Gej ve Mide Kanseri
Özet
Mide kanseri kötü prognozlu sık görülen bir malignitedir ve cerrahi tedavi ilk basamak tedavi yaklaşımı olmaya devam etmektedir. Radyoterapi, kemoterapi ve cerrahi tekniklerdeki gelişmelere rağmen mide kanseri dünya çapında kanser ölümlerinin ikinci önde gelen nedenidir. Erken evre mide kanserinde 5 yıllık sağkalım oranı %90’ın üzerinde olmasına rağmen, erken tanı oranının düşük olması nedeniyle hastaların çoğu ileri evre mide kanseri ile başvurmaktadır. Mide kanseri için evreleme sınıflandırma ve cerrahi konusunda geniş bir fikir birliği olmasına rağmen, gastrektomi sonrası takip konusunda bir fikir birliği yoktur. Takip nüksetme şüphesiyle yapılan klinik incelemelerden, nüksleri erken tespit etmek için yapılan yoğun incelemelere kadar değişir ve bunun sağ kalımı ve yaşam kalitesini iyileştirdiği varsayılır.
Tümör belirteçleri subklinik vakaları tespit etmek için bir miktar başarıyla kullanılmıştır ve daha invaziv veya pahalı prosedürleri hedeflemek için kullanılabilir. Kemoterapide, birçok yeni ajan önemli ölçüde iyileştirilmiş sağ kalım vaat ediyor ancak hasta semptomatik hale gelmeden önce uygulandığında daha fazla faydası olduğuna dair veriler eksiktir.
Gastric cancer is a common malignancy with a poor prognosis, and surgery remains the first-line treatment approach. Despite advances in radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and surgical techniques, gastric cancer is the second leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide. Although the 5-year survival rate for early-stage gastric cancer is over 90%, most patients present with advanced-stage gastric cancer due to the low rate of early diagnosis. Although there is broad agreement on staging, classification, and surgery for gastric cancer, there is no consensus on follow-up after gastrectomy. Follow-up varies from clinical evaluations for suspected recurrence to intensive evaluations to detect recurrences early, which is assumed to improve survival and quality of life. Tumor markers have been used with some success to detect subclinical cases and can be used to target more invasive or expensive procedures. In chemotherapy, many new agents promise significantly improved survival, but evidence is lacking to support greater benefit when administered before the patient becomes symptomatic.
Referanslar
Smyth EC, Nilsson M, Grabsch HI, et al. Gastric cancer. Lancet. 2020;396(10251):635-648.Doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31288-5.
Song Z, Wu Y, Yang J, et al. Progress in the treatment of advanced gastric cancer. Tumour Biol. 2017;39(7):1010428317714626.Doi: 10.1177/1010428317714626.
Strong VE. Progress in gastric cancer. Updates Surg. 2018;70(2):157-159.Doi: 10.1007/s13304-018-0543-3.
Oliveira C, Pinheiro H, Figueiredo J, et al. Familial gastric cancer: genetic susceptibility, pathology, and implications for management. Lancet Oncol. 2015;16(2):e60-70.Doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(14)71016-2.
Shah D, Bentrem D. Environmental and genetic risk factors for gastric cancer. J Surg Oncol. 2022;125(7):1096-1103.Doi: 10.1002/jso.26869.
Ochsner A, Weed TE, Nuessle WR. Cancer of the stomach. Am J Surg. 1981;141(1):10-4.Doi: 10.1016/0002-9610(81)90003-9.
Kahrilas PJ, Kishk SM, Helm JF, et al. Comparison of pseudoachalasia and achalasia. Am J Med. 1987;82(3):439-46.Doi: 10.1016/0002-9343(87)90443-8.
Morgenstern L. The Virchow-Troisier node: a historical note. Am J Surg. 1979;138(5):703.Doi: 10.1016/0002-9610(79)90353-2.
