mikroRNA’lar ve Düzenleyici Rolleri
Özet
miRNA’lar, 18–25 nükleotid uzunluğunda, kodlama yapmayan küçük RNA molekülleri olup mRNA translasyonunu engelleyerek veya mRNA’yı yıkıma uğratarak transkripsiyon sonrasında gen ekspresyonunu düzenlerler. İnsan genomunun önemli bir bölümünü işgal eden bu moleküller; hücre bölünmesi, farklılaşması ve hücreler arası iletişim gibi temel biyolojik süreçlerin düzenlenmesinde kritik roller üstlenir. İlk miRNA, 1993 yılında Candida elegans’ta keşfedilmiş ve sonraki yıllarda yapılan çalışmalarla farklı canlılarda binlerce miRNA tanımlanmıştır.
Bu küçük RNA’lar, doku gelişimi, kök hücre biyolojisi, hücre döngüsü kontrolü ve apoptoz gibi süreçleri hassas şekilde düzenleyerek organizmanın homeostazını korur. Ayrıca, miRNA’lar eksozomlar, hücre dışı veziküller ve gap junctionlar yoluyla hücreler arası iletişimde yer alır. Kanser, nörodejeneratif hastalıklar ve bağışıklık sistemi bozukluklarında miRNA ekspresyonundaki bozukluklar hastalık mekanizmalarının anlaşılmasında ve biyobelirteç veya tedavi hedefi olarak kullanılmasında önemli fırsatlar sunmaktadır.
miRNA’lar, gen ekspresyonunu kontrol ettikleri için hastalıklarda erken teşhis ve tedavi stratejileri geliştirmede öneme sahiptir. Gelecekte, miRNA’ların hedeflenmesine yönelik biyoteknolojik gelişmeler, kişiye özel tıp alanında yenilikçi uygulamaların kapısını aralayacak ve hastalıkların daha etkin yönetilmesini sağlayacaktır. Bu bölümde miRNA’ların keşfi, biyogenezi ve çalışma mekanizması ile canlılarda yer aldıkları önemli biyolojik işlevleri anlatılmıştır.
miRNAs are small, non-coding RNA molecules of 18–25 nucleotides in length that regulate gene expression after transcription by inhibiting mRNA translation or by degrading mRNA. Occupying a significant portion of the human genome, these molecules regulate fundamental biological processes such as cell division, differentiation, and intercellular communication. The first miRNA was discovered in Candida elegans in 1993, and in subsequent studies, thousands of miRNAs have been identified in different organisms.
These small RNAs regulate processes such as tissue development, stem cell biology, cell cycle control, and apoptosis, maintaining the organism's homeostasis. In addition, miRNAs are involved in intercellular communication via exosomes, extracellular vesicles, and gap junctions. Disturbances in miRNA expression in cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, and immune system disorders offer significant opportunities for understanding disease mechanisms and using them as biomarkers or treatment targets.
miRNAs are important in developing early diagnosis and disease treatment strategies because they control gene expression. In the future, biotechnological developments aimed at targeting miRNAs will open the door to innovative applications in personalized medicine and enable more effective management of diseases. This section explains miRNAs' discovery, biogenesis, and working mechanism and their important biological functions in living organisms.
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Serap Özer Yaman, Chapter 7 Biogenesis And Function Of Extracellular Circulating MicroRNAs.
