Kanatlı Tüberkülozu
Özet
Kanatlı tüberkülozu, insanlarda, sığırlarda ve diğer hayvanlarda görülebilen, kronik granülomatöz bakteriyel zoonoz bir enfeksiyondur. Dünya Hayvan Sağlığı Örgütü'nün B Listesi'nde yer alır. Hastalığa Mycobacterium avium kompleks, M. tuberculosis, M. genavense, M. intracellulare ve M. gordonae neden olur. Bulaşma, dışkı ile kontamine olmuş çevresel materyallerin oral yolla alınmasıyla gerçekleşir. Hastalık, genellikle olumsuz koşullarında yetiştirilen ileri yaşlı kanatlılarda ortaya çıkar ve kilo kaybı, kondisyon düşüşü, yumurta üretiminde azalma ve ölümle sonuçlanabilir. İnsanlara bulaşma, doğal direnç, bağışıklık durumu, etkene maruz kalma sıklığı ve bakterinin miktarı gibi faktörlere bağlıdır. Tanı, iç organlardaki nodüllerin bakteriyoskopik ve histopatolojik incelenmesiyle aside dirençli basillerin tespitine dayanır. Kanatlılarda tüberkülozun kontrolü, etkilenen hayvanların ve ekipmanların ortadan kaldırılmasını gerektirir. Ticari sürülerde görülme sıklığı azalmıştır. Ancak küçük ölçekli çiftliklerde ve hobi amaçlı yetiştirilen hayvanlarda sporadik olarak rastlanır.
Referanslar
Barrow P, Nair V, Baigent S, Atterbury R, Clark M. Poultry Health: A Guide for Professionals, Oxford: CAB International; 2021. p. 92-94.
Boughton E. Tuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium avium. Veterinary Bulletin. 1969; 39:457-465.
Boulianne M. Avian Disease Manual, 7th ed. Florida: American Association of Avian Pathologists; 2012. p. 77-79.
Cheville NF, Richards WD. The influence ofthymic and bursal lymphoid systems in avian tuberculosis. American Journal of Pathology. 1971; 64:-97-122.
Doneley B. Avian Medicine and Surgery in Practice Companion and Aviary Birds, Florida: CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group; 2016. p. 243-245.
Engbaek HC, Runyon EH, Karlson AG. Mycobacterium avium Chester: designation of the neotype strain. International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology. 1971; 21:193-196.
Feldman WH. Avian Tuberculosis Infections. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins; 1938.
Fitch CP, Lubbenhusen RE. Completed experiments to determine whether avian tuberculosis can be transmitted through eggs of tuberculous fowls. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 1928; 72:636–649.
Hannon DE, Bemis DE, Garner MM. Mycobacterium marinum infec- tion in a blue-fronted amazon parrot (Amazona aestiva), The Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery. 2012; 26(4):239–247.
Mangione EJ, Huitt G, Lenaway D, et al: Nontuberculous mycobac- terial disease following hot tub exposure, Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2001; 7(6): 1039–1042.
Meissner G, Viallier J, Coullioud D. Identification serologique de 1590 souches de Mycobacterium avium isolees en France et en Allamagne Federale. Annals of Microbiology (Institute Pasteur). 1978; 129A:131-137.
Mijs W, de Haas P, Rossau R, Van Der Laan T, Rigouts L, Portaels F, van Soolingen D. Molecular evidence to support a proposal to reserve the designation Mycobacterium avium subsp. avium for bird-type isolates and "M. avium subsps. hominissuis" for the human/porcine type of M. avium. The International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 2002; 52:1505-1518.
Miwa S, Shirai M, Toyoshima M, Shirai T, Yasuda K, Yokomura K, Yamada T, Masuda M, Inui N, Chida K, Suda T, Hayakawa H: Efficacy of clarithromycin and ethambutol for mycobacterium avium complex pulmonary disease: a preliminary study, Annals of the American Thoracic Society. 2014; 11(1):23–39.
