Avian Metapneumovirus ve Diğer Paramyxovirus (2-15a, 15b ve 17) Enfeksiyonları
Özet
Avian Metapneumovirus (aMPV) hindi, tavuk ve ördeklerin üst solunum yolu hastalığına ve üreme bozukluklarına neden olan önemli bir viral patojendir. Etken direkt temas veya solunum yoluyla bulaşır. Ancak, kontamine su, ekipman, çiftliklere yem sağlayan yem kamyonları ve insanların hareketliliği ile de bulaşma gerçekleşmektedir. Göçmen kuşlar virusun yayılmasında önemli bir rol oynar. Enfekte sürülerde, gözyaşı akıntısı, konjunktivitis, mukopürülant burun akıntısı, tıkalı burun delikleri, şişmiş infraorbital sinüsler, rinitis, sinüzitis, trakealarda çok miktarda mukus, perikarditis, hava kesesi iltihabı, yem tüketiminde azalma gibi klinik bulgular görülür. Yumurta kanalı yangısı, yumurta kanalında katlanmış kabuk zarları, şekilsiz yumurtalar, yumurtalık ve yumurta kanalı gerilmesi, koyulaşmış albümin ve katı yumurta sarısı gibi çeşitli anomaliler gözlenir. Hastalığın tanısında virus izolasyonu, serolojik ve moleküler yöntemler kullanılmaktadır. Hastalıktan korunma amacıyla hem attenüe hem de inaktif aMPV aşıları, hindi ve tavuklarda kullanılmaktadır.
Tüm avian paramyxoviruslar, tek zincirli negatif-polariteli RNA genomu içeren zarflı viruslar olan Paramyxoviridae ailesi, Avulavirinae alt ailesi, Metaavulavirus, Orthoavulavirus ve Paraavulavirus cinsine aittir. Virion çapı 100-500 nm arasındadır. Viral glikoproteinler virusun yüzeyini kaplar ve yaklaşık 8 nm uzunluğundadır. APMV'ler glikozile edilmiş proteinler içeren bir viral zarfla çevrili tek zincirli bir RNA’dan oluşur. APMV 2–15a, 15b ve 17 çeşitli kanatlılardan izole edilmiştir. APMV'lerin doğal kaynağı yabani kuşlardır. Tavuk ve hindilerde deneysel enfeksiyonlarda klinik belirti saptanmamıştır. APMV'lerin bulaşma yolu, feko-oral yol ve solunum yoludur, taşıyıcıların ve vektörlerin rolü bilinmemektedir. APMV’lerin izolasyonu için genellikle 9-11 günlük embriyolu tavuk yumurtalarının allantoik boşluk, amniyon kesesi (APMV-5) veya yumurta sarısına ekimi ile gerçekleştirilir. Virus izolatları elektron mikroskobu ile tanımlanabilir. Serolojik tanıda, bilinen APMV serotip spesifik antijenleri veya antiserumlarla HI testi kullanılır. Ayrıca moleküler tanı testleri tanıda kullanılır. Genelde diğer viral enfeksiyonlarda olduğu gibi bu enfeksiyonlarda da tedavi bulunmamaktadır. Koruma ve kontrolde etken girişini önlemek için karantina yönetim programı ile biyogüvenlik uygulamaları önemlidir. APMV-1 dışındaki APMV enfeksiyonlarına aşı çalışmaları az sayıda mevcuttur. APMV-3 enfeksiyonuna karşı lisanslı yağ emülsiyon aşıları Avrupa ve Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'nde birkaç yıldır kullanılmaktadır.
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