Erken Çocuklukta İkidillilik
Özet
Erken çocukluk döneminde iki dillilik sürecini ele alan bu bölüm, erken çocukluk döneminde iki dilliliğin çocuk gelişimine etkilerini kuramsal ve uygulamalı boyutlarıyla incelemektedir. Günümüzde küreselleşmenin etkisiyle çok daha yaygın hale gelen iki dillilik, çocuk gelişimi alanında yoğun şekilde araştırılan bir konu olmuştur. İki dillilik, yalnızca dil edinimini değil; bilişsel esneklik, dikkat kontrolü, sosyal uyum ve kültürel farkındalık gibi çok boyutlu gelişim alanlarını da etkilemektedir. Chomsky'nin evrensel dilbilgisi, Vygotsky'nin sosyokültürel kuramı ve Krashen’in edinim modeli temel kuramsal çerçeveler olarak ele alınmıştır. Eşzamanlı ve ardışık iki dillilik türleri, çocukların gelişimsel süreçleriyle birlikte değerlendirilmiş; kod değişimi, dil farkındalığı ve yürütücü işlevler gibi kavramlar üzerinden iki dilliliğin etkileri tartışılmıştır. Ayrıca, iki dillilikle ilgili yaygın yanlış inanışlara değinilmiş ve erken çocuklukta iki dilli öğrenme ortamlarının nasıl yapılandırılması gerektiğine dair öneriler sunulmuştur. Son olarak, mobil uygulamalar ve yapay zeka destekli dijital araçların iki dilli çocukların dil gelişiminde nasıl kullanılabileceği, hem potansiyel katkıları hem de etik riskleri bağlamında ele alınmıştır. Bu bölümde ele alınan konu, literatürün ve kuramsal temellere dayalı bilimsel verileri sunarken, aynı zamanda erken yaşta iki dilliliğin çocukların çok yönlü gelişimini nasıl desteklediğini ve yaşam boyu hangi avantajları sağladığını gösteren bir rehber niteliği taşımaktadır.
This chapter explores the process of bilingualism in early childhood, examining its impact on child development through both theoretical and practical lenses. With globalization increasing the prevalence of bilingualism, the topic has become a focal point of research in the field of child development. Bilingualism affects not only language acquisition but also various developmental domains such as cognitive flexibility, attention control, social adaptation, and cultural awareness. The theoretical framework is based on Chomsky’s Universal Grammar, Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory, and Krashen’s acquisition model. Simultaneous and sequential types of bilingualism are discussed in relation to children's developmental trajectories, and the effects of bilingualism are analyzed through concepts such as code-switching, language awareness, and executive functions. The chapter also addresses common misconceptions about bilingualism and offers suggestions for structuring effective bilingual learning environments in early childhood. Finally, the use of mobile applications and AI-supported digital tools in the language development of bilingual children is evaluated in terms of both potential benefits and ethical concerns. By integrating theoretical foundations and scientific evidence from the literature, this chapter serves as a guide demonstrating how early bilingualism supports holistic development and provides lifelong advantages for children.
Referanslar
Abutalebi J, Weekes BS. The cognitive neurology of bilingualism in the age of globalization. Behav Neurol. 2014;2014:536727. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/536727
Açık, F., & Yavuz, R. İ. (2014). Tömer öğrencileri bağlamında dil farkındalığı: iki dillilik—çok dillilik; ana dili—resmi dil. АктуАльные вопросы тюркологических исследовАний, 128.
Bialystok, E. (2018). Bilingualism: Pathway to cognitive advantages. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 22(5), 365-367. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2018.02.005
Birdsong, D., & Molis, M. (2001). On the evidence for maturational constraints in second-language acquisition. Journal of Memory and language, 44(2), 235-249. https://doi.org/10.1006/jmla.2000.2750
Budiharso, T. (2019). Language acquisition in childhood stage: a review. IJOTL-TL: Indonesian Journal of Language Teaching and Linguistics, 4(1), 53-64. https://doi.org/10.30957/ijoltl.v4i1.260
Chomsky, N. (1965). Aspects of the theory of syntax. MIT Press.
