Farmasötik Preparat Analizlerinde Kullanılan Bazı Ekstraksiyon Yöntemleri
Özet
İlaçlar, günümüzde insan sağlığının korunmasında ve hastalıkların önlenmesinde oldukça önemli farmasötik preparatlardır. İlaçların sayısındaki artış ve sektördeki gelişmeler analizlerini önemli kılmaktadır. Genelde farmasötik preparat analiz süreci dört aşamadan oluşmaktadır. Bunlar; örnek elde etme, örneği analize hazırlama, analiz ve sonuçların kaydedilmesi şeklindedir. Analiz öncesi en önemli basamak şüphesiz ki analitin bulunduğu matristen ayırımını içeren ekstraksiyon basamağıdır. Analitin bulunduğu matris çok karmaşık olabilir ve analit eser miktarda olabilir. Bu yüzden ekstraksiyon basamağı uygulanacak analitik yöntemin doğruluğunu ve hassaslığını kısmen belirleyen kritik bir adımdır. Çevreci ve akıllı analiz yöntemlerine artan ilgiyle birlikte minyatürleştirilmiş, düşük maliyetli ve yüksek verimli numune hazırlama teknikleri ortaya çıkmıştır. Bu yöntemlerden bazıları; katı faz ekstraksiyon, katı faz mikroekstraksiyon, elektromembran ekstraksiyon, ultrason destekli ekstraksiyon, karıştırma çubuğu sorbtif ekstraksiyon, tek damla sıvı faz mikroekstraksiyon ve manyetik katı faz ekstraksiyon yöntemleridir. Yöntemlerin seçimi yapılırken hedef analitin veya bulunduğu matrisin hangi fazda olduğu önemlidir. Katı faz mikroekstraksiyon yönteminde sulu fazdaki preparatlar için özel tertibatlı şırınga sistemi kullanılmaktadır. Karıştırma çubuğu sorbtif ekstraksiyon yöntemi ise katı faz mikroekstraksiyon yönteminden farklı olarak daha fazla adsorban yüzeye sahip bir yöntemdir. Ultrason destekli ekstraksiyon yöntemi katı fazdaki preparatların ekstraksiyonunda kullanılmaktadır. Tek damla sıvı faz mikroekstraksiyon yöntemi analitin organik akseptör faza alınarak analizinin yapılabildiği bir yöntemdir. Nano malzemelerin kullanıldığı manyetik katı faz ekstraksiyon yönteminde manyetik adsorbanlar geri kazanılıp yeniden kullanılabilmektedir. Elektromembran ekstraksiyon yöntemi ise elektrik alanı kullanılarak kısa sürede kütle transferi sağlayan bir yöntemdir. Yeşil kimya uygulamaları ve teknolojik gelişmeler dikkate alındığında tek damla sıvı faz mikroekstraksiyon ve elektromembran ekstraