Kriyoprezervasyon: Ölüm ve Yaşam Arasında Embriyo
Özet
Son yıllarda memelilerde reprodüktif biyoteknoloji alanlarında önemli gelişmeler kaydedilmiş ve yardımcı üreme teknolojileri (ART) için farklı uygulamalar geliştirilmiştir. Bu teknolojiler arasında yer alan in vitro embriyo üretimi (IVEP), hem genetik olarak üstün bireylerden çok sayıda yavru eldesini hem de reprodüktif problemleri olan hayvanlardan embriyo eldesini sağlamasıyla büyük önem taşımaktadır. IVEP ile elde edilen embriyoların uzun süreli saklanması, genetik kaynakların korunması ve ticari amaçlarla taşınabilmesi için kriyoprezervasyon teknikleri geliştirilmiştir. Kriyoprezervasyon, canlı hücre, doku veya embriyoların düşük sıcaklıklarda biyolojik işlevlerini kaybetmeden korunmasını sağlamaktadır. Başlıca embriyo dondurma yöntemleri geleneksel yavaş dondurma, hızlı dondurma ve vitrifikasyondur. Günümüzde vitrifikasyon, düşük hacimlerde hızlı donma sağlaması, buz kristali oluşumunu önlemesi ve yüksek canlılık oranları sağlaması nedeniyle en çok tercih edilen yöntemdir. IVEP ile elde edilen embriyolarda vitrifikasyonun başarısını artırmak amacıyla günümüzde birçok yeni teknik geliştirilmektedir. Böylece embriyo dondurma işlemlerinin güvenilirliğini artırmak, embriyoların saklama koşullarını iyileştirmek ve viyabilitesini korumak amaçlanmaktadır.
In recent years, important developments have been recorded in the fields of reproductive biotechnology in mammals and different applications have been developed for assisted reproductive technologies (ART). In vitro embryo production (IVEP), which is one of these technologies, is of great importance as it provides both the production of a large number of offspring from genetically superior individuals and the production of embryos from animals with reproductive problems. Cryopreservation techniques have been developed for the long-term storage of embryos obtained by IVEP, the preservation of genetic resources, and the transportation of embryos for commercial purposes. Cryopreservation is defined as the process of preserving biological materials such as cells, tissues, or embryos at low temperatures without losing their biological functions. The main embryo freezing methods are traditional slow freezing, rapid freezing and vitrification. Today, vitrification is the most preferred method because it rapidly freezes at low volumes, prevents ice crystal formation and provides high viability rates. Many new techniques are currently being developed to improve the success of vitrification in embryos obtained by IVEP. Thus, it is aimed to increase the reliability of embryo freezing procedures, improve the storage conditions of embryos and maintain their viability.
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