Dismenore ve Premenstrual Sendroma Yönelik Sağlık Bakımı Uygulamaları
Özet
Dismenore ve premenstrual sendrom kadın sağlığını önemli ölçüde etkileyebilen menstrual sağlık sorunları arasındadır. Dismenore ve premenstrual semptomların hafifletilmesine yönelik çeşitli farmakolojik ve nonfarmakolojik yöntemler bulunmaktadır. Farmakolojik yöntemlerin çeşitli yan etkilerinin olmasından dolayı uzun süreli kullanılması önerilmemektedir. Dismenore ve premenstrual sendrom şikayeti bulunan kadınlar sıklıkla sıcak uygulama, masaj ve beslenme gibi nonfarmakolojik yöntemlere başvurmaktadır. Son zamanlarda dismenore ve premenstrual sendromda başvurulabilecek birçok alternatif veya tamamlayıcı uygulamalar bulunmaktadır. Bütün bu uygulamaların temeli bireylerde dismenore ağrısını ve premenstrual semtomların şiddetini azaltmak ve baş edilebilir düzeye indirgemektir. Bu yöntemler; zihin-beden, manüpülatif, alternatif ve biyolojik temelli olarak sınıflandırılabilmektedir. Nonfarmakolojik yöntemler olarak da bilinen bu yöntemler arasında hipnoterapi, yoga, müzik terapi, aromaterapi, masaj, refleksoloji, akupunktur, aküpresür ve beslenme yaklaşımları yer almaktadır. Bu yöntemlerin özellikle kanıt temelli olmalarına dikkat edilerek kadın sağlığı bakım uygulamalarına daha fazla entegre edilmesi gerekmektedir. Bu yöntemlerden daha fazla yararlanılması dismenore ve premenstrual semptomlara sahip kadınlar açısından önemlidir. Bu yöntemler ile kadınların menstrual dönemi daha konforlu geçirmeleri dolayısıyla yaşam kalitelerinin yükseltilmesi sağlanabilmektedir. Dismenore ve premenstrual sendromunun yönetiminde kadınlara yaşam tarzı değişiklikleri ve riskli davranışlardan kaçınmaları da önerilmelidir. Son olarak kadın sağlığının bütüncül olarak korunması ve yükseltilmesi için primer rol ve sorumlulukları olan ebe ve hemşirelerin nonfarmakolojik uygulamaları daha fazla kullanmaları yarar sağlayacaktır.
Dysmenorrhea and premenstrual syndrome are among the menstrual health problems that can significantly affect women's health. There are various pharmacological and non-pharmacological methods for alleviating dysmenorrhea and premenstrual symptoms. Long-term use of pharmacological methods is not recommended due to various side effects. Women with dysmenorrhea and premenstrual syndrome complaints often resort to non-pharmacological methods such as hot application, massage and nutrition. Recently, there have been many alternative or complementary applications that can be used in dysmenorrhea and premenstrual syndrome. The basis of all these applications is to reduce the severity of dysmenorrhea pain and premenstrual symptoms in individuals and reduce them to a manageable level. he basis of all these applications is to reduce the severity of dysmenorrhea pain and premenstrual symptoms in individuals and reduce them to a manageable level. These methods can be classified as mind-body, manipulative, alternative and biologically based. These methods, also known as non-pharmacological methods, include hypnotherapy, yoga, music therapy, aromatherapy, massage, reflexology, acupuncture, acupressure and nutritional approaches. These methods need to be further integrated into women's health care practices, especially paying attention to their demonstrable healthiness. It is important for women with dysmenorrhea and premenstrual symptoms to benefit more from these methods. With these methods, women can have a more comfortable menstrual period and thus improve their quality of life. In the management of dysmenorrhea and premenstrual syndrome, women should also be advised to make lifestyle changes and avoid risky behaviors. Finally, it would be beneficial for midwives and nurses, who have primary roles and responsibilities for the holistic protection and promotion of women's health, to use nonpharmacological practices more.
