Elementler
Özet
Elementler, hayvanların yaşam döngüsünde temel rol oynayan ve biyolojik süreçlerin işleyişinde kritik öneme sahip inorganik bileşiklerdir. Makro ve mikro elementler, enerji üretimi, hücresel iletişim, bağışıklık düzenlenmesi, sıvı-elektrolit, asit-baz dengesi ve kemik mineralizasyonu gibi birçok fizyolojik süreçte yer alır. Çinko, kalsiyum, magnezyum, fosfor, sodyum ve potasyum gibi mineraller, enzim aktivitesini destekleyerek biyokimyasal reaksiyonları hızlandırır ve homeostazı korur. Makro elementlerden kalsiyum, kemiklerin ve dişlerin yapısını oluştururken kas fonksiyonu ve sinir iletimi için de gereklidir. Fosfor, enerji taşıyıcı ATP’nin yapısında yer alır ve kemik mineralizasyonunda önemli bir rol oynar. Magnezyum, enerji metabolizmasında ve protein sentezinde yer alan birçok enzimin kofaktörüdür. Sodyum ve potasyum, hücre içi ve dışı sıvı dengesi ile sinir iletiminde merkezi rol oynar. Eksiklikleri ciddi sağlık sorunlarına, özellikle kas ve sinir sistemi bozukluklarına yol açabilir. Mikro elementler arasında çinko, selenyum, demir ve bakır, bağışıklık fonksiyonlarının desteklenmesi, oksidatif stresin azaltılması ve büyüme süreçlerinde kritik rol oynar. Çinko inflamatuar süreçleri düzenlerken, selenyum antioksidan enzimlerin yapısında yer alır. Veteriner hekimlikte bu elementlerin işlevlerini anlamak, hayvan sağlığını korumak, büyümeyi desteklemek ve besin eksikliklerini önlemek açısından gereklidir. Özellikle çiftlik hayvanlarında yeterli mineral alımını sağlamak hem sağlık hem de verimlilik açısından büyük önem taşır.
Elements are inorganic compounds that play a fundamental role in the life cycle of animals and are critical for the functioning of biological processes. Macro and micro elements are involved in many physiological processes such as energy production, cellular communication, immune regulation, fluid-electrolyte, acid-base balance and bone mineralisation. Minerals such as zinc, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, sodium and potassium support enzyme activity, speed up biochemical reactions and maintain homeostasis. Among the macro-elements, calcium forms the structure of bones and teeth and is essential for muscle function and nerve conduction. Phosphorus is involved in the structure of the energy carrier ATP and plays an important role in bone mineralisation. Magnesium is a cofactor for many enzymes involved in energy metabolism and protein synthesis. Sodium and potassium play a central role in intracellular and extracellular fluid balance and nerve conduction. Deficiencies can lead to serious health problems, particularly muscle and nervous system disorders. Among the microelements, zinc, selenium, iron and copper play a critical role in supporting immune function, reducing oxidative stress and growth processes. Zinc regulates inflammatory processes, while selenium is involved in the structure of antioxidant enzymes. Understanding the functions of these elements in veterinary medicine is essential to protect animal health, promote growth and prevent nutritional deficiencies. Ensuring adequate mineral intake, particularly in livestock, is essential for both.
Referanslar
Anderson P. The highs and lows of electrolytes part 1: sodium, chloride and potassium. The Veterinary Nurse. 2020; 11(10): 452. https://doi.org/10.12968/vetn.2020.11.10.452
Anderson P. The highs and lows of electrolytes part 2: calcium, phosphate and magnesium. The Veterinary Nurse. 2021; 12(1): 20. https://doi.org/10.12968/vetn.2021.12.1.20
Esadi M, Toğdori A, Hatemi M, Lee H. Milk supplemented with organic iron improves performance, blood hematology, iron metabolism parameters, biochemical and immunological parameters in suckling dalagh lambs. Animals. 2022; 12(4): 510. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12040510
Atmaca G. Antioxidant effects of sulfur-containing amino acids. Yonsei Medical Journal. 2004; 45(5): 776. https://doi.org/10.3349/ymj.2004.45.5.776
Bampidis V, Azimonti G, Bastos M, Dusemund B, Kouba M, Durjava M, Ramos F. Safety and efficacy of iron chelates of lysine and glutamic acid as feed additive for all animal species. EFSA Journal.2019;17(7):5792.https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2019.5792
Churio O, Durán E, Guzmán-Pino SA, Valenzuela C. Use of encapsulation technology to improve the efficiency of an iron oral supplement to prevent anemia in suckling pigs. Animals. 2018; 9(1): 1. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani9010001