Palmieri C, Roy P, Dhillion AS, Shivaprasad HL. Avian mycobacteriosis in psiattacines: a retrospective study of 123 cases, The Journal of Comparative Pathology. 2013; 148(203): 126–138.
Peavy GM, Silverman S, Howard EB., Cooper RS, Rich LJ, Thomas GN. Pulmonary tuberculosis in a sulfur-crested cockatoo. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 1976; 69:915-919.
Poland G, Raftery A. Manual of Backyard Poultry Medicine and Surgery, BSAVA; 2019. p.194.
Ritchie BW, Harrison GJ, Harrison LR. Avian Medicine: Principles and Application. Florida: Wingers Publishing, Inc.; 1994. p. 971-975.
Samour J. Avian Medicine, 3rd ed. Missouri: Elsevier Ltd.; 2016. p. 453-456.
Saxegaard F, Baess I. Relationship between Mycobacterium avium, Mycobacterium paratuberculosis and “wood pigeon mycobacteria.” Determinations by DNA-DNA hybridization, APMIS Journal of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology. 1988; 96:37–42.
Schalk A, Roderick LM, Fousr HL, Harshfield GS.. Avian tuberculosis: collected studies. North Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station Technical Bulletin: 1935; 279.
Sharma RN, Sharma N. Avian Payhology A Colour Handbook. New Delhi: New India Publishing Agency; 2020. p. 69-89.
Slany M, Ulmann V, Slana I. Avian mycobacteriosis: still existing threat to humans. BioMed Research International. 2016; 4387461.
Speer BL. Current Therapy in Avian Medicine and Surgery, 1st ed. Missouri: Elsevier Ltd.; 2016. p. 94-98.
Swayne DE. Diseases of Poultry. 14th ed., NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2020. p. 64, 1030-1043, 1049, 1053.
Tell LA, Leutenegger CM, Larsen RS, Agnew DW, Keener L, Needham M L, Rideout BA. Real-time polymerase chain reaction testing for the detection of Mycobacterium genavense and Mycobacterium avium Complex species in avian samples. Avian Diseases. 2003a; 47:1406-1415.
Tell LA, Woods AL, Foley J, Needham ML, Walker RL. Diagnosis of mycobacteriosis: comparison of culture, acid-fast stains, and polymerase chain reaction for the identification of Mycobacterium avium in experimentally inoculated Japanese quail (Coturnixjaponica). Avian Diseases. 2003b; 47:444-452.
Tell LA, Woods L, Cromie RL: Mycobacteriosis in birds, Revue Scientifique et Technique - Office International des Epizooties 2001; 20(1):180–203.
Turenne CY, Wallace RJr, Behr MA. Mycobacterium avium in the postgenomic era. Clinical Microbiology Review. 2007; 20:205–229.
Van Der Heyden N. New Strategies in the treatment of avian myco- bacteriosis, Seminars in Avian and Exotic Pet Medicine. 1997; 6(1):25–33.
Van Der Heyden N: Clinical manifestations of mycobacteriosis in pet birds, Seminars in Avian and Exotic Pet Medicine. 1997; 6:18–24.
Wagner D, Young LS. Nontuberculous mycobacterial infections: a clinical review. Infection. 2004;32:257–270.
WOAH. OIE Terrestrial Manual 2024. Chapter 3.3.6. – Avian tuberculosis 2024. (20 Ocak 2025 tarihinde https://www.woah.org/fileadmin/Home/fr/Health_standards/tahm/3.03.06_AVIAN_TB.pdf adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
Wolinsky E, Schaefer WB. Proposed numbering scheme for mycobacterial serotypes by agglutination. International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology, 1973; 23:182-183.
Zavala LD. A Laboratory Manual for the Isolation, Identification and Characterization of Avian Pathogens, 5th ed. Georgia: American Association of Avian Pathologists, Inc.; 2008.
