Gumboro Hastalığı
Özet
Enfeksiyöz bursal hastalık, daha çok 3-6 haftalık civcivleri etkileyen, bulaşıcı, ölümcül, immunosupresyon ve nefrozis ile karakterize ve tavuk endüstrisinde ciddi ekonomik kayıplara neden olan viral bir hastalıktır. Gumboro hastalığı, Infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) tarafından oluşmaktadır. IBDV akut ve subklinik formda seyreder. Akut formu, genellikle 3–6 haftalık tavuklarda görülür ve ani gelişen bir depresyon, letarji ve tüylerde kabarma, yüksek ateş, sulu beyaz ishal, poliüri, dehidrasyon görülür ve sonunda ölümle sonuçlanır. Bazı vakalarda bursa Fabriciusun aşırı büyür ve tavuklar kloakalarını gagalamaya çalışırlar. İkinci ve en yaygın görülen subklinik formda büyümede gerileme şekillenir. IBDV sindirim, konjuktiva ve solunum yoluyla bulaşır. Virus kümeslerde uzun süre (3-4 ay) canlı kalabilir. Küçük yem böcekleri vektör olarak görev yapar, köpek ve kediler enfekte karkas tüketimi ile mekanik taşıyıcı olabilirler. Morbidite, kümes-sürü hijyeni ve tavukların aşılı olup olmamasına, çevrede sirküle olan virusun virulansına bağlı olarak değişir ve bazı durumlarda %100’lere çıkabilir. Akut formda tavuklarda aşırı dehidrasyonla ilgili makroskobi gözlenir. Göğüs ile bacak kaslarında peteşiyal veya yaygın kanamalar meydana gelebilir. Hastalığın en karakteristik lezyonu kanamalı ve ödemli bir bursa Fabriciusdur. Bursa Fabriciusda ki lezyonların derecesi, virusun patojenitesine ve konağın bağışıklığına bağlı olarak değişir. Böbreklerde nefrozis sonucu değişen düzeyde büyüme, nekroz ve kanamalar nekropside gözlenir. Laboratuvar tanı, elektron mikroskobu, virus izolasyonu, serolojik ve virolojik yöntemlerle yapılır. Koruma ve kontrolde biyogüvenlik ve aşı uygulamaları önemlidir.
Referanslar
Adel A, Zanaty A, Mosaad Z, Selim K, Hagag NM, Badr M, Ellakany H, Shahien M, Samy A. Advancing IBDV diagnostics: a one-step multiplex real-time qRT-PCR for discriminating between vvIBDV and non-vvIBDV viruses, including the newly emerged IBDV variant. Front Vet Sci. 2024 Jul 18;11:1421153. doi: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1421153. PMID: 39091391; PMCID: PMC11293503.
Alfonso-Morales A, Rios L, Martínez-Pérez O, Dolz R, Valle R, Perera CL, Bertran K, Frías MT, Ganges L, Díaz de Arce H, Majó N, Núñez JI, Pérez LJ. Evaluation of a Phylogenetic Marker Based on Genomic Segment B of Infectious Bursal Disease Virus: Facilitating a Feasible Incorporation of this Segment to the Molecular Epidemiology Studies for this Viral Agent. PLoS One. 2015 May 6;10(5):e0125853. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0125853. PMID: 25946336; PMCID: PMC4422720.
Alkie TN, Rautenschlein S. Infectious bursal disease virus in poultry: current status and future prospects. Vet Med (Auckl). 2016 Jan 19;7:9-18. doi: 10.2147/VMRR.S68905. PMID: 30050833; PMCID: PMC6055793.
Brodrick AJ, Broadbent AJ. The Formation and Function of BirnaviridaeVirus Factories. Int J Mol Sci. 2023 May 9;24(10):8471. doi: 10.3390/ijms24108471. PMID: 37239817; PMCID: PMC10218678.
Damairia BA, Putri K, Wibowo MH. Examination of macroscopic and microscopic lesions in IBDV-infected organs and molecular characterization of IBDV VP1 gene fragments obtained from commercial broiler farms in Indonesia. Vet World. 2023 May;16(5):1061-1070. doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2023.1061-1070. Epub 2023 May 17. PMID: 37576752; PMCID: PMC10420711.