Cotton, E. G. (1991). A Review Of “Language And Literacy Research In Bilingual Education".[Review of Language and Literacy Research in Bilingual Education, by E. E. García & B. Flores]. Bilingual Review / La Revista Bilingüe, 16(2/3), 227–234. http://www.jstor.org/stable/25745084
Crivello, C., Kuzyk, O., Rodrigues, M., Friend, M., Zesiger, P., & Poulin-Dubois, D. (2016). The effects of bilingual growth on toddlers’ executive function. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 141, 121-132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2015.08.004
Cummins, J. (1981). The Role of Primary Language IhvelopMent in Promoting Educational. Schooling and language minority students: A theoretical framework, 16.
Çelik, İ. (2017). Noam Chomsky ve Psiko-Linguistik Dil Gelişim Kuramı. Electronic Turkish Studies, 12(28), 193-208. http://dx.doi.org/10.7827/TurkishStudies.12507
Doron, H. (2014). The Many Benefits of Bilingualism. www.helendoron.com
Erdemir, E. & Brutt-Griffler, J. (2020). Vocabulary Development Through Peer Interactions in Early Childhood: A Case Study of an Emergent Bilingual Child in Preschool. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism. 25 (3), 834–865. https://doi.org/10.1080/13670050.2020.1722058
Erdemir, E. (2022). Summer preschools for Syrian refugee and host community children in Turkey: A model of contextually sensitive early intervention. Early Education and Development, 33(5), 912-938. https://doi.org/10.1080/10409289.2021.1961426
Genesee, F. (2015). Myths about Early Childhood Bilingualism. Canadian Psychology, 56, 6-15. https://doi.org/10.1037/A0038599.
Han, Z. (2024). Chatgpt in and for second language acquisition: A call for systematic research. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 46(2), 301-306. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0272263124000111
Haworth, P., Cullen, J., Simmons, H., Schimanski, L., McGarva, P., & Woodhead, E. (2006). The Role of Acquisition and Learning In Young Children’s Bilingual Development: A Sociocultural Interpretation. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 9(3), 295–309. https://doi.org/10.1080/13670050608668651
Iglesias, A., & Rojas, R. (2012).Bilingual language development of English language learners. Modeling the growth of two languages. In B. Goldstein (Ed.), Bilingual language develop- ment & disorders in Spanish–English speakers (2nd ed., pp. 3–30). Baltimore, MD: Brookes.
Irani, D., & Purmohammad, M. (2023). Comparison of language awareness in Kurdish-Persian bilingual children and Persian monolingual children. Applied Neuropsychology: Child, 12(1), 56-63. https://doi.org/10.1080/21622965.2022.2029447
Johnson, J. (1991). Constructive processes in bilingualism and their cognitive growth effects. In E. Bialystok (Ed.), Language processing in bilingual children (pp. 193–221). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511620652.011
Kavak, S., & Gül, E. D. (2020). Bilingualism in early childhood: Code switching. Psycho-Educational Research Reviews, 9(3), 70-83. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ1286601
Khotinets, V., & Kozhevnikova, O. (2021). Executive functions in connection with the development of bilingual speech of senior pre-schoolers. Human, Technologies and Quality of Education, 559. https://doi.org/10.22364/htqe.2021.43
Kittredge, A. K., Hopman, E. W., Reuveni, B., Dionne, D., Freeman, C., & Jiang, X. (2025, February). Mobile language app learners’ self-efficacy increases after using generative AI. In Frontiers in Education (Vol. 10, p. 1499497). Frontiers Media SA. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2025.1499497
Krashen, S. (1981). Bilingual Education and Second Language Acquisition Theory. In California State Department Of Education, Ed., Schooling And Language Minority Students: A Theoretical Framework. Los Angeles, CA: Evaluation, Dissemination, and Assessment Center.
