Avian İnfluenza
Özet
AI, Ortomyxoviridae ailesine ait RNA karakterinde genetik materyal taşıyan İnfluenza A viruslarının kanatlılarda yaptığı solunum ve sinir sitemini etkileyen bulaşıcı bir enfeksiyondur. Göçmen kuşlar virusun doğal rezervuarıdır, hastalığın yayılmasında önemli bir vektör olup,virusu uzak mesafelere taşırlar ve hastalık bu kuşlarda genellikle semptomsuz seyreder. İnfluenza A virusları, HPAI ve LPAI virusları olmak üzere iki patotipe ayrılır. HPAI patotipleri, hızlı yayılma ve yüksek ölüm oranlarıyla ilişkilidir ve kanatlı yetiştiriciliği yapılan bölgelerde büyük ekonomik kayıplara yol açar. LPAI patotipleri genellikle asemptomatik seyreder, ancak zamanla mutasyona uğrayarak yüksek patojenik formlara dönüşebilir. Ülkelerarası artan ticaret ve yaban kuşlarının göç hareketleri, AI’nın yayılmasını hızlandıran faktörlerdir. Dünya çapında etkisini gösteren HPAI salgınları et ve yumurta yönlü yetiştirme başta olmak üzere kanatlı hayvan yetiştiriciliğinde ciddi boyutlarda ekonomik kayıplara neden olmaktadır. Klinik ve nekropsi bulguları, hastalığın şiddetinin ve patojenitesinin anlaşılması için önemlidir ve teşhis sürecinde virusun yayılımının kontrol altına alınmasında kritik bir öneme sahiptir. Kesin teşhis virus izolasyonu, serolojik testler ve moleküler tanı yöntemleriyle yapılır. HPAI salgınlarında hastalığın yayılmasını kontrol altına almak için itlaf ve karantina işlemleri, LPAI vakalarında ise genellikle destekleyici ve sekonder enfeksiyonları önleyici tedaviler uygulanır. Hastalığın kontrol altına alınması, biyogüvenlik önlemlerinin sıkı uygulanması, sürveyans programları, aşılama stratejileri ve karantina uygulamaları ile sağlanabilir. Virusun bazı alt tiplerinin zoonoz özelliği, insan popülasyonuna adaptasyonu ve pandemik bir tehdit haline gelme riski, küresel sağlık güvenliği açısından son derece önemlidir.
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