Lokal Anestezik Sistemik Toksisitesi

Weinberg G, Barron G. Local Anesthetic Systemic Toxicity (LAST): Not Gone, Hopefully Not Forgotten. Regional anesthesia and pain medicine; 2016; 41(1), 1–2.

Mörwald EE, Zubizarreta N, Cozowicz C, et.al. Incidence of Local Anesthetic Systemic Toxicity in Orthopedic Patients Receiving Peripheral Nerve Blocks. Regional anesthesia and pain medicine;2017; 42(4), 442–445.

Macfarlane AJR, Gitman M, Bornstein KJ, et.al. Updates in our understanding of local anaesthetic systemic toxicity: a narrative review. Anaesthesia;2021; 76 Suppl 1, 27–39.

Catterall WA. Voltage-gated sodium channels at 60: structure, function and pathophysiology. The Journal of physiology; 2012; 590(11), 2577–2589.

Anell-Olofsson M, Ahmadi S, Lönnqvist PA, et.al. Plasma concentrations of alpha-1-acid glycoprotein in preterm and term newborns: influence of mode of delivery and implications for plasma protein binding of local anaesthetics. British journal of anaesthesia; 2018; 121(2), 427–431.

Paqueron X, Boccara G, Bendahou M, et.al. Brachial plexus nerve block exhibits prolonged duration in the elderly. Anesthesiology; 2002; 97(5), 1245–1249.

Pere PJ, Ekstrand A, Salonen M, et.al. Pharmacokinetics of ropivacaine in patients with chronic renal failure. British journal of anaesthesia; 2011; 106(4), 512–521.

Jokinen MJ, Neuvonen PJ, Lindgren L, et al. Pharmacokinetics of ropivacaine in patients with chronic end-stage liver disease. Anesthesiology; 2007; 106(1):43-55.

Tucker GT, Mather LE. Clinical pharmacokinetics of local anaesthetics. Clinical pharmacokinetics; 1979; 4(4), 241–278.

Rahiri J, Tuhoe J, Svirskis D, et.al. Systematic review of the systemic concentrations of local anaesthetic after transversus abdominis plane block and rectus sheath block. British journal of anaesthesia;2017; 118(4), 517–526.

Lirk P, Picardi S, Hollmann MW. Local anaesthetics: 10 essentials. European journal of anaesthesiology; 2014; 31(11), 575–585.

Covino BG. Toxicity and Systemic Effects of Local Anesthetic Agents. In: Strichartz, G.R. (eds) Local Anesthetics. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, vol 81. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. 1987.

Gadsden J. Local anesthetics: clinical pharmacology and rational selection. Carrera A, Clark TB, Gadsden J, et al, associate editors. Hadzic’s Peripheral nerve blocks and anatomy for ultrasound-guided regional anesthesia. 2012. 2nd ed. McGraw-Hill, 29-40.

Rosenberg PH, Veering BT, & Urmey WF. Maximum recommended doses of local anesthetics: a multifactorial concept. Regional Anesthesia & Pain Medicine; 2004; 29(6), 564-575.

Corvetto MA, Echevarría GC, De La Fuente N, et.al. Comparison of plasma concentrations of levobupivacaine with and without epinephrine for transversus abdominis plane block. Regional Anesthesia & Pain Medicine; 2012; 37(6), 633-637.

El-Boghdadly K, Chin KJ. Local anesthetic systemic toxicity: continuing professional development. Canadian Journal of Anesthesia; 2016; 63(3), 330.

Norris MC, Fogel ST, Dalman H, et.al. Labor epidural analgesia without an intravascular" test dose". Anesthesiology; 1998; 88(6), 1495-1501.

Di Gregorio G, Neal JM, Rosenquist RW, et.al. Clinical presentation of local anesthetic systemic toxicity: a review of published cases, 1979 to 2009. Regional Anesthesia & Pain Medicine; 2010; 35(2), 181-187.

Barrington MJ, Kluger R. Ultrasound guidance reduces the risk of local anesthetic systemic toxicity following peripheral nerve blockade. Regional anesthesia & pain medicine; 2013; 38(4), 289-299.

Polaner DM, Taenzer AH, Walker BJ, et.al. Pediatric Regional Anesthesia Network (PRAN): a multi-institutional study of the use and incidence of complications of pediatric regional anesthesia. Anesthesia & Analgesia; 2012; 115(6), 1353-1364.

Vasques F, Behr AU, Weinberg G, et.al. A review of local anesthetic systemic toxicity cases since publication of the American Society of Regional Anesthesia Recommendations: to whom it may concern. Regional Anesthesia & Pain Medicine; 2015; 40(6), 698-705.

Wheeler DM, Bradley EL, & Woods Jr WT. The electrophysiologic actions of lidocaine and bupivacaine in the isolated, perfused canine heart. Anesthesiology; 1988; 68(2), 201-212.

Neal JM, Neal EJ, Weinberg GL. American Society of regional anesthesia and pain medicine local anesthetic systemic toxicity checklist: 2020 version. Regional Anesthesia & Pain Medicine; 2021; 46(1), 81-82.

Hoegberg LC, Bania TC, Lavergne V, et.al. Systematic review of the effect of intravenous lipid emulsion therapy for local anesthetic toxicity. Clinical toxicology; 2016; 54(3), 167-193.