Sindirim Sistemi Anatomisi
Özet
Bu bölüm, ruminantların sindirim sistemi anatomisi ve işlevsel özelliklerini kapsamlı biçimde ele almaktadır. Ruminantların sindirim sistemi, su ve yemlerin alınması, mekanik ve kimyasal sindirimi, besin maddelerinin emilimi ve atıkların uzaklaştırılmasını sağlayan, özelleşmiş bir yapıdır. Ağızdan anüse uzanan sindirim kanalı; ağız, dişler, dil, yutak, özofagus, dört bölmeli mide (rumen, retikulum, omasum ve abomasum), ince bağırsak (duodenum, jejunum, ileum) ve kalın bağırsaktan (çekum, kolon, rektum) oluşur. Bu yapıya, sindirim sürecine katkı sağlayan tükürük bezleri, pankreas ve karaciğer de eşlik eder.
Ruminantlar, selüloz ve kompleks karbonhidratların sindirimine uyum sağlamış çok mideli otçullardır. Çok mideli herbivorlar, iki veya üç ön mideye sahip psödo-ruminantlar ve gerçek ruminantlar olarak sınıflandırılır. Deve, lama ve alpaka gibi türler psödo-ruminant iken; inek, koyun, keçi, geyik, zürafa ve antilop gibi türler, üç ön mide (rumen, retikulum, omasum) ve bir gerçek mide (abomasum) içeren yapılarıyla gerçek ruminantlardır.
Ruminantların sindirim sistemi, mikrobiyal fermentasyonun gerçekleştiği ön mideleri ve uzun bağırsak yapısı ile diğer memelilerden ayrılır. Bu sistem, lifli bitkisel materyallerin etkin parçalanması ve metabolik olarak kullanılabilir bileşiklere dönüştürülmesi açısından özelleşmiştir.
This section comprehensively examines the anatomy and functional characteristics of the ruminant digestive system. The digestive system of ruminants is a specialized structure responsible for the intake of water and feed, mechanical and chemical digestion, nutrient absorption, and waste elimination. Extending from the mouth to the anus, the gastrointestinal tract comprises the mouth, teeth, tongue, pharynx, esophagus, a four-compartment stomach (rumen, reticulum, omasum, and abomasum), the small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, ileum), and the large intestine (cecum, colon, rectum). Additionally, salivary glands, the pancreas, and the liver contribute significantly to digestive processes.
Ruminants are multi-stomached herbivores adapted to the digestion of cellulose and complex carbohydrates. Multi-chambered herbivores are categorized as pseudo-ruminants, possessing two fore-stomachs and a true stomach (e.g., camelids such as camels, llamas, and alpacas), and true ruminants, which include cattle, sheep, goats, deer, giraffes, and antelopes, with three fore-stomachs (rumen, reticulum, omasum) and one true stomach (abomasum).
The ruminant digestive system is distinguished from that of other mammals by its extensive fore-stomach fermentation chambers and elongated intestinal tract. This structure is specialized for the efficient breakdown of fibrous plant materials and their conversion into metabolically usable compounds.
Referanslar
AL-Taai SAH. Esophagus. In: Wang T-C, ed. Pharynx - The Incredible Rendezvous Sites of Gas, Liquid and Solid. IntechOpen, Rijeka; 2022. doi:10.5772/intechopen.102619
Bailey CB, Balch CC. Saliva secretion and its relation to feeding in cattle: 1. The composition and rate of secretion of parotid saliva in a small steer. Br J Nutr. 1961;15(3):371-382. doi:10.1079/BJN19610047
Bailey CB, Balch CC. Saliva secretion and its relation to feeding in cattle: 2.* The composition and rate of secretion of mixed saliva in the cow during rest. Br J Nutr. 1961;15(3):383-402. doi:10.1079/BJN19610048
Cappai MG, Aboling S, Dall’Aglio C. Beyond Digestion: Can Animals Shape the Landscape According to Their Species–Specific Salivary Secretions? Agriculture. 2021;11(9):817. doi:10.3390/agriculture11090817
Castillo-Lopez E, Petri RM, Ricci S, et al. Dynamic changes in salivation, salivary composition, and rumen fermentation associated with duration of high-grain feeding in cows. J Dairy Sci. 2021;104(4):4875-4892. doi:10.3168/jds.2020-19142
Cochran PE. Laboratory Manual for Comparative Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology. 2nd ed. (Cochran PE, ed.). Delmar, Cengage Learning, Clifton Park, NY; 2011.
