. Available from: https://www.cabidigitallibrary.org/doi/pdf/10.555 5/2010 3291131.
Anonim [Internet]. Available from: https://nios.ac.in/media/documents/dmlt/Biochemi stry /Lesson-03.pdf.
Annison EF, Bryden WL. Perspectives on ruminant nutrition and metabolism. II. Metabolism in ruminant tissues. Nutr Res Rev. 1999;12(1):147–177.
Armstrong DG, Smithard RR. The fate of carbohydrates in the small and large intestines of the ruminant. Proc Nutr Soc. 1979;38(3):283–294.
Baldwin RL, Allison MJ. Rumen metabolism. J Anim Sci. 1983;57(Suppl 2):461–477.
Brockman RP, Laarveld B. Hormonal regulation of metabolism in ruminants: A review. Livest Prod Sci. 1986;14(4):313–334.
Christie WW, editor. Lipid metabolism in ruminant animals. London: Elsevier; 2014.
Çolpan İ, Ergün A, Küçükersan MK, Küçükersan S, Şehu A, Tunçer ŞD, et al. Hayvan besleme ve beslenme hastalıkları. Ankara: Pozitif Matbaacılık; 2014.
Gardner GE, McGilchrist P, Pethick DW. Ruminant glycogen metabolism. Anim Prod Sci. 2014;54(10):1575–1583.
Hall MB, Mertens DR. A 100-year review: Carbohydrates—characterization, digestion, and utilization. J Dairy Sci. 2017;100(12):10078–10093.
Lindsay DB. The significance of carbohydrate in ruminant metabolism. Nutr Abstr Rev. 1959;29(1):1–16.
Lindsay DB. Characteristics of the metabolism of carbohydrate in ruminants compared with other mammals. In: Hood DE, Tarrant PV, editors. The problem of dark-cutting in beef: A seminar in the EEC programme of coordination of research on animal welfare, held in Brussels, October 7–8, 1980. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands; 1981. p. 101–125.
Nafikov RA, Beitz DC. Carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in farm animals. J Nutr. 2007;137(3):702–705.
National Research Council (NRC). Nutrient requirements of dairy cattle. 7th rev. ed. Washington, DC: National Academies Press; 2001.
Oba M, Allen MS. Evaluation of the importance of the digestibility of neutral detergent fiber from forage: Effects on dry matter intake and milk yield of dairy cows. J Dairy Sci. 1999;82(3):589–596.
Ortega Cerrilla ME, Mendoza Martínez G. Starch digestion and glucose metabolism in the ruminant: A review. Interciencia. 2003;28(7):380–386.
Russell JB, Rychlik JL. Factors that alter rumen microbial ecology. Science. 2001;292(5519):1119–1122.
Smith GH. Glucose metabolism in the ruminant. Proc Nutr Soc. 1971;30(3):265–272.
Sun X, Cheng L, Jonker A, Munidasa S, Pacheco D. A review: Plant carbohydrate types—The potential impact on ruminant methane emissions. Front Vet Sci. 2022;9:880115.
Van Soest PJ. Nutritional ecology of the ruminant. 2nd ed. Ithaca: Cornell University Press; 1994.
Waldo DR, Smith LW, Cox EL. Model of cellulose disappearance from the rumen. J Dairy Sci. 1972;55(1):125–129.