Law, L. (2024). Application of generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) in language teaching and learning: A scoping literature review. Computer and Education Open, 6:100174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeo.2024.100174
Martínez-Roldán, C. M., & Malavé, G. (2004). Language ideologies mediating literacy and identity in bilingual contexts. Journal of Early Childhood Literacy, 4(2), 155-180. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468798404044514
Li, P. (2003). Raising children bilingual: Should we, and when? [Review of the book Bilingualism in development: Language, literacy, and cognition, by E. Bialystok]. Contemporary Psychology, 48(5), 667–669. https://doi.org/10.1037/000932
Parke, T. (2010). Bilingualism and language awareness in young children. Language Awareness, 3(3–4), 209–219. https://doi.org/10.1080/09658416.1994.9959858
Purcell, J.; Lee, M.; Biffin, J., et al. Supporting Bilingual Children in Early Childhood. www.learninglinks.org.au, 2012.
Radeloff, D. J. (1974). The Role of Language in Early Childhood Education. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED115367
Rahmatirad, M. (2020). A review of socio-cultural theory. Siasat, 5(3), 23-31. https://doi.org/10.33258/siasat.v5i3.66
Rodríguez, M. (2015). Families and Educators Supporting Bilingualism in Early Childhood. School Community Journal, 25(2), 177-194. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ1085717
Sierens, S., Van Avermaet, P. (2016). Bilingual Education in Migrant Languages in Western Europe. In: Garcia, O., Lin, A., May, S. (eds) Bilingual and Multilingual Education. Encyclopedia of Language and Education. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-02324-3_25-1
Skiba, R. (1997). Code switching as a countenance of language interference. The internet TESL journal, 3(10), 1-6. http://iteslj.org/Articles/Skiba-CodeSwitching.html
Stuart, A. (2013). What is working memory and why does it matter. Retrieved from https://beechtreemedical.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/what-is-working-memory-and-why-does-it-matter-executive-function.pdf
Tomasello, M. (2003). Constructing a language: A usage-based theory of language acquisition. Harvard University Press.
Tollefson , J.W. 2006 . “ Critical theory in language policy ” . In An introduction to language policy: Theory and method , Edited by: Ricento , T. 42 – 59 . Malden, MA : Blackwell
Vygotsky, L. S. (1978). Mind in society: The development of higher psychological processes. Harvard University Press.
Wiboolyasarin, W., & Jinowat, N. (2024). Exploring teachers' experiences in bilingual education for young learners: Implications for dual-language learning apps design. Iranian Journal of Language Teaching Research, 12(1), 45-64. 10.30466/IJLTR.2024.121417
Werker, J. F., & Hensch, T. K. (2015). Critical periods in speech perception: New Directions. Annual review of psychology, 66(1), 173-196. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-010814-015104
Weil, M. E. O. (2012). Bilingualism and social cognitive development: the effect of dual-language acquisition on nonverbal communication. Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements of Independent Study Thesis Research. https://openworks.wooster.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=6454&context=independentstudy
Yang, E. (2017). Bilinguals’ working memory (WM) advantage and their dual language practices. Brain sciences, 7(7), 86. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci7070086
Yip, V. (2010). Childhood Bilingualism: Research On Infancy Through School Age. Peggy McCardle and Erika Hoff (Eds.). Clevedon, UK: Multilingual Matters, 2006. Pp. 170. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 32(1), 157-157. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0272263109990386
Referanslar
Abutalebi J, Weekes BS. The cognitive neurology of bilingualism in the age of globalization. Behav Neurol. 2014;2014:536727. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/536727
Açık, F., & Yavuz, R. İ. (2014). Tömer öğrencileri bağlamında dil farkındalığı: iki dillilik—çok dillilik; ana dili—resmi dil. АктуАльные вопросы тюркологических исследовАний, 128.
