Nanoteknolojik Ürünlerin Çevresel Etkileri
Özet
Nanoteknolojinin hızla gelişmesiyle birlikte nanopartiküller tarım, tıp, enerji ve kozmetik başta olmak üzere pek çok endüstri alanında yaygın olarak kullanılmaktadır. Bu kullanım, nanopartiküllerin çevreye beklenmedik yollarla yayılmasına ve toprak, su ve hava ortamlarında birikmesine neden olmaktadır. Nanopartiküllerin çevresel davranışları, kimyasal yapıları, boyutları, yüzey özellikleri ve çevresel koşullara bağlı olarak değişiklik göstermekte; biyolojik sistemlerle etkileşimlerinde kompleks toksikolojik sonuçlar ortaya çıkarmaktadır. Sucul ekosistemlerde yaşayan algler, kabuklular, balıklar gibi organizmalar nanopartiküllere doğrudan maruz kalması sonucunda oksidatif stres ve doku hasarı gibi olumsuz etkiler meydana getirmektedir. Toprak ekosistemlerinde yaşayan mikroorganizmalar, solucanlar ve nematodlar gibi organizmalar nanopartiküllerin biyolojik etkilerine doğrudan maruz kalmakta ve bu maruziyet sonucunda oksidatif stres, büyüme geriliği, üreme azalması ve genetik hasar gibi olumsuz biyolojik etkiler gözlenmektedir. Bu bölümde, nanopartiküllerin çevresel salınım ve dağılım özellikleri ile sucul ve toprak organizmaları üzerindeki etkileri tartışılmıştır. Ayrıca, nanopartiküllerin çevre sağlığı açısından uzun vadeli etkilerini değerlendirmek amacıyla ileri araştırmalara ihtiyaç duyulduğu vurgulanmaktadır.
With the rapid development of nanotechnology, nanoparticles are widely used in many industrial fields, especially in agriculture, medicine, energy and cosmetics. This use causes nanoparticles to spread into the environment in unexpected ways and to accumulate in soil, water and air environments. The environmental behaviors of nanoparticles vary depending on their chemical structures, sizes, surface properties and environmental conditions; and their interactions with biological systems result in complex toxicological results. Organisms such as algae, crustaceans and fish living in aquatic ecosystems experience adverse effects such as oxidative stress and tissue damage because of direct exposure to nanoparticles. Organisms such as microorganisms, worms and nematodes living in soil ecosystems are directly exposed to the biological effects of nanoparticles and because of this exposure, adverse biological effects such as oxidative stress, growth retardation, reduced reproduction and genetic damage are observed. In this section, the environmental release and distribution properties of nanoparticles and their effects on aquatic and soil organisms are discussed. In addition, it is emphasized that further research is needed to evaluate the long-term effects of nanoparticles in terms of environmental health.
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