Costa JM, Sartori M, Nascimento NF, Kadri SM, Ribolla PEM, Pinhal D, Pezzato LE. Inadequate dietary phosphorus levels cause skeletal anomalies and alter osteocalcin gene expression in zebrafish. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2018; 19(2): 364. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19020364
El Din MK, Wahba MEK. Novel validated spectrofluorimetric methods for the determination of taurine in energy drinks and humanurine. Luminescence .2015; 30(2): 137 https://doi.org/10.1002/bio.2703
Goselink R, Bannink A, Dijkstra J. Phosphorus in transition cows: a dairy cow trial on phosphorus metabolism in the transition period. 2019. https://doi.org/10.18174/510336
Holtzclaw JD, Grimm PR, Sansom SC. Intercalated cell BK-α/β4 channels modulate sodium and potassium handling during potassium adaptation. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology. 2010; 21(4): 634. https://doi.org/ 10.1681/ASN.2009080817
Iannaccone M, Ianni A, Elgendy R, Martino C, Giantin M, Cerretani L, Martino G. Iodine supplemented diet positively affects immune response and dairy product quality in Friesian cow. Animals. 2019; 9(11): 866. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani9110866
Ingenbleek Y, Kimura H. Nutritional essentiality of sulfur in health and disease. Nutrition Reviews. 2013; 71(7): 413. https://doi.org/10.1111/nure.12050
Islam D, Rahaman A, Jannat F. Assessment of micro and macro nutrients in poultry feeds available in Dhaka city, Bangladesh. Journal of Scientific Agriculture. 2017; 1: 264. https://doi.org/10.25081/jsa.2017.v1.871
Jones GB, Tracy BF. Evaluating seasonal variation in mineral concentration of cool‐season pasture herbage. Grass and Forage Science. 2013; 70(1): 94. https://doi.org/10.1111/gfs.12094
Karagül H, Altıntaş A, Fidancı UR, Sel T. Klinik Biyokimya. Ankara: Medisan Kitabevi; 2000; p. 229.
Kurosawa R, Sugimoto R, Imai H, Atsuji K, Yamada K, Kawano Y, Suzuki K. Impact of spaceflight and artificial gravity on sulfur metabolism in mouse liver: sulfur metabolomic and transcriptomic analysis. Scientific Reports. 2021; 11(1): 21786 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-01129-1
Kwak HC, Kim Y, Oh SJ, Kim SK. Sulfur amino acid metabolism in Zucker diabetic fatty rats. Biochemical Pharmacology. 2015; 96(3): 256. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcp.2015.05.014
Leong W, Bowlus CL, Tallkvist J, Lönnerdal B. DMT1 and FPN1 expression during infancy: developmental regulation of iron absorption. AJP Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology. 2003; 285(6): G1153-G1161. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00107.2003
Masters DG. Practical implications of mineral and vitamin imbalance in grazing sheep. Animal Production Science. 2018; 58(8): 1438. https://doi.org/10.1071/an17761
McArt JAA, Oetzel GR. A stochastic estimate of the economic impact of oral calcium supplementation in postparturient dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science. 2015; 98(10): 7408. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2015-9479
McClure ST, Chang AR, Selvin E, Rebholz CM, Appel LJ. Dietary sources of phosphorus among adults in the United States: results from NHANES 2001–2014. Nutrients. 2017; 9(2): 95. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9020095
Meléndez-Lazo A, Tvarijonaviciute A, Cerón JJ, Planellas M, Pastor J. Journal of Comparative Pathology. 2015; 152(4): 304. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcpa.2015.01.008
Strachan S. Trace elements. Current Anaesthesia & Critical Care. 2010; 21(1): 44. doi:10.1016/j.cacc.2009.08.004
Yang H, Zheng H, Pan Y, Zhang W, Yang M, Du H, & Zhou Z. Quantitative proteomic analysis of the effects of dietary deprivation of methionine and cystine on A549 xenograft and A549 xenograft‐bearing mouse. Proteomics, 2021; 21(20): e2100007. https://doi.org/10.1002/pmic.202100007
Referanslar
Anderson P. The highs and lows of electrolytes part 1: sodium, chloride and potassium. The Veterinary Nurse. 2020; 11(10): 452. https://doi.org/10.12968/vetn.2020.11.10.452
Anderson P. The highs and lows of electrolytes part 2: calcium, phosphate and magnesium. The Veterinary Nurse. 2021; 12(1): 20. https://doi.org/10.12968/vetn.2021.12.1.20
Esadi M, Toğdori A, Hatemi M, Lee H. Milk supplemented with organic iron improves performance, blood hematology, iron metabolism parameters, biochemical and immunological parameters in suckling dalagh lambs. Animals. 2022; 12(4): 510. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12040510
