Epidemiyolojide Neden Kavramı

Celentano DD, Szklo M. Gordis Epidemiology. 6nd ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier; 2018.

Jekel JF. A Dictionary of Epidemiology. The Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine; 1983; 56(4):345.

Merrill RM. Introduction to Epidemiology. 7nd ed. Burlington: Jones & Bartlett Learning; 2024.

Shindell S, Salloway JC, Oberembt CM. A Coursebook in Health Care Delivery. New York, NY: Appleton-Century-Crofts; 1976.

Cochran WE. Some methods for strengthening the common x2-tests. Biometrics; 1954; 10:417–451.

Rosner B. Fundamentals of Biostatistics. 4nd ed. Belmont CA: Wadsworth Publishing Company; 1995.

Stedman’s Medical Dictionary for the Health Professions and Nursing, 5nd ed. Baltimore, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2005.

Fox JP, Hall CE, Elveback LR. Epidemiology: Man and Disease. New York, NY: Macmillan Company; 1970.

Weed DL. Causal and preventive inference. In: Greenwald P, Kramer BS, Weed DG, eds. Cancer Prevention and Control. New York, NY: Marcel Dekker, Inc.; 1995.

MacMahon B, Pugh TF. Epidemiology: Principles and Methods. Boston, MA: Little, Brown and Company; 1970.

Bonita R, Beaglehole R,Kjellström T. Basic epidemiology. World Health Organization; 2006.

Hayran O. Epidemiyolojide Neden, Nedensellik ve Açıklayıcı Modeller. ESTÜDAM Halk Sağlığı Dergisi; 2022; 7(1): 192-208.

Rothman KJ, Greenland S. Basic Concepts. In: Ahrens W, Pigeot I. (eds) Handbook of Epidemiology. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 2014:77.

Lloyd-Jones DM, Leip EP, D’Agostino R, Beiser H, Wilson PW, Wolf PA, LevyMI. Prediction of lifetime risk for cardiovascular disease by risk factor burden at 50 years of age. Circulation 2006;113;791-789.

Thun MJ. When truth is unwelcome: the first reports on smoking and lung cancer. Bull World Health Organ 2005; 83:144-53. Medline22. Hammond EC, Selikoff IJ, Seidman H. Asbestos exposure, cigarette smoking and death rates. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1979; 330:473-90.

Rothman KJ, Greenland S, Lash TL. Modern Epidemiology. 3nd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2008.

Evans AS. Causation and Disease: A Chronological Journey. New York: Plenum; 1993:13–39.

US Department of Health, Education and Welfare. Smoking and Health: Report of the Advisory Committee to the Surgeon General. Washington, DC: Public Health Service; 1964.

Boylan S, Beyer K, Schlosberg D, Mortimer A, Hime N, Scalley B, Capon A. A conceptual framework for climate change, health and wellbeing in NSW, Australia. 2018.

Kovats R et al. Climate change and human health: estimating avoidable deaths and disease. Risk Analysis; 2005; 25:1409–1418.

Hill AB. The environment and disease: association or causation? Proc R Soc Med; 1965; 58:295–300.

Schwartz J. Air pollution and daily mortality: a review and meta analysis. Environ Res; 1994; 64:36–52.

Li C, Engstrom G, Hedblad B, et al. Blood pressure control and risk of stroke. A population-based cohort study. Stroke; 2005; 36:725–730.

Franco M, Ordunez P, Caballero B, et al. Impact of energy intake, physical activity, and population-wide weight loss on cardiovascular disease and diabetes mortality in Cuba, 1980-2005. Am J Epidemiol. 2007;166:1374–1380.

Stang A. Kenneth J. Rothman: epidemiology: An introduction. Oxford University Press. 2012.

Grandjean P, Bailar J, Gee D, Needleman HL, Ozonoff DM, Richter E, et al. Implications of the precautionary principle in research and policymaking. Am J Ind Med 2004; 45:382-5.

Modified from Gordis L, Kleinman JC, Klerman LV, et al. Criteria for evaluating evidence regarding the effectiveness of prenatal interventions. In: Merkatz IR, Thompson JE, eds. New Perspectives on Prenatal Care. New York: Elsevier; 1990:31–38.