Oral Kavite Kanserleri
Özet
Oral kavite; dudakların iç kısmı, sert ve yumuşak damak, retromolar trigon, dilin ön 2/3’ü, diş ve diş etleri, bukkal mukoza, ağız tabanını kapsayan bölgedir. Isırma, çiğneme, yutkunma, tükürük salgılama, tat alma, konuşma, soluma gibi işlevleri yerine getirebilmesi ancak farklı anatomik yapıların ahenk içinde çalışması ile gerçekleşebilmektedir. Oral kavite kanserlerinin tedavisinde cerrahi, tek başına ya da kemoterapi ile eş zamanlı ya da ardışık radyoterapi, kemoterapi, immunoterapi kullanılmaktadır. Hastalığın kendisinin ve uygulanan tedavinin uzun dönemde yönetilmesi gereken yan etkileri bulunmaktadır. Komplikasyonların yönetimi, rekürrenslerin ve ikinci primer malignitelerin saptanabilmesi için ömür boyu takip önerilmektedir.
The oral cavity is the region that includes the inner part of the lips, hard and soft palate, retromolar trigone, anterior 2/3 of the tongue, teeth and gums, buccal mucosa, and the floor of the mouth. Functions such as biting, chewing, swallowing, salivation, taste, speech, and breathing can only be achieved through the harmonious functioning of different anatomical structures. Surgery, radiotherapy alone or with chemotherapy, chemotherapy and immunotherapy are used in the treatment of oral cavity cancers. The disease itself and the treatment applied have side effects that need to be managed in the long term. Lifelong follow-up is recommended for the management of complications, detection of recurrences and second primary malignancies.
Referanslar
Johnson NW, Jayasekara P, Amarasinghe AA. Squamous cell carcinoma and precursor lesions of the oral cavity: epidemiology and etiology. Periodontol 2000. 2011;57:19–37. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0757.2011.00401.x
Strick MJ, Kelly C, Soames JV, et al. Malignant tumours of the minor salivary glands a 20 year review. Br J Plast Surg 2004;57(7): 624-31. doi:10.1016/j.bjps.2004.04.017.
Carvalho WRS, Souza LL, Pontes FSC, et al. A multicenter study of oral sarcomas in Brazil. Oral Dis 2020;26(1):43-52. doi: 10.1111/odi.13211.
Nisi M , Izzetti R, Gennai S, et al. Oral Mucosal Melanoma. J Craniofac Surg. 2022;33(3):830-834. doi:10.1097/SCS.0000000000008054
Johnson NR, Gannon OM , Savage NW. Frequency of odontogenic cysts and tumors: a systematic review. J Investig Clin Dent 2014;5(1):9-14. doi: 10.1111/jicd.12044.
Guevara-Canales JO, Morales-Vadillo R, de Faria PEA. Systematic review of lymphoma in oral cavity and maxillofacial region. Acta Odontol Latinoam. 2011;24(3):245-50.
Lopes AM, Freitas F, Vilares M. Metastasis of malignant tumors to the oral cavity: Systematic review of case reports and case series. J Stomatol Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2023;124(1S):101330. doi:10.1016/j.jormas.2022.11.006
Stepan KO, Mazul AL, Larson J, et al. Changing Epidemiology of Oral Cavity Cancer in the United States. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2023;168(4):761-768. doi:10.1177/01945998221098011.
Bray F, Laversanne M, Sung H, et al. Global cancer statistics 2022: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin. 2024;74(3):229-263. doi: 10.3322/caac.21834.
Wyss A, Hashibe M, Chuang SC, et al. Cigarette, cigar, and pipe smoking and the risk of head and neck cancers: pooled analysis in the International Head and Neck Cancer Epidemiology Consortium. Am J Epidemiol. 2013;178(5):679-90. doi:10.1093/aje/kwt029.
Blot WJ, McLaughlin JK, Winn DM, et al. Smoking and drinking in relation to oral and pharyngeal cancer. Cancer Res.1988;48(11):3282-7.
Hashim D, Sartori S, Brennan P, et al. The role of oral hygiene in head and neck cancer: results from International Head and Neck Cancer Epidemiology (INHANCE) consortium. Ann Oncol. 2016 Aug;27(8):1619-25. doi:10.1093/annonc/mdw224.
Freedman ND, Park Y, Subar AF, et al. Fruit and vegetable intake and head and neck cancer risk in a large United States prospective cohort study. Int J Cancer. 2008;122(10):2330-6. doi: 10.1002/ijc.23319.
Purgina B, Pantanowitz L, Seethala RR. A Review of Carcinomas Arising in the Head and Neck Region in HIV-Positive Patients. Patholog Res Int. 2011:2011:469150. doi:10.4061/2011/469150.
AB Wyss, M Hashibe, YCA Lee, at al. Smokeless Tobacco Use and the Risk of Head and Neck Cancer: Pooled Analysis of US Studies in the INHANCE Consortium. Am J Epidemiol. 2016;184(10):703-716. doi:10.1093/aje/kww075.
Guha N, Warnakulasuriya S, Vlaanderen J. Betel quid chewing and the risk of oral and oropharyngeal cancers: a meta-analysis with implications for cancer control. Int J Cancer. 2014;135(6):1433-43. doi:10.1002/ijc.28643.