Pieslor PC, Hefter LG. Umbilical metastasis from prostatic carcinoma--Sister Joseph nodule. Urology. 1986;27(6):558-9.Doi: 10.1016/0090-4295(86)90346-8.
Gilliland R, Gill PJ. Incidence and prognosis of Krukenberg tumour in Northern Ireland. Br J Surg. 1992;79(12):1364-6.Doi: 10.1002/bjs.1800791241.
Marcus C, Subramaniam RM. PET/Computed Tomography and Precision Medicine: Gastric Cancer. PET Clin. 2017;12(4):437-447.Doi: 10.1016/j.cpet.2017.05.004.
Yamamichi N, Shimamoto T, Hirano C, et al. Clinicopathological features and prognosis of developed gastric cancer based on the diagnosis of mucosal atrophy and enlarged folds of stomach by double-contrast upper gastrointestinal barium X-ray radiography. Clin J Gastroenterol. 2021;14(4):947-954.Doi: 10.1007/s12328-021-01445-z.
Gotoda T, Ishikawa H, Kusano C, et al. Randomized controlled trial comparing the costs of gastric cancer screening systems between serological risk-based upper gastrointestinal endoscopy and the existing barium photofluorography: gastric cancer screening labeled by serum examination in place of aged gastric cancer organized screening systems (GALAPAGOS study). Gastric Cancer. 2024;27(1):36-48.Doi: 10.1007/s10120-023-01449-3.
Sano T, Coit DG, Kim HH, et al. Proposal of a new stage grouping of gastric cancer for TNM classification: International Gastric Cancer Association staging project. Gastric Cancer. 2017;20(2):217-225.Doi: 10.1007/s10120-016-0601-9.
Lin JX, Yoon C, Desiderio J, et al. Development and validation of a staging system for gastric adenocarcinoma after neoadjuvant chemotherapy and gastrectomy with D2 lymphadenectomy. Br J Surg. 2019;106(9):1187-1196.Doi: 10.1002/bjs.11181.
Lopez Sala P, Leturia Etxeberria M, Inchausti Iguiniz E, et al. Gastric adenocarcinoma: A review of the TNM classification system and ways of spreading. Radiologia (Engl Ed). 2023;65(1):66-80.Doi: 10.1016/j.rxeng.2022.10.011.
Davies J, Chalmers AG, Sue-Ling HM, et al. Spiral computed tomography and operative staging of gastric carcinoma: a comparison with histopathological staging. Gut. 1997;41(3):314-9.Doi: 10.1136/gut.41.3.314.
Dux M, Richter GM, Hansmann J, et al. Helical hydro-CT for diagnosis and staging of gastric carcinoma. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 1999;23(6):913-22.Doi: 10.1097/00004728-199911000-00015.
D'Elia F, Zingarelli A, Palli D, et al. Hydro-dynamic CT preoperative staging of gastric cancer: correlation with pathological findings. A prospective study of 107 cases. Eur Radiol. 2000;10(12):1877-85.Doi: 10.1007/s003300000537.
Wakelin SJ, Deans C, Crofts TJ, et al. A comparison of computerised tomography, laparoscopic ultrasound and endoscopic ultrasound in the preoperative staging of oesophago-gastric carcinoma. Eur J Radiol. 2002;41(2):161-7.Doi: 10.1016/s0720-048x(01)00418-1.
Pennington E, Bell S, Hill JE. Should video laryngoscopy or direct laryngoscopy be used for adults undergoing endotracheal intubation in the pre-hospital setting? A critical appraisal of a systematic review. J Paramed Pract. 2023;15(6):255-259.Doi: 10.1002/14651858.
Willis S, Truong S, Gribnitz S, et al. Endoscopic ultrasonography in the preoperative staging of gastric cancer: accuracy and impact on surgical therapy. Surg Endosc. 2000;14(10):951-4.Doi: 10.1007/s004640010040.