Referanslar
Itriyeva K. The normal menstrual cycle. Curr Probl Pediatr Adolesc Health Care. 2022;52(5):101183. doi:10.1016/j.cppeds.2022.101183
Kanchibhotla D, Subramanian S, Singh D. Management of dysmenorrhea through yoga: A narrative review. Front Pain Res (Lausanne). 2023;4:1107669. doi:10.3389/fpain.2023.1107669
Wilson LC, Rademacher KH, Rosenbaum J, et al. Seeking synergies: understanding the evidence that links menstrual health and sexual and reproductive health and rights. Sex Reprod Health Matters. 2021;29(1):1882791. doi:10.1080/26410397.2021.1882791
Abay H, Kaplan S. Premenstrual sendromun yönetiminde güncel yaklaşımlar. Bezmialem Science. 2018;6(4)
Doğan H, Çaltekin MD, Onat T, et al. Approaches of dealing with primary dysmenorrhea and relationship between kinesiophobia and pain severity. Konuralp Med J. 2020;12(3):551-556
Çelik A, Uskun E. Yaşam kalitesini bozan bir sorunsal: Premenstrüel sendrom. Smyrna Tıp Dergisi. 2021:57-68
Frey Nascimento A, Gaab J, Kirsch I, et al. Open-label placebo treatment of women with premenstrual syndrome: study protocol of a randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open. 2020;10(2):e032868. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2019-032868
Erbil N, Yücesoy H. Premenstrual syndrome prevalence in Turkey: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychol Health Med. 2023;28(5):1347-1357. doi:10.1080/13548506.2021.2013509
Gebeyehu MB, Mekuria AB, Tefera YG, et al. Prevalence, impact, and management practice of dysmenorrhea among University of Gondar students, Northwestern Ethiopia: A cross-sectional study. Int J Reprod Med. 2017;2017:3208276. doi:10.1155/2017/3208276
Elkin N. Sağlık bilimleri yüksekokulu öğrencilerinde premenstrual sendrom görülme sıklığı. Adıyaman Univ J Health Sci. 2015;1(2):94-110
Arafa AE, Senosy SA, Helmy HK, Mohamed AA. Prevalence and patterns of dysmenorrhea and premenstrual syndrome among Egyptian girls (12–25 years). Middle East Fertil Soc J. 2018;23(4):486-490
Çay B, Saka S. Genç yetişkinlerde kısa süreli aerobik egzersizin dismenore üzerine etkisi. Sağlık Prof Araş Dergisi. 2020;2(3):94-101
Bolsoy N, Şirin A. Perimenstrüel distresin hafifletilmesinde refleksolojinin etkinliğinin incelenmesi. Adnan Menderes Univ J Health Sci Fac. 2020;4(2):124-143
Akduman AT, Budur ÖÇ. Treatment modalities in primary dysmenorrhea. Anatol Clin J Med Sci. 2016;21(3):235-240
Bernardi M, Lazzeri L, Perelli F, Reis FM, Petraglia F. Dysmenorrhea and related disorders. F1000Res. 2017;6:1645. doi:10.12688/f1000research.11682.1
Güvey H. Adölesanlarda primer dismenore ve tedavi yaklaşımları. J Gynecol Obstet Neonatal Med. 2019;16(3):160-166
Abubakar U, Zulkarnain AI, Samri F, et al. Use of complementary and alternative therapies for the treatment of dysmenorrhea among undergraduate pharmacy students in Malaysia: a cross sectional study. BMC Complement Med Ther. 2020;20(1):285. doi:10.1186/s12906-020-03082-4
Duman NB, Yıldırım F, Vural G. Risk factors for primary dysmenorrhea and the effect of complementary and alternative treatment methods: Sample from Corum, Turkey. Int J Health Sci. 2022;16(3):35
Kilci Ş, Daşıkan Z, Muslu A. Primer dismenore ağrı yönetiminde kullanılan tamamlayıcı ve bütünleştirici terapi uygulamaları. Atatürk Univ J Women Stud. 2020;1(2):70-80
Süt HK, Küçükkaya B, Arslan E. Primer dismenore ağrısında tamamlayıcı ve alternatif tedavi yöntemleri kullanımı. Celal Bayar Univ J Health Sci Inst. 2019;6(4):322-327
Costanian C, Akiki Z, Rabah Z, Daou S, Assaad S. Factors associated with premenstrual syndrome and its different symptom domains among university students in Lebanon. Int J Womens Health Wellness. 2018;4(1):068. doi:10.23937/2474-1353/1510068
Çetin HS, Erbil N. Premenstrual sendromda ağrı yönetimi. Ordu Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Çalışmaları Dergisi. 2020;3(2):202-210