Atmaca G. Antioxidant effects of sulfur-containing amino acids. Yonsei Medical Journal. 2004; 45(5): 776. https://doi.org/10.3349/ymj.2004.45.5.776
Bampidis V, Azimonti G, Bastos M, Dusemund B, Kouba M, Durjava M, Ramos F. Safety and efficacy of iron chelates of lysine and glutamic acid as feed additive for all animal species. EFSA Journal.2019;17(7):5792.https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2019.5792
Churio O, Durán E, Guzmán-Pino SA, Valenzuela C. Use of encapsulation technology to improve the efficiency of an iron oral supplement to prevent anemia in suckling pigs. Animals. 2018; 9(1): 1. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani9010001
Costa JM, Sartori M, Nascimento NF, Kadri SM, Ribolla PEM, Pinhal D, Pezzato LE. Inadequate dietary phosphorus levels cause skeletal anomalies and alter osteocalcin gene expression in zebrafish. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2018; 19(2): 364. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19020364
El Din MK, Wahba MEK. Novel validated spectrofluorimetric methods for the determination of taurine in energy drinks and humanurine. Luminescence .2015; 30(2): 137 https://doi.org/10.1002/bio.2703
Goselink R, Bannink A, Dijkstra J. Phosphorus in transition cows: a dairy cow trial on phosphorus metabolism in the transition period. 2019. https://doi.org/10.18174/510336
Holtzclaw JD, Grimm PR, Sansom SC. Intercalated cell BK-α/β4 channels modulate sodium and potassium handling during potassium adaptation. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology. 2010; 21(4): 634. https://doi.org/ 10.1681/ASN.2009080817
Iannaccone M, Ianni A, Elgendy R, Martino C, Giantin M, Cerretani L, Martino G. Iodine supplemented diet positively affects immune response and dairy product quality in Friesian cow. Animals. 2019; 9(11): 866. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani9110866
Ingenbleek Y, Kimura H. Nutritional essentiality of sulfur in health and disease. Nutrition Reviews. 2013; 71(7): 413. https://doi.org/10.1111/nure.12050
Islam D, Rahaman A, Jannat F. Assessment of micro and macro nutrients in poultry feeds available in Dhaka city, Bangladesh. Journal of Scientific Agriculture. 2017; 1: 264. https://doi.org/10.25081/jsa.2017.v1.871
Jones GB, Tracy BF. Evaluating seasonal variation in mineral concentration of cool‐season pasture herbage. Grass and Forage Science. 2013; 70(1): 94. https://doi.org/10.1111/gfs.12094
Karagül H, Altıntaş A, Fidancı UR, Sel T. Klinik Biyokimya. Ankara: Medisan Kitabevi; 2000; p. 229.
Kurosawa R, Sugimoto R, Imai H, Atsuji K, Yamada K, Kawano Y, Suzuki K. Impact of spaceflight and artificial gravity on sulfur metabolism in mouse liver: sulfur metabolomic and transcriptomic analysis. Scientific Reports. 2021; 11(1): 21786 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-01129-1
Kwak HC, Kim Y, Oh SJ, Kim SK. Sulfur amino acid metabolism in Zucker diabetic fatty rats. Biochemical Pharmacology. 2015; 96(3): 256. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcp.2015.05.014
Leong W, Bowlus CL, Tallkvist J, Lönnerdal B. DMT1 and FPN1 expression during infancy: developmental regulation of iron absorption. AJP Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology. 2003; 285(6): G1153-G1161. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00107.2003
Masters DG. Practical implications of mineral and vitamin imbalance in grazing sheep. Animal Production Science. 2018; 58(8): 1438. https://doi.org/10.1071/an17761
McArt JAA, Oetzel GR. A stochastic estimate of the economic impact of oral calcium supplementation in postparturient dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science. 2015; 98(10): 7408. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2015-9479
McClure ST, Chang AR, Selvin E, Rebholz CM, Appel LJ. Dietary sources of phosphorus among adults in the United States: results from NHANES 2001–2014. Nutrients. 2017; 9(2): 95. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9020095
Meléndez-Lazo A, Tvarijonaviciute A, Cerón JJ, Planellas M, Pastor J. Journal of Comparative Pathology. 2015; 152(4): 304. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcpa.2015.01.008
Strachan S. Trace elements. Current Anaesthesia & Critical Care. 2010; 21(1): 44. doi:10.1016/j.cacc.2009.08.004
Yang H, Zheng H, Pan Y, Zhang W, Yang M, Du H, & Zhou Z. Quantitative proteomic analysis of the effects of dietary deprivation of methionine and cystine on A549 xenograft and A549 xenograft‐bearing mouse. Proteomics, 2021; 21(20): e2100007. https://doi.org/10.1002/pmic.202100007