Zhou H, Li M. The Value of Gastric Cancer Staging by Endoscopic Ultrasonography Features in the Diagnosis of Gastroenterology. Comput Math Methods Med. 2022;2022:6192190.Doi: 10.1155/2022/6192190.
Murata Y. Endoscopic ultrasonography for determining the depth of cancer invasion in gastric cancer. J Gastroenterol. 2000;35(5):402-3.Doi: 10.1007/s005350050368.
Chen J, Cheong JH, Yun MJ, et al. Improvement in preoperative staging of gastric adenocarcinoma with positron emission tomography. Cancer. 2005;103(11):2383-90.Doi: 10.1002/cncr.21074.
Smyth E, Schoder H, Strong VE, et al. A prospective evaluation of the utility of 2-deoxy-2-[(18) F]fluoro-D-glucose positron emission tomography and computed tomography in staging locally advanced gastric cancer. Cancer. 2012;118(22):5481-8.Doi: 10.1002/cncr.27550.
Bosch KD, Chicklore S, Cook GJ, et al. Staging FDG PET-CT changes management in patients with gastric adenocarcinoma who are eligible for radical treatment. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2020;47(4):759-767.Doi: 10.1007/s00259-019-04429-x.
Qin C, Shao F, Gai Y, et al. (68)Ga-DOTA-FAPI-04 PET/MR in the Evaluation of Gastric Carcinomas: Comparison with (18)F-FDG PET/CT. J Nucl Med. 2022;63(1):81-88.Doi: 10.2967/jnumed.120.258467.
Seeneevassen L, Bessede E, Megraud F, et al. Gastric Cancer: Advances in Carcinogenesis Research and New Therapeutic Strategies. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22(7).Doi: 10.3390/ijms22073418.
De Potter T, Flamen P, Van Cutsem E, et al. Whole-body PET with FDG for the diagnosis of recurrent gastric cancer. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2002;29(4):525-9.Doi: 10.1007/s00259-001-0743-8.
Power DG, Schattner MA, Gerdes H, et al. Endoscopic ultrasound can improve the selection for laparoscopy in patients with localized gastric cancer. J Am Coll Surg. 2009;208(2):173-8.Doi: 10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2008.10.022.
Sarela AI, Lefkowitz R, Brennan MF, et al. Selection of patients with gastric adenocarcinoma for laparoscopic staging. Am J Surg. 2006;191(1):134-8.Doi: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2005.10.015.
Simon M, Mal F, Perniceni T, et al. Accuracy of staging laparoscopy in detecting peritoneal dissemination in patients with gastroesophageal adenocarcinoma. Dis Esophagus. 2016;29(3):236-40.Doi: 10.1111/dote.12332.
Leake PA, Cardoso R, Seevaratnam R, et al. A systematic review of the accuracy and indications for diagnostic laparoscopy prior to curative-intent resection of gastric cancer. Gastric Cancer. 2012;15 Suppl 1:S38-47.Doi: 10.1007/s10120-011-0047-z.
Bando E, Yonemura Y, Endou Y, et al. Immunohistochemical study of MT-MMP tissue status in gastric carcinoma and correlation with survival analyzed by univariate and multivariate analysis. Oncol Rep. 1998;5(6):1483-8.Doi: 10.3892/or.5.6.1483.
Burke EC, Karpeh MS, Jr., Conlon KC, et al. Peritoneal lavage cytology in gastric cancer: an independent predictor of outcome. Ann Surg Oncol. 1998;5(5):411-5.Doi: 10.1007/BF02303859.
Marrelli D, Pinto E, De Stefano A, et al. Preoperative positivity of serum tumor markers is a strong predictor of hematogenous recurrence of gastric cancer. J Surg Oncol. 2001;78(4):253-8.Doi: 10.1002/jso.1163.
Kochi M, Fujii M, Kanamori N, et al. Evaluation of serum CEA and CA19-9 levels as prognostic factors in patients with gastric cancer. Gastric Cancer. 2000;3(4):177-186.Doi: 10.1007/pl00011715.