Karaca PP, Beji NK. Premenstrual sendromunun tanı ve tedavisinde kanıt temelli yaklaşımlar ve hemşirelik bakımı. Balıkesir Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi. 2015;4(3):178-186
Adanur Uzunlar E, Karadağ G. Premenstrual sendrom: Beslenme ile ilişkisi üzerine derleme. Gazi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi. 2024;9(1)
Management of Premenstrual Syndrome: Green-top Guideline No. 48. BJOG: An Int J Obstet Gynaecol. 2017;124(3):e73-e105. doi:10.1111/1471-0528.14260
Tiranini L, Nappi RE. Recent advances in understanding/management of premenstrual dysphoric disorder/premenstrual syndrome. Faculty Reviews. 2022;11
Es-Haghee S, Shabani F, Hawkins J, Zareian MA, Nejatbakhsh F, Qaraaty M, Tabarrai M. The effects of aromatherapy on premenstrual syndrome symptoms: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Evid Based Complement Altern Med. 2020;2020:6667078
Hashim MS, Obaideen AA, Jahrami HA, et al. Premenstrual syndrome is associated with dietary and lifestyle behaviors among university students: A cross-sectional study from Sharjah, UAE. Nutrients. 2019;11(8):1939. doi:10.3390/nu11081939
Bhuvaneswari K, Rabindran P, Bharadwaj B. Prevalence of premenstrual syndrome and its impact on quality of life among selected college students in Puducherry. Natl Med J India. 2019;32(1):17-19.
Yesildere Saglam H, Mizrak Sahin B. The impact of climate change anxiety on premenstrual syndrome: A cross-sectional study. J Eval Clin Pract. 2024. doi:10.1111/jep.14177. Advance online publication
Fernández MD, Saulyte J, Inskip HM, Takkouche B. Premenstrual syndrome and alcohol consumption: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open. 2018;8(3):e019490. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2017-019490
Lin SY, Yang YC, Chang CY, et al. Association of fine-particulate and acidic-gas air pollution with premenstrual syndrome risk. QJM: Monthly J Assoc Physicians. 2020;113(9):643-650. doi:10.1093/qjmed/hcaa096
Cianconi P, Betrò S, Janiri L. The impact of climate change on mental health: A systematic descriptive review. Front Psychiatry. 2020;11:74. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00074
Giorgis-Allemand L, Thalabard JC, Rosetta L, et al. Can atmospheric pollutants influence menstrual cycle function? Environ Pollut. 2020;257:113605. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113605
Merklinger-Gruchala A, Jasienska G, Kapiszewska M. Effect of air pollution on menstrual cycle length-A prognostic factor of women's reproductive health. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2017;14(7):816. doi:10.3390/ijerph14070816
Baker FC, Siboza F, Fuller A. Temperature regulation in women: Effects of the menstrual cycle. Temperature (Austin, Tex). 2020;7(3):226-262. doi:10.1080/23328940.2020.1735927
Mahalingaiah S, Missmer SE, Cheng JJ, et al. Perimenarchal air pollution exposure and menstrual disorders. Hum Reprod. 2018;33(3):512-519. doi:10.1093/humrep/dey005
Liang Z, Xu C, Fan YN, et al. Association between air pollution and menstrual disorder outpatient visits: A time-series analysis. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2020;192:110283. doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110283
Lin SY, Yang YC, Lin CC, et al. Increased incidence of dysmenorrhea in women exposed to higher concentrations of NO, NO2, NOx, CO, and PM2.5: A nationwide population-based study. Front Public Health. 2021;9:682341. doi:10.3389/fpubh.2021.682341
Triebner K, Markevych I, Bertelsen RJ, et al. Lifelong exposure to residential greenspace and the premenstrual syndrome: A population-based study of Northern European women. Environ Int. 2022;158:106975. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2021.106975
Oboza P, Ogarek N, Wójtowicz M, et al. Relationships between premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and diet composition, dietary patterns and eating behaviors. Nutrients. 2024;16(12):1911. doi:10.3390/nu16121911