Franciosini MP, Davidson I. A walk through Gumboro disease. Poultry. 2022, 1, 229-242.
Dey S, Pathak DC, Ramamurthy N, Maity HK, Chellappa MM. Infectious bursal disease virus in chickens: prevalence, impact, and management strategies. Vet Med (Auckl). 2019 Aug 5;10:85-97. doi: 10.2147/VMRR.S185159. PMID: 31497527; PMCID: PMC6689097.
Fan L, Wu T, Hussain A, Gao Y, Zeng X, Wang Y, Gao L, Li K, Wang Y, Liu C, Cui H, Pan Q, Zhang Y, Liu Y, He H, Wang X, Qi X. Novel variant strains of infectious bursal disease virus isolated in China. Vet Microbiol. 2019 Mar; 230:212-220. doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.01.023. Epub 2019 Jan 29. PMID: 30827390.
Ganapathy K, Parthiban S. Pros and Cons on Use of Live Viral Vaccines in Commercial Chicken Flocks. Avian Dis. 2024 Jan;67(4):410-420. doi: 10.1637/aviandiseases-D-23-99998. PMID: 38300660.
Graziosi G, Catelli E, Fanelli A, Lupini C. Infectious bursal disease virus in free-living wild birds: A systematic review and meta-analysis of its sero-viroprevalence on a global scale. Transbound Emerg Dis. 2022 Sep;69(5):2800-2815. doi: 10.1111/tbed.14433. Epub 2021 Dec 29. PMID: 34918482.
Hein R, Koopman R, García M, Armour N, Dunn JR, Barbosa T, Martinez A. Review of Poultry Recombinant Vector Vaccines. Avian Dis. 2021 Sep;65(3):438-452. doi: 10.1637/0005-2086-65.3.438. PMID: 34699141.
Huang Y, Shu G, Huang C, Han J, Li J, Chen H, Chen Z. Characterization and pathogenicity of a novel variant infectious bursal disease virus in China. Front Microbiol. 2023 Mar 17;13:1039259. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1039259. PMID: 37008302; PMCID: PMC10064860.
Iván J, Velhner M, Ursu K, German P, Mató T, Drén CN, Mészáros J. Delayed vaccine virus replication in chickens vaccinated subcutaneously with an immune complex infectious bursal disease vaccine: quantification of vaccine virus by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Can J Vet Res. 2005 Apr;69(2):135-42. PMID: 15971678; PMCID: PMC1142181.
Jackwood DJ, Sreedevi B, LeFever LJ, Sommer-Wagner SE. Studies on naturally occuring infectious bursal disease viruses suggest that a single amino acid substitution at position 253 in VP2 increases pathogenicity. Virology 2008; 110-116.
Jiang N, Wang Y, Zhang W, Niu X, Huang M, Gao Y, Liu A, Gao L, Li K, Pan Q, Liu C, Zhang Y, Cui H, Wang X, Qi X. Genotyping and Molecular Characterization of Infectious Bursal Disease Virus Identified in Important Poultry-Raising Areas of China During 2019 and 2020. Front Vet Sci. 2021 Dec 1;8:759861. doi: 10.3389/fvets.2021.759861. PMID: 34926638; PMCID: PMC8671459.
Kurtbeyoğlu GA, Akan M. Molecular characterisation of IBDV isolates in Turkey revealed reassortant strains. Br Poult Sci. 2024 Dec;65(6):699-707. doi: 10.1080/00071668.2024.2379950. Epub 2024 Jul 30. PMID: 39076144.
Mahgoub H.A. An overview of infectious bursal disease. Arch Virol 2012; 157:2047-57.
Martin DP, Murrell B, Golden M, Khoosal A, Muhire B. RDP4: Detection and analysis of recombination patterns in virus genomes. Virus Evol. 2015 May 26;1(1):vev003. doi: 10.1093/ve/vev003. PMID: 27774277; PMCID: PMC5014473.