Bold RJ, Ota DM, Ajani JA, et al. Peritoneal and serum tumor markers predict recurrence and survival of patients with resectable gastric cancer. Gastric Cancer. 1999;2(1):1-7.Doi: 10.1007/s101200050013.
Kim DY, Kim HR, Shim JH, et al. Significance of serum and tissue carcinoembryonic antigen for the prognosis of gastric carcinoma patients. J Surg Oncol. 2000;74(3):185-92.Doi: 10.1002/1096-9098(200007)74:3<185::aid-jso4>3.0.co;2-0.
Liu X, Cheng Y, Sheng W, et al. Clinicopathologic features and prognostic factors in alpha-fetoprotein-producing gastric cancers: analysis of 104 cases. J Surg Oncol. 2010;102(3):249-55.Doi: 10.1002/jso.21624.
Kono K, Amemiya H, Sekikawa T, et al. Clinicopathologic features of gastric cancers producing alpha-fetoprotein. Dig Surg. 2002;19(5):359-65; discussion 365.Doi: 10.1159/000065838.
Lee YC, Chiang TH, Chou CK, et al. Association Between Helicobacter pylori Eradication and Gastric Cancer Incidence: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Gastroenterology. 2016;150(5):1113-1124 e5.Doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2016.01.028.
Fong C, Johnston E, Starling N. Neoadjuvant and Adjuvant Therapy Approaches to Gastric Cancer. Curr Treat Options Oncol. 2022;23(9):1247-1268.Doi: 10.1007/s11864-022-01004-9.
Hu J, Yang Y, Ma Y, et al. Survival benefits from neoadjuvant treatment in gastric cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Syst Rev. 2022;11(1):136.Doi: 10.1186/s13643-022-02001-7.
Sastre J, Garcia-Saenz JA, Diaz-Rubio E. Chemotherapy for gastric cancer. World J Gastroenterol. 2006;12(2):204-13.Doi: 10.3748/wjg.v12.i2.204.
Kim SM, Park SH. Chemotherapy beyond second-line in advanced gastric cancer. World J Gastroenterol. 2015;21(29):8811-6.Doi: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i29.8811.
Woll E, Devries A, Eisterer W, et al. Chemotherapy in gastric cancer. Anticancer Res. 2008;28(2B):1213-9.Doi: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18505058Journal Article.
Yang K, Chen MX, Choi YY, et al. The Effectiveness of Postoperative Chemotherapy on pT1bN0 and pT2N0 Gastric Cancer Patients with Risk Factors: An International Dual-Center Analysis. Yonsei Med J. 2021;62(2):109-117.Doi: 10.3349/ymj.2021.62.2.109.
Jin P, Ji X, Ma S, et al. Adjuvant chemotherapy indications for stage I gastric cancer patients with negative lymph node. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol. 2021;45(6):101634.Doi: 10.1016/j.clinre.2021.101634.
Lordick F, Carneiro F, Cascinu S, et al. Gastric cancer: ESMO Clinical Practice Guideline for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol. 2022;33(10):1005-1020.Doi: 10.1016/j.annonc.2022.07.004.
Whiting J, Sano T, Saka M, et al. Follow-up of gastric cancer: a review. Gastric Cancer. 2006;9(2):74-81.Doi: 10.1007/s10120-006-0360-0.
Ulusal Kapsamlı Kanser Ağı (NCCN). NCCN onkoloji klinik uygulama kılavuzları. Şurada mevcuttur: https://www.nccn.org/ (Erişim tarihi 6 Haziran 2025).
Park HS, Jung M, Kim HS, et al. Proper timing of adjuvant chemotherapy affects survival in patients with stage 2 and 3 gastric cancer. Ann Surg Oncol. 2015;22(1):224-31.Doi: 10.1245/s10434-014-3949-2.