Nworie KM. Premenstrual syndrome: Etiology, diagnosis and treatment. A mini literature review. Gynecol Obstet Invest. 2018;1(1):41-46
Afacan M, Kabakcı EN. Ebelik bölümü öğrencilerinde premenstrual sendrom görülme sıklığı ve baş etme yöntemleri. Unika Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi. 2023;3(2):508-517
Naheed B, Kuiper JH, Uthman OA, O'Mahony F, O'Brien PM. Non-contraceptive oestrogen-containing preparations for controlling symptoms of premenstrual syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;3(3):CD010503. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD010503.pub2
World Health Organization. WHO. Traditional, Complementary and Integrative Medicine. Cited June 2024
National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health. Complementary, Alternative, or Integrative Health: What's in a Name? Cited June 5, 2024
Modzelewski S, Oracz A, Żukow X, Iłendo K, Śledzikowka Z, Waszkiewicz N. Premenstrual syndrome: New insights into etiology and review of treatment methods. Front Psychiatry. 2024;15:1363875. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1363875
Fordham B, Sugavanam T, Edwards K, et al. Cognitive-behavioural therapy for a variety of conditions: An overview of systematic reviews and panoramic meta-analysis. Health Technol Assess. 2021;25(9):1-378. doi:10.3310/hta25090
Sepehrirad M, Bahrami HR, Noras MR. Effectiveness of nutritional program and cognitive-behavioral training in anxiety, anger & aggression premenstrual syndrome. J Babol Univ Med Sci. 2018;20(1):26-30
Babajani S, Asgari K, Orayzi HR, Ghasemi N. Effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy on premenstrual syndrome through compliance to treatment in an Iranian sample. Zahedan J Res Med Sci. 2017;19(6)
Yilmaz B, Sahin N. The effects of a dysmenorrhea support program on university students who had primary dysmenorrhea: a randomized controlled study. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol. 2020;33(3):285-290. doi:10.1016/j.jpag.2019.12.008
İzadi-Mazidi M, Davoudi I, Mehrabizadeh M. Effect of Group Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy on Health-Related Quality of Life in Females With Premenstrual Syndrome. Iran J Psychiatry Behav Sci. 2016;10(1):e4961. doi:10.17795/ijpbs-4961
Sutar A, Paldhikar S, Shikalgar N, Ghodey S. Effect of aerobic exercises on primary dysmenorrhea in college students. J Nurs Health Sci. 2016;5(5):20-24
Yesildere Saglam H, Orsal O. Effect of exercise on premenstrual symptoms: A systematic review. Complement Ther Med. 2020;48:102272
Mohebbi Dehnavi Z, Jafarnejad F, Sadeghi Goghary S. The effect of 8 weeks aerobic exercise on severity of physical symptoms of premenstrual syndrome: a clinical trial study. BMC Women's Health. 2018;18(1):80. doi:10.1186/s12905-018-0565-5
Motesharee E, Mehboodi M, Karemzade L. The effect of an 8-week flexibility training on primary dysmenorrhea’s physical and psychological syndromes in nonathletic girls. IJBPAS. 2015;4(12):6659-6667
Ferreira RL, Kulkarni N. Effect of relaxation techniques on fatigue and headaches in premenstrual syndrome. Int J Yoga Physiother Phys Educ. 2019;3:37-43
Çelik AS, Apay SE. Effect of progressive relaxation exercises on primary dysmenorrhea in Turkish students: A randomized prospective controlled trial. Complement Ther Clin Pract. 2021;42:101280. doi:10.1016/j.ctcp.2020.101280
Hidayatunnafiah F, Mualifah L, Moebari M, Iswantiningsih E. The effect of relaxation techniques in reducing dysmenorrhea in adolescents. KnE Life Sci. 2022;7(2):473-480. doi:10.18502/kls.v7i2.10344
Toprak Celenay S, Ozcelikel G, Bayrakli A. Efficacy of progressive muscle relaxation technique in primary dysmenorrhea: A randomized controlled trial. Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol. 2024;63(3):329-335. doi:10.1016/j.tjog.2023.10.016
Çitil ET, Canbay FÇ. Effect of progressive muscle relaxation exercises on symptoms of premenstrual syndrome: A single-blind randomized controlled trial. Arch Psychiatr Nurs. 2024;51:228-234.