Colville TP, Bassert JM. Clinical Anatomy and Physiology for Veterinary Technicians. 4th ed. Elsevier Health Sciences, St. Louis, MO; 2023.
Dyce KM, Sack WO, Wensing CJG. Textbook of Veterinary Anatomy-E-Book. 4th ed. Saunders Elsevier, St. Louis MO; 2009.
Emery RS, Smith CK, Grimes RM, Huffman CF, Duncan CW. Physical and chemical changes in bovine saliva and rumen liquid with different hay-grain rations. J Dairy Sci. 1960;43(1):76-80. doi:10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(60)90113-2
Grosskopf JFW. Studies on salivary lipase in young ruminants. Onderstepoort J Vet Res. 1965;32(1):153-180.
Hornbuckle WE, Tennant BC. Gastrointestinal function. In: Kaneko JJ, Harvey JW, Bruss ML, eds. Clinical Biochemistry of Domestic Animals. 5th ed. Academic Press; 1997:367-406. doi:10.1016/B978-012396305-5/50016-6
Jackowiak H, Skubis J, Łakomy P, Nasiadka P, Godynicki S. Anatomy of the tongue and microstructure of the lingual papillae in the fallow deer Dama dama (Linnaeus, 1758). Mamm Biol. 2017;85:14-23. doi:10.1016/j.mambio.2017.02.003
Kay RNB. The development of parotid salivary secretion in young goats. J Physiol. 1960;150(3):538. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1960.sp006403
Mansour M, Wilhite R, Rowe J, Hafiz S. Guide to Ruminant Anatomy: Dissection and Clinical Aspects. 2nd ed. John Wiley & Sons; 2023.
Marchionatti E. Traumatic Reticuloperitonitis. In: Orsini JA, Grenager NS, Lahunta A de, eds. Comparative Veterinary Anatomy. Elsevier Academic Press; 2022:1056-1062. doi:10.1016/B978-0-323-91015-6.00093-5
Membrive CMB. Anatomy and Physiology of the Rumen BT - Rumenology. In: Millen DD, De Beni Arrigoni M, Lauritano Pacheco RD, eds. Rumenology. Springer International Publishing; 2016:1-38. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-30533-2_1
Meier AR, Schmuck U, Meloro C, Clauss M, Hofmann RR. Convergence of macroscopic tongue anatomy in ruminants and scaling relationships with body mass or tongue length. J Morphol. 2016;277(3):351-362. doi:10.1002/jmor.20501
Muscher-Banse AS, Daenicke R, Dänicke S, Breves G. Postnatal development of salivary phosphate, sodium and potassium secretion in calves. Front Vet Sci. 2023;10:1294899. doi:10.3389/fvets.2023.1294899
Ortega Cerrilla ME, Mendoza Martínez G. Starch digestion and glucose metabolism in the ruminant: A review. Interciencia. 2003;28(7):380-386. doi:0378-1844/03/07/380-07
Petty A. Bubalus bubalis (Asian water buffalo). CABI Compend. Published online January 7, 2022. doi:10.1079/cabicompendium.90762
Reddy PRK, Hyder I. Ruminant Digestion BT - Textbook of Veterinary Physiology. In: Das PK, Sejian V, Mukherjee J, Banerjee D, eds. Springer Nature Singapore; 2023:353-366. doi:10.1007/978-981-19-9410-4_14
Sellers AF, Stevens CE. Motor functions of the ruminant forestomach. Physiol Rev. 1966;46(4):634-661. doi:10.1152/physrev.1966.46.4.634
Singh AD, Sasan JS, John MA, Choudhury AR. Gross and microscopic characterization of the parotid salivary gland of sheep. Indian Vet J. 2015;92(1):61-63.