Bialystok, E. (2018). Bilingualism: Pathway to cognitive advantages. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 22(5), 365-367. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2018.02.005
Birdsong, D., & Molis, M. (2001). On the evidence for maturational constraints in second-language acquisition. Journal of Memory and language, 44(2), 235-249. https://doi.org/10.1006/jmla.2000.2750
Budiharso, T. (2019). Language acquisition in childhood stage: a review. IJOTL-TL: Indonesian Journal of Language Teaching and Linguistics, 4(1), 53-64. https://doi.org/10.30957/ijoltl.v4i1.260
Chomsky, N. (1965). Aspects of the theory of syntax. MIT Press.
Cotton, E. G. (1991). A Review Of “Language And Literacy Research In Bilingual Education".[Review of Language and Literacy Research in Bilingual Education, by E. E. García & B. Flores]. Bilingual Review / La Revista Bilingüe, 16(2/3), 227–234. http://www.jstor.org/stable/25745084
Crivello, C., Kuzyk, O., Rodrigues, M., Friend, M., Zesiger, P., & Poulin-Dubois, D. (2016). The effects of bilingual growth on toddlers’ executive function. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 141, 121-132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2015.08.004
Cummins, J. (1981). The Role of Primary Language IhvelopMent in Promoting Educational. Schooling and language minority students: A theoretical framework, 16.
Çelik, İ. (2017). Noam Chomsky ve Psiko-Linguistik Dil Gelişim Kuramı. Electronic Turkish Studies, 12(28), 193-208. http://dx.doi.org/10.7827/TurkishStudies.12507
Doron, H. (2014). The Many Benefits of Bilingualism. www.helendoron.com
Erdemir, E. & Brutt-Griffler, J. (2020). Vocabulary Development Through Peer Interactions in Early Childhood: A Case Study of an Emergent Bilingual Child in Preschool. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism. 25 (3), 834–865. https://doi.org/10.1080/13670050.2020.1722058
Erdemir, E. (2022). Summer preschools for Syrian refugee and host community children in Turkey: A model of contextually sensitive early intervention. Early Education and Development, 33(5), 912-938. https://doi.org/10.1080/10409289.2021.1961426
Genesee, F. (2015). Myths about Early Childhood Bilingualism. Canadian Psychology, 56, 6-15. https://doi.org/10.1037/A0038599.
Han, Z. (2024). Chatgpt in and for second language acquisition: A call for systematic research. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 46(2), 301-306. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0272263124000111
Haworth, P., Cullen, J., Simmons, H., Schimanski, L., McGarva, P., & Woodhead, E. (2006). The Role of Acquisition and Learning In Young Children’s Bilingual Development: A Sociocultural Interpretation. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 9(3), 295–309. https://doi.org/10.1080/13670050608668651
Iglesias, A., & Rojas, R. (2012).Bilingual language development of English language learners. Modeling the growth of two languages. In B. Goldstein (Ed.), Bilingual language develop- ment & disorders in Spanish–English speakers (2nd ed., pp. 3–30). Baltimore, MD: Brookes.
Irani, D., & Purmohammad, M. (2023). Comparison of language awareness in Kurdish-Persian bilingual children and Persian monolingual children. Applied Neuropsychology: Child, 12(1), 56-63. https://doi.org/10.1080/21622965.2022.2029447
Johnson, J. (1991). Constructive processes in bilingualism and their cognitive growth effects. In E. Bialystok (Ed.), Language processing in bilingual children (pp. 193–221). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511620652.011
Kavak, S., & Gül, E. D. (2020). Bilingualism in early childhood: Code switching. Psycho-Educational Research Reviews, 9(3), 70-83. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ1286601
Khotinets, V., & Kozhevnikova, O. (2021). Executive functions in connection with the development of bilingual speech of senior pre-schoolers. Human, Technologies and Quality of Education, 559. https://doi.org/10.22364/htqe.2021.43
Kittredge, A. K., Hopman, E. W., Reuveni, B., Dionne, D., Freeman, C., & Jiang, X. (2025, February). Mobile language app learners’ self-efficacy increases after using generative AI. In Frontiers in Education (Vol. 10, p. 1499497). Frontiers Media SA. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2025.1499497
Krashen, S. (1981). Bilingual Education and Second Language Acquisition Theory. In California State Department Of Education, Ed., Schooling And Language Minority Students: A Theoretical Framework. Los Angeles, CA: Evaluation, Dissemination, and Assessment Center.