Erel Ö, Erel KV. Hypnosis. Meandros Med Dent J. 2017;18(2):76-79
Amelia S, Dewi R, Febrina W. The effect of hypnotherapy to reduce dysmenorrhea pain. Padjadjaran Acute Care Nurs J. 2020;2(1)
Shah M, Monga A, Patel SV, Shah M, Bakshi H. Pain relief in dysmenorrhea: Exploring hypnosis as an alternative therapy. CHRISMED J Health Res. 2016;3(3):197. doi:10.4103/2348-3334.183741
Farshbaf Manei Sefat F, Abolghasemi A, Barahmand U, Hajloo N. Comparing the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy and hypnosis therapy on pain self-efficacy and pain severity in girls with primary dysmenorrhea. Armaghane Danesh. 2017;22(1):87-103
Asgariani Z, Barat S, Moudi S, Hamidia A, Bijani A. Comparing the efficacy of hypnosis and muscle relaxation in the symptom-relief of premenstrual syndrome. Koomesh. 2018;20(3):510-516.
Rashidi Fakari F, Atarodi Kashani Z, Alizadeh S, et al. Effect of hypnosis in adolescents: A narrative review. J Pediatr Review. 2023;11(1):25-36
Woodyard C. Exploring the therapeutic effects of yoga and its ability to increase quality of life. Int J Yoga. 2011;4(2):49-54. doi:10.4103/0973-6131.85485
Pal A, Nath B, Paul S, Meena S. Evaluation of the effectiveness of yoga in management of premenstrual syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol. 2022;43(4):517-525. doi:10.1080/0167482X.2022.2086457
Kılıç N, Ünal H. 12 haftalık yoga egzersizinin PMS (premenstrüel sendrom) sorunu olan kadınların anksiyete düzeyleri ve yaşam kaliteleri üzerine etkilerinin araştırılması. Spormetre Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi. 2020;18(2):126-135
Ranga M, Dev K. The effect of yoga therapy in premenstrual syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2024;46(10):102579. doi:10.1016/j.jogc.2024.102579
Wheeler BL, Cassity MD, Lesiuk TL, et al. Music therapy and music medicine studies in oncology: Part 2: The use of the Delphi technique. Music Med. 2019;11(3):160–165. doi:10.47513/mmd.v11i3.672
Simavli S, Kaygusuz I, Gumus I, et al. Effect of music therapy during vaginal delivery on postpartum pain relief and mental health. J Affect Disord. 2014;156:194–199. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2013.12.027.
Dehcheshmeh FS, Rafiei H. Complementary and alternative therapies to relieve labor pain: a comparative study between music therapy and Hoku point ice massage. Complement Ther Clin Pract. 2015;21(4):229–232. doi:10.1016/j.ctcp.2015.09.002
Selçuk AK, Baysal E. The effect of dark chocolate and music on pain and anxiety in young women with primary dysmenorrhea: Randomized controlled trial. Eur J Integr Med. 2022;56:102192. doi:10.1016/j.eujim.2022.102192
Monajemi MB. Assessing efficacy of music therapy on pre-menstrual syndrome’s severity of symptoms. EC Psychol Psychiatry. 2017;4:189–198
Küçükkaya B, Başgöl Ş. The effect of listening to music and drawing on coping with dysmenorrhea complaints in nursing students: randomized controlled trial. BMC Womens Health. 2024;24(1):571. doi:10.1186/s12905-024-03398-0
Martin-Saavedra JS, Ruiz-Sternberg AM. The effects of music listening on the management of pain in primary dysmenorrhea: a randomized controlled clinical trial. Nord J Music Ther. 2020;29(5):398–415. doi:10.1080/08098131.2020.1761867
Simbolon I, Soputri N, Ricky D, Nathania A, Sabattini MR. Implementation of deep breathing relaxation, music therapy, and effleurage massage therapy to decrease pain scale of dysmenorrhea among college students. Proceedings Int Scholars Conf. 2016;4(1):10. doi:10.35974/isc.v4i1.1749
Kırca AS, Kızılkaya T. Effects of music medicine on premenstrual symptoms levels and quality of life: a randomized controlled trial. Complement Ther Clin Pract. 2022;46:101542. doi:10.1016/j.ctcp.2022.101542
Miles P, True G. Reiki—review of a biofield therapy history, theory, practice, and research. Altern Ther Health Med. 2003;9(2):62–72
Das A, Prabhu AV, Pratibha. Effectiveness of Reiki therapy on dysmenorrhoea among adolescent girls. Indian J Public Health Res Dev. 2017;8(4):155–160. doi:10.5958/0976-5506.2017.00332.1