Boffetta P, Hayes RB, Sartori S, et al. Mouthwash use and cancer of the head and neck: a pooled analysis from the International Head and Neck Cancer Epidemiology Consortium. Eur J Cancer Prev. 2016;25(4):344-8. doi:10.1097/CEJ.0000000000000179.
Tota JE, Engels EA, Lingen MW, et al. Inflammatory Tongue Conditions and Risk of Oral Tongue Cancer Among the US Elderly Individuals. J Clin Oncol. 2024;42(15):1745-1753. doi:10.1200/JCO.23.00729.
Sturgis EM, Cinciripini PM. Trends in head and neck cancer incidence in relation to smoking prevalence: an emerging epidemic of human papillomavirus-associated cancers. Cancer. 2007;110(7):1429-35. doi:10.1002/cncr.22963.
Prehn RB, Pasic TR, Harari PM, et al. Influence of computed tomography on pretherapeutic tumor staging in head and neck cancer patients. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1998;119(6):62833. doi:10.1016/S01945998(98)70024-5.
Houghton DJ, Hughes ML, Garvey C, et al. Role of chest CT scanning in the management of patients presenting with head and neck cancer. Head Neck. 1998;20(7):614-8.
NCCN guidelines. Head and Neck Cancers Version 1.2025. [online] https://www.nccn.org/guidelines/guidelines-detail?category=1&id=1437 [Accessed: 30th December 2024]
Ridge JA, Lydiatt WM, Patel SG, et al. Lip and oral cavity. In: AJCC Cancer Staging Manual, 8th ed, Amin MB (Ed), Springer, New York 2017. p.79
Eskander A, Dziegielewski PT, Patel MR, et al. Oral Cavity Cancer Surgical and Nodal Management: A Review From the American Head and Neck Society. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2024;150(2):172-178.
National cancer institute SEER program cancer statistics: oral cavity and pharynx cancer. [online] https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/oralcav.html [Accessed 30th December 2024]
Pignon JP, le Maître A, Maillard E, et al. Meta-analysis of chemotherapy in head and neck cancer (MACH-NC): an update on 93 randomised trials and 17,346 patients. Radiother Oncol. 2009;92(1):4-14.
León X, García J, López M, et al. Risk of onset of second neoplasms and successive neoplasms in patients with a head and neck index tumour. Acta Otorrinolaringol Esp. 2020;71(1):9-15.
Cheung PK, Chin RY, Eslick GD. Detecting residual/recurrent head neck squamous cell carcinomas using PET or PET/CT: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2016;154:421-432.
Imbimbo M, Alfieri S, Botta L, et al. Surveillance of patients with head and neck cancer with an intensive clinical and radiologic follow-up. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2019;161(4):635-642.
Caini S, Riccio MD, Vettor V, et al. Post-diagnosis smoking cessation and survival of patients with head and neck cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. 2022;127(11):1907-1915. doi: 10.1038/s41416-022-01945-w.
Sroussi HY, Epstein JB, Bensadoun RJ, et al. Common oral complications of head and neck cancer radiation therapy: mucositis, infections, saliva change, fibrosis, sensory dysfunctions, dental caries, periodontal disease, and osteoradionecrosis. Cancer Med. 2017;6(12):2918-2931. doi: 10.1002/cam4.1221.
Jensen SB, Pedersen AML, Vissink A, et al. A systematic review of salivary gland hypofunction and xerostomia induced by cancer therapies: management strategies and economic impact. Support Care Cancer. 2010;18(8):1061-79. doi:10.1007/s00520-010-0837-6.
Rapidis AD, Dijkstra PU, Roodenburg JLN, et al. Trismus in patients with head and neck cancer: etiopathogenesis, diagnosis and management. Clin Otolaryngol. 2015;40(6):516-26. doi:10.1111/coa.12488.
Pitak-Arnnop P, Sader R, Dhanuthai K, et al. Management of osteoradionecrosis of the jaws: an analysis of evidence. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2008;34(10):1123.
Gellrich NC, Handschel J, Holtmann H, et al. Oral cancer malnutrition impacts weight and quality of life. Nutrients. 2015;27;7(4):2145-60. doi:10.3390/nu7042145.
Lin YS, Jen YM, Lin JC. Radiation-related cranial nerve palsy in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Cancer. 2002;95(2):404.
Lazarus CL, Logemann JA, Pauloski BR, et al. Swallowing and tongue function following treatment for oral and oropharyngeal cancer. Speech Lang Hear Res. 2000;43(4):1011.
Hutcheson KA, Barringer DA, Rosenthal DI, et al. Swallowing outcomes after radiotherapy for laryngeal carcinoma. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2008;134(2):178.
Eisbruch A, Lyden T, Bradford CR, et al. Objective assessment of swallowing dysfunction and aspiration after radiation concurrent with chemotherapy for head-and-neck cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2002;53(1):23.
Tsai KY, Liao SF, Chen KL, et al. Effect of early interventions with manual lymphatic drainage and rehabilitation exercise on morbidity and lymphedema in patients with oral cavity cancer. Medicine (Baltimore) 2022;101(42):e30910. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000030910.
Valdez JA, Brennan MT. Impact of Oral Cancer on Quality of Life. Dent Clin North Am 2018;62(1):143-154. doi:10.1016/j.cden.2017.09.001.
Veer V, Kia S, Papesch M. Anxiety and depression in head and neck out-patients. J Laryngol Otol 2010;124(7):774-7. doi: 10.1017/S0022215110000502.