Greenleaf EK, Kulaylat AN, Hollenbeak CS, et al. Timing of Adjuvant Chemotherapy and Impact on Survival for Resected Gastric Cancer. Ann Surg Oncol. 2016;23(13):4203-4213.Doi: 10.1245/s10434-016-5464-0.
Kulig J, Kolodziejczyk P, Sierzega M, et al. Adjuvant chemotherapy with etoposide, adriamycin and cisplatin compared with surgery alone in the treatment of gastric cancer: a phase III randomized, multicenter, clinical trial. Oncology. 2010;78(1):54-61.Doi: 10.1159/000292360.
Lu Z, Fang Y, Liu C, et al. Early Interdisciplinary Supportive Care in Patients With Previously Untreated Metastatic Esophagogastric Cancer: A Phase III Randomized Controlled Trial. J Clin Oncol. 2021;39(7):748-756.Doi: 10.1200/JCO.20.01254.
Anandavadivelan P, Lagergren P. Cachexia in patients with oesophageal cancer. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2016;13(3):185-98.Doi: 10.1038/nrclinonc.2015.200.
Noronha V, Patil VM, Menon N, et al. Phase III randomized trial comparing palliative systemic therapy to best supportive care in advanced esophageal/GEJ cancer. Int J Cancer. 2024;155(12):2232-2245.Doi: 10.1002/ijc.35111.
Al-Batran SE, Atmaca A, Hegewisch-Becker S, et al. Phase II trial of biweekly infusional fluorouracil, folinic acid, and oxaliplatin in patients with advanced gastric cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2004;22(4):658-63.Doi: 10.1200/JCO.2004.07.042.
van Meerten E, Eskens FA, van Gameren EC, et al. First-line treatment with oxaliplatin and capecitabine in patients with advanced or metastatic oesophageal cancer: a phase II study. Br J Cancer. 2007;96(9):1348-52.Doi: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6603750.
Kubota Y, Shitara K. Zolbetuximab for Claudin18.2-positive gastric or gastroesophageal junction cancer. Ther Adv Med Oncol. 2024;16:17588359231217967.Doi: 10.1177/17588359231217967.
Shah MA, Shitara K, Ajani JA, et al. Zolbetuximab plus CAPOX in CLDN18.2-positive gastric or gastroesophageal junction adenocarcinoma: the randomized, phase 3 GLOW trial. Nat Med. 2023;29(8):2133-2141.Doi: 10.1038/s41591-023-02465-7.
Xu J, Jiang H, Pan Y, et al. Sintilimab Plus Chemotherapy for Unresectable Gastric or Gastroesophageal Junction Cancer: The ORIENT-16 Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2023;330(21):2064-2074.Doi: 10.1001/jama.2023.19918.
Qiu MZ, Oh DY, Kato K, et al. Tislelizumab plus chemotherapy versus placebo plus chemotherapy as first line treatment for advanced gastric or gastro-oesophageal junction adenocarcinoma: RATIONALE-305 randomised, double blind, phase 3 trial. BMJ. 2024;385:e078876.Doi: 10.1136/bmj-2023-078876.
Li S, Yu W, Xie F, et al. Neoadjuvant therapy with immune checkpoint blockade, antiangiogenesis, and chemotherapy for locally advanced gastric cancer. Nat Commun. 2023;14(1):8.Doi: 10.1038/s41467-022-35431-x.
Yuan SQ, Nie RC, Jin Y, et al. Perioperative toripalimab and chemotherapy in locally advanced gastric or gastro-esophageal junction cancer: a randomized phase 2 trial. Nat Med. 2024;30(2):552-559.Doi: 10.1038/s41591-023-02721-w.
Sexton RE, Al Hallak MN, Diab M, et al. Gastric cancer: a comprehensive review of current and future treatment strategies. Cancer Metastasis Rev. 2020;39(4):1179-1203.Doi: 10.1007/s10555-020-09925-3.