Billot M, Daycard M, Wood C, Tchalla A. Reiki therapy for pain, anxiety and quality of life. BMJ Support Palliat Care. 2019;9(4):434–438. doi:10.1136/bmjspcare-2019-001775
Avşar E, Çelik S. Türkiye’de Reiki uygulaması ile ilgili yapılan lisansüstü hemşirelik tezlerinin incelenmesi. Black Sea J Health Sci. 2023;6(2):240–245
Taş F. Dismenoreli adölesanlarda reiki uygulamasının ağrı, yorgunluk ve yaşam kalitesine etkisi. Erciyes Üniversitesi, Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Hemşirelik Ana Bilim Dalı, Halk Sağlığı Hemşireliği Bilim Dalı. 2019
Özkan A, Hiçerimez A. COVID normalleşme döneminde; premenstrual sendromda kullanılan tamamlayıcı ve alternatif uygulamaların sıklığı, türleri ve etkinliklerinin belirlenmesi. Gevher Nesibe J Med Health Sci. 2023;8(2):292–301. doi:10.5281/zenodo.7922528
Rodrigues JC, de Arruda GT, de Moraes PC, et al. Self-management of primary dysmenorrhea-related pain: cross-sectional study on non-pharmacological interventions. Pain Manag. 2024;14(5–6):265–272. doi:10.1080/17581869.2024.2376519
Ummah T, Ismarwati. The impact of complementary therapies on dysmenorrhea in young women. Maj Obstet Ginekol (J Obstet Gynaecol Sci). 2024;32(1):29–38. doi:10.20473/mog.V32I12024.29-38
Kartal YA. Complementary and alternative medicine therapy use of Western Turkish students for menstrual symptoms. Int J Caring Sci. 2019;12(2):1097
Yılmaz T, Nuraliyeva Z, Dinç H. Genç kadınların dismenore ile baş etme yöntemleri. Jaren. 2020;6(2):294–299
Frost E, Ostrovsky DA. Aromatherapy may reduce menstrual pain in women with primary dysmenorrhea. Explore (NY). 2019;15(3):241–242. doi:10.1016/j.explore.2019.02.007
Song JA, Lee MK, Min E, et al. Effects of aromatherapy on dysmenorrhea: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Nurs Stud. 2018;84:1–11. doi:10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2018.01.016
Lee MS, Lee HW, Khalil M, Lim HS, Lim HJ. Aromatherapy for managing pain in primary dysmenorrhea: a systematic review of randomized placebo-controlled trials. J Clin Med. 2018;7(11):434. doi:10.3390/jcm7110434
Ristiani A, Arsyad AN, Usman AN, et al. The use of aromatherapy in primary dysmenorrhea. Gaceta Sanitaria. 2021;35(Suppl 2):S591–S595. doi:10.1016/j.gaceta.2021.10.090
Lotfipur Rafsanjani SM, Ravari A, Ghorashi Z, et al. Effects of geranium aromatherapy massage on premenstrual syndrome: A clinical trial. Int J Prev Med. 2018;9:98
Uzunçakmak T, Ayaz Alkaya S. Effect of aromatherapy on coping with premenstrual syndrome: A randomized controlled trial. Complement Ther Med. 2018;36:63–67. doi:10.1016/j.ctim.2017.11.022
Demirhan A, Özdemir K. Nonpharmacologic methods used in the management of premenstrual syndrome: a systematic review of randomized controlled postgraduate theses. Sakarya Univ Holistic Health J. 2024;7(1):72–80
Turan N, Öztürk A, Kaya N. Hemşirelikte yeni bir sorumluluk alanı: Tamamlayıcı terapi. Maltepe Univ Nurs Sci Art J. 2010;3(1):103–108
Ariani D, Hartiningsih SS, Sabarudin U, Dane S. The effectiveness of combination effleurage massage and slow deep breathing technique to decrease menstrual pain in university students. J Res Med Dent Sci. 2020;8(3):79–84
Lailatun L. The effect of effleurage massage on reducing dysmenorrhea in adolescent girls in Sukarama Village, Cianjur Regency, Indonesia. Arkus. 2023;9(2):381–383
Azima S, Bakhshayesh HR, Kaviani M, Abbasnia K, Sayadi M. Comparison of the effect of massage therapy and isometric exercises on primary dysmenorrhea: A randomized controlled clinical trial. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol. 2015;28(6):486-491
Adiputri A, Darmiyanti NM, Candra IW. The effectiveness of lavender oil treatment using effleurage massage technique towards dysmenorrhea intensity of female students at Midwifery academy of Kartini Bali. Int J Res Med Sci. 2018;1886-1889
Vagedes J, Fazeli A, Boening A, et al. Efficacy of rhythmical massage in comparison to heart rate variability biofeedback in patients with dysmenorrhea: A randomized, controlled trial. Complement Ther Med. 2019;42:438-444. doi:10.1016/j.ctim.2018.11.009