Sokołowska J, Urbańska K, Matusiak J, Wiśniewski J. New aspects of the esophageal histology of the domestic goat (Capra hircus) and European roe deer (Capreolus capreolus). Vet Med Sci. 2021;7(5):1743-1756. doi:10.1002/vms3.555
Stevens CE, Argenzio RA, Clemens ET. Microbial digestion: rumen versus large intestine BT - Digestive Physiology and Metabolism in Ruminants: Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on Ruminant Physiology, held at Clermont — Ferrand, on 3rd–7th September, 1979. In: Ruckebusch Y, Thivend P, eds. Springer Netherlands; 1980:685-706. doi:10.1007/978-94-011-8067-2_33
Swanson KC. Small intestinal anatomy, physiology, and digestion in ruminants. Published online 2019. doi:10.1016/B978-0-08-100596-5.22638-3
Ulyatt MJ, Dellow DW, Reid CSW, Bauchop T. Structure and function of the large intestine of ruminants. In: McDonald IW, Warner ACI, eds. Digestion and Metabolism in the Ruminant. Univ. New England Publ. Unit, Armidale, Australia; 1975:119-133. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1960.sp006403
Uzun GB, Kamaşak B, Ulcay T, Aycan K. Anatomy of parotid gland and its secretory ducts in sheep. Folia Morphol (Warsz). 2022;81(3):679-684. doi:10.5603/FM.a2021.0071
Winship DH, Zboralske FF, Weber WN, Soergel KH. Esophagus in rumination. Am J Physiol Content. 1964;207(6):1189-1194. doi:10.1152/ajplegacy.1964.207.6.1189
Referanslar
AL-Taai SAH. Esophagus. In: Wang T-C, ed. Pharynx - The Incredible Rendezvous Sites of Gas, Liquid and Solid. IntechOpen, Rijeka; 2022. doi:10.5772/intechopen.102619
Bailey CB, Balch CC. Saliva secretion and its relation to feeding in cattle: 1. The composition and rate of secretion of parotid saliva in a small steer. Br J Nutr. 1961;15(3):371-382. doi:10.1079/BJN19610047
Bailey CB, Balch CC. Saliva secretion and its relation to feeding in cattle: 2.* The composition and rate of secretion of mixed saliva in the cow during rest. Br J Nutr. 1961;15(3):383-402. doi:10.1079/BJN19610048
Cappai MG, Aboling S, Dall’Aglio C. Beyond Digestion: Can Animals Shape the Landscape According to Their Species–Specific Salivary Secretions? Agriculture. 2021;11(9):817. doi:10.3390/agriculture11090817
Castillo-Lopez E, Petri RM, Ricci S, et al. Dynamic changes in salivation, salivary composition, and rumen fermentation associated with duration of high-grain feeding in cows. J Dairy Sci. 2021;104(4):4875-4892. doi:10.3168/jds.2020-19142
Cochran PE. Laboratory Manual for Comparative Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology. 2nd ed. (Cochran PE, ed.). Delmar, Cengage Learning, Clifton Park, NY; 2011.
Colville TP, Bassert JM. Clinical Anatomy and Physiology for Veterinary Technicians. 4th ed. Elsevier Health Sciences, St. Louis, MO; 2023.
Dyce KM, Sack WO, Wensing CJG. Textbook of Veterinary Anatomy-E-Book. 4th ed. Saunders Elsevier, St. Louis MO; 2009.
Emery RS, Smith CK, Grimes RM, Huffman CF, Duncan CW. Physical and chemical changes in bovine saliva and rumen liquid with different hay-grain rations. J Dairy Sci. 1960;43(1):76-80. doi:10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(60)90113-2
Grosskopf JFW. Studies on salivary lipase in young ruminants. Onderstepoort J Vet Res. 1965;32(1):153-180.