Law, L. (2024). Application of generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) in language teaching and learning: A scoping literature review. Computer and Education Open, 6:100174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeo.2024.100174
Martínez-Roldán, C. M., & Malavé, G. (2004). Language ideologies mediating literacy and identity in bilingual contexts. Journal of Early Childhood Literacy, 4(2), 155-180. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468798404044514
Li, P. (2003). Raising children bilingual: Should we, and when? [Review of the book Bilingualism in development: Language, literacy, and cognition, by E. Bialystok]. Contemporary Psychology, 48(5), 667–669. https://doi.org/10.1037/000932
Parke, T. (2010). Bilingualism and language awareness in young children. Language Awareness, 3(3–4), 209–219. https://doi.org/10.1080/09658416.1994.9959858
Purcell, J.; Lee, M.; Biffin, J., et al. Supporting Bilingual Children in Early Childhood. www.learninglinks.org.au, 2012.
Radeloff, D. J. (1974). The Role of Language in Early Childhood Education. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED115367
Rahmatirad, M. (2020). A review of socio-cultural theory. Siasat, 5(3), 23-31. https://doi.org/10.33258/siasat.v5i3.66
Rodríguez, M. (2015). Families and Educators Supporting Bilingualism in Early Childhood. School Community Journal, 25(2), 177-194. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ1085717
Sierens, S., Van Avermaet, P. (2016). Bilingual Education in Migrant Languages in Western Europe. In: Garcia, O., Lin, A., May, S. (eds) Bilingual and Multilingual Education. Encyclopedia of Language and Education. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-02324-3_25-1
Skiba, R. (1997). Code switching as a countenance of language interference. The internet TESL journal, 3(10), 1-6. http://iteslj.org/Articles/Skiba-CodeSwitching.html
Stuart, A. (2013). What is working memory and why does it matter. Retrieved from https://beechtreemedical.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/what-is-working-memory-and-why-does-it-matter-executive-function.pdf
Tomasello, M. (2003). Constructing a language: A usage-based theory of language acquisition. Harvard University Press.
Tollefson , J.W. 2006 . “ Critical theory in language policy ” . In An introduction to language policy: Theory and method , Edited by: Ricento , T. 42 – 59 . Malden, MA : Blackwell
Vygotsky, L. S. (1978). Mind in society: The development of higher psychological processes. Harvard University Press.
Wiboolyasarin, W., & Jinowat, N. (2024). Exploring teachers' experiences in bilingual education for young learners: Implications for dual-language learning apps design. Iranian Journal of Language Teaching Research, 12(1), 45-64. 10.30466/IJLTR.2024.121417
Werker, J. F., & Hensch, T. K. (2015). Critical periods in speech perception: New Directions. Annual review of psychology, 66(1), 173-196. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-010814-015104
Weil, M. E. O. (2012). Bilingualism and social cognitive development: the effect of dual-language acquisition on nonverbal communication. Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements of Independent Study Thesis Research. https://openworks.wooster.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=6454&context=independentstudy
Yang, E. (2017). Bilinguals’ working memory (WM) advantage and their dual language practices. Brain sciences, 7(7), 86. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci7070086
Yip, V. (2010). Childhood Bilingualism: Research On Infancy Through School Age. Peggy McCardle and Erika Hoff (Eds.). Clevedon, UK: Multilingual Matters, 2006. Pp. 170. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 32(1), 157-157. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0272263109990386