Stephenson NL, Dalton JA. Using Reflexology for pain management: A review. J Holist Nurs. 2003;21:179-191
Yılmaz FA, Başer M. Effects of foot reflexology on dysmenorrhea: A randomized controlled trial. Cukurova Med J. 2019;44:54-60
Hasanpour M, Mohammadi MM, Shareinia H. Effects of reflexology on premenstrual syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Biopsychosoc Med. 2019;13:1-12
Vieira AK, Nagumo MT, Kuba G, et al. Effect of foot reflexology protocol on premenstrual syndrome symptoms in nursing students: A pre–post pilot study. Int J Ther Mass Bodywork. 2021;14(4):1
Doty E, Attaran M. Managing primary dysmenorrhea. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol. 2006;19(5):341-344
Çayır Y, Tanrıverdi EÇ. Kadın sağlığı ve hastalıklarında akupunktur. Dicle Tıp Dergisi. 2022;49(1):256-263
Shetty GB, Shetty B, Mooventhan A. Efficacy of acupuncture in the management of primary dysmenorrhea: A randomized controlled trial. J Acupunct Meridian Stud. 2018;11(4):153-158
Woo HL, Ji HR, Pak YK, et al. The efficacy and safety of acupuncture in women with primary dysmenorrhea: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore). 2018;97(23):e11007. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000011007
Armour M, Parry K, Al-Dabbas MA, et al. Self-care strategies and sources of knowledge on menstruation in 12,526 young women with dysmenorrhea: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2019;14(7):e0220103. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0220103
Duan G, Chen Y, Pang Y, et al. Altered fractional amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation in women with premenstrual syndrome via acupuncture at Sanyinjiao (SP6). Ann Gen Psychiatry. 2021;20(1):29. doi:10.1186/s12991-021-00349-z
Chen HM, Chen CH. Effects of acupressure at the Sanyinjiao point on primary dysmenorrhea. J Adv Nurs. 2004;48(4):380-387. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2648.2004.03236.x
Chen HM, Wang HH, Chiu MH, Hu HM. Effects of acupressure on menstrual distress and low back pain in dysmenorrheic young adult women: An experimental study. Pain Manag Nurs. 2015;16(3):188-197. doi:10.1016/j.pmn.2014.06.002
Selçuk AK, Yanikkerem E. Effect of acupressure on primary dysmenorrhea: Review of experimental studies. JAMS. 2021;14:33-49
Beal MW. Acupuncture and acupressure. Applications to women's reproductive health care. J Nurse Midwifery. 1999;44(3):217-230. doi:10.1016/s0091-2182(99)00054-0
Solt Kirca A, Kanza Gul D. Effects of acupressure and shower applied in the delivery on the intensity of labor pain and postpartum comfort. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2022;273:98-104. doi:10.1016/j.ejogrb.2022.04.018
Şolt Kirca A, Dolgun G. The effect of acupressure on menstrual pain. Int J Tradit Complement Med Res. 2022;3(2):71-81
Öztürk S. Premenstrual sendrom ile baş etmeye yönelik uygulanan akupresur ve mindfulness'ın premenstrual semptomlar ve yaşam kalitesi üzerine etkisi. Doktora Tezi. İnönü Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Malatya, 2023
Siminiuc R, Turcanu D. Impact of nutritional diet therapy on premenstrual syndrome. Front Nutr. 2023;10:1079417. doi:10.3389/fnut.2023.1079417
Bajalan Z, Alimoradi Z, Moafi F. Nutrition as a potential factor of primary dysmenorrhea: A systematic review of observational studies. Gynecol Obstet Invest. 2019;84(3):209-224. doi:10.1159/000495408
Erbil N, Değirmenci DM. The relationship between premenstrual syndrome and dietary habits and nutrients intake: Descriptive and analytical cross-sectional study. Clin Exp Health Sci. 2024;14:510-516. doi:10.33808/clinexphealthsci.1421123
Zendehdel M, Elyasi F. Biopsychosocial etiology of premenstrual syndrome: A narrative review. J Fam Med Prim Care. 2018;7:346-356
Green LJ, O’Brien PMS, Panay N, Craig M. On behalf of the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. Management of premenstrual syndrome. BJOG. 2017;124:e73-e105.