Hornbuckle WE, Tennant BC. Gastrointestinal function. In: Kaneko JJ, Harvey JW, Bruss ML, eds. Clinical Biochemistry of Domestic Animals. 5th ed. Academic Press; 1997:367-406. doi:10.1016/B978-012396305-5/50016-6
Jackowiak H, Skubis J, Łakomy P, Nasiadka P, Godynicki S. Anatomy of the tongue and microstructure of the lingual papillae in the fallow deer Dama dama (Linnaeus, 1758). Mamm Biol. 2017;85:14-23. doi:10.1016/j.mambio.2017.02.003
Kay RNB. The development of parotid salivary secretion in young goats. J Physiol. 1960;150(3):538. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1960.sp006403
Mansour M, Wilhite R, Rowe J, Hafiz S. Guide to Ruminant Anatomy: Dissection and Clinical Aspects. 2nd ed. John Wiley & Sons; 2023.
Marchionatti E. Traumatic Reticuloperitonitis. In: Orsini JA, Grenager NS, Lahunta A de, eds. Comparative Veterinary Anatomy. Elsevier Academic Press; 2022:1056-1062. doi:10.1016/B978-0-323-91015-6.00093-5
Membrive CMB. Anatomy and Physiology of the Rumen BT - Rumenology. In: Millen DD, De Beni Arrigoni M, Lauritano Pacheco RD, eds. Rumenology. Springer International Publishing; 2016:1-38. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-30533-2_1
Meier AR, Schmuck U, Meloro C, Clauss M, Hofmann RR. Convergence of macroscopic tongue anatomy in ruminants and scaling relationships with body mass or tongue length. J Morphol. 2016;277(3):351-362. doi:10.1002/jmor.20501
Muscher-Banse AS, Daenicke R, Dänicke S, Breves G. Postnatal development of salivary phosphate, sodium and potassium secretion in calves. Front Vet Sci. 2023;10:1294899. doi:10.3389/fvets.2023.1294899
Ortega Cerrilla ME, Mendoza Martínez G. Starch digestion and glucose metabolism in the ruminant: A review. Interciencia. 2003;28(7):380-386. doi:0378-1844/03/07/380-07
Petty A. Bubalus bubalis (Asian water buffalo). CABI Compend. Published online January 7, 2022. doi:10.1079/cabicompendium.90762
Reddy PRK, Hyder I. Ruminant Digestion BT - Textbook of Veterinary Physiology. In: Das PK, Sejian V, Mukherjee J, Banerjee D, eds. Springer Nature Singapore; 2023:353-366. doi:10.1007/978-981-19-9410-4_14
Sellers AF, Stevens CE. Motor functions of the ruminant forestomach. Physiol Rev. 1966;46(4):634-661. doi:10.1152/physrev.1966.46.4.634
Singh AD, Sasan JS, John MA, Choudhury AR. Gross and microscopic characterization of the parotid salivary gland of sheep. Indian Vet J. 2015;92(1):61-63.
Sokołowska J, Urbańska K, Matusiak J, Wiśniewski J. New aspects of the esophageal histology of the domestic goat (Capra hircus) and European roe deer (Capreolus capreolus). Vet Med Sci. 2021;7(5):1743-1756. doi:10.1002/vms3.555
Stevens CE, Argenzio RA, Clemens ET. Microbial digestion: rumen versus large intestine BT - Digestive Physiology and Metabolism in Ruminants: Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on Ruminant Physiology, held at Clermont — Ferrand, on 3rd–7th September, 1979. In: Ruckebusch Y, Thivend P, eds. Springer Netherlands; 1980:685-706. doi:10.1007/978-94-011-8067-2_33
Swanson KC. Small intestinal anatomy, physiology, and digestion in ruminants. Published online 2019. doi:10.1016/B978-0-08-100596-5.22638-3
Ulyatt MJ, Dellow DW, Reid CSW, Bauchop T. Structure and function of the large intestine of ruminants. In: McDonald IW, Warner ACI, eds. Digestion and Metabolism in the Ruminant. Univ. New England Publ. Unit, Armidale, Australia; 1975:119-133. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1960.sp006403
Uzun GB, Kamaşak B, Ulcay T, Aycan K. Anatomy of parotid gland and its secretory ducts in sheep. Folia Morphol (Warsz). 2022;81(3):679-684. doi:10.5603/FM.a2021.0071
Winship DH, Zboralske FF, Weber WN, Soergel KH. Esophagus in rumination. Am J Physiol Content. 1964;207(6):1189-1194. doi:10.1152/ajplegacy.1964.207.6.1189