Müller H, Mundt E, Eterradossi N, Islam MR. Current status of vaccines against infectious bursal disease. Avian Pathol 2012. 41(2):133-139.
Negash T, al-Garib SO, Gruys E. Comparison of in ovo and post-hatch vaccination with particular reference to infectious bursal disease. A review. Vet Q. 2004 Jun;26(2):76-87. doi: 10.1080/01652176.2004.9695170. PMID: 15230052.
Peebles ED. In ovo applications in poultry: A review, Poult Sci. 2018 Jul 1;97(7):2322-2338. doi: 10.3382/ps/pey081. PMID: 29617899.
Saif YM. Control of infectious bursal disease virus by vaccination. Dev Biol (Basel). 2004;119:143-6. PMID: 15742625.
Setta A, Yehia N, Shaheen M, Shami A, Al-Saeed FA, Alsamghan A, Amin R, El-Saadony MT, El-Tarabily KA, Salem HM. Continuous clinicopathological and molecular recognition of very virulent infectious bursal disease virus in commercial broiler chickens. Poult Sci. 2024 Feb;103(2):103306. doi: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.103306. Epub 2023 Nov 20. PMID: 38228049; PMCID: PMC10823078.
Stoute ST, Jackwood DJ, Crossley BM, Michel LO, Blakey JR. Molecular epidemiology of endemic and very virulent infectious bursal disease virus genogroups in backyard chickens in California, 2009-2017. J Vet Diagn Invest. 2019 May;31(3):371-377. doi: 10.1177/1040638719842193. Epub 2019 Apr 4. PMID: 30943870; PMCID: PMC6838715.
Tanimura N. Pathological Changes and Pathogenic Mechanisms of Infectious Bursal Disease (IBD) in Chickens Infected with IBD Viruses of Different Pathogenicities. JARQ. 2022, 56 (1), 33-40. https://www.jircas.go.jp
Toroghi R,Kataria M,Verma KC,KatariaRS,TiwariAK.Aminoacidchangesinthevariable region of VP2 in three infectious bursal disease viruses with different virulence, originating from a common ancestor. Avian Pathol 2001; 30: 667-673.
Qin Y, Zheng SJ. Infectious Bursal Disease Virus-Host Interactions: Multifunctional Viral Proteins that Perform Multiple and Differing Jobs. Int J Mol Sci. 2017 Jan 14;18(1):161. doi: 10.3390/ijms18010161. PMID: 28098808; PMCID: PMC5297794.
Yang H, Ye C. Reverse genetics approaches for live-attenuated vaccine development of infectious bursal disease virus. Curr Opin Virol. 2020 Oct;44:139-144. doi: 10.1016/j.coviro.2020.08.001.
Yilmaz A, Turan N, Bayraktar E, Gurel A, Cizmecigil UY, Aydin O, Bamac OE, Cecchinato M, Franzo G, Tali HE, Cakan B, Savic V, Richt JA, Yilmaz H. Phylogeny and evolution of infectious bursal disease virus circulating in Turkish broiler flocks. Poult Sci. 2019 May 1;98(5):1976-1984. doi: 10.3382/ps/pey551. PMID: 30668778; PMCID: PMC6448131.
Zhang W, Wang X, Gao Y, Qi X. The Over-40-Years-Epidemic of Infectious Bursal Disease Virus in China. Viruses. 2022 Oct 14;14(10):2253. doi: 10.3390/v14102253. PMID: 36298808; PMCID: PMC9607638
Zhang T, Wang S, Liu Y, Qi X, Gao Y. Advances on adaptive immune responses affected by infectious bursal disease virus in chicken. Front Immunol. 2024 Jan 10;14:1330576. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1330576. PMID: 38268928; PMCID: PMC10806451.
Zhou L, Zheng SJ. The Roles of MicroRNAs (miRNAs) in Avian Response to Viral Infection and Pathogenesis of Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases. Int J Mol Sci. 2019 Nov 1;20(21):5454. doi: 10.3390/ijms20215454. PMID: 31683847; PMCID: PMC6862082.