Hofmeister S, Bodden S. Premenstrual syndrome and premenstrual dysphoric disorder. Am Fam Physician. 2016;94:236-240
Fathizadeh N, Ebrahimi E, Valiani M, Tavakoli N, Yar MH. Evaluating the effect of magnesium and magnesium plus vitamin B6 supplement on the severity of premenstrual syndrome. Iran J Nurs Midwifery Res. 2010;15(Suppl 1):401-405
Abdi F, Ozgoli G, Rahnemaie FS. A systematic review of the role of vitamin D and calcium in premenstrual syndrome. Obstet Gynecol Sci. 2019;62(2):73-86. doi:10.5468/ogs.2019.62.2.73
Kaewrudee S, Kietpeerakool C, Pattanittum P, Lumbiganon P. Vitamin or mineral supplements for premenstrual syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018;(1):CD012933. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD012933
Karacin O, Mutlu I, Kose M, et al. Serum vitamin D concentrations in young Turkish women with primary dysmenorrhea: A randomized controlled study. Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol. 2018;57:58-63. doi:10.1016/j.tjog.2017.12.009
Heidari H, Amani R, Feizi A, et al. Vitamin D supplementation for premenstrual syndrome-related inflammation and antioxidant markers in students with vitamin D deficiency: A randomized clinical trial. Sci Rep. 2019;9(1):14939. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-51498-x
Kenda M, Glavač NK, Nagy M, Sollner Dolenc M, On Behalf Of The Oemonom. Herbal products used in menopause and for gynecological disorders. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland). 2021;26(24):7421. doi:10.3390/molecules26247421
Potur DC, Kömürcü N. Dismenore yönetiminde tamamlayıcı tedaviler. Hemşirelikte Eğitim ve Araştırma Dergisi. 2013;10(1):8-13
Farahmand M, Khalili D, Ramezani Tehrani F, Amin G, Negarandeh R. Effectiveness of Echium amoenum on premenstrual syndrome: A randomized, double-blind, controlled trial. BMC Complement Med Ther. 2020;20(1):295. doi:10.1186/s12906-020-03084-2
Farahmand M, Khalili D, Ramezani Tehrani F, Amin G, Negarandeh R. Could Anise decrease the intensity of premenstrual syndrome symptoms in comparison to placebo? A double-blind randomized clinical trial. J Complement Integr Med. 2020
Verkaik S, Kamperman AM, van Westrhenen R, Schulte PFJ. The treatment of premenstrual syndrome with preparations of Vitex agnus castus: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2017;217(2):150-166. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2017.02.028
Chen CX, Barrett B, Kwekkeboom KL. Efficacy of oral ginger (Zingiber officinale) for dysmenorrhea: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2016;2016:6295737. doi:10.1155/2016/6295737
Bilir E, Yıldız Ş, Yakın K, Ata B. The impact of dysmenorrhea and premenstrual syndrome on academic performance of college students, and their willingness to seek help. Turk J Obstet Gynecol. 2020;17(3):196
Oyardı G, Karakaş S. Üniversite öğrencilerinde primer dismenore ile baş etmede kullanılan geleneksel ve tamamlayıcı tedavi uygulamaları: Kesitsel çalışma. Turkiye Klinikleri J Nurs Sci. 2023;15(1)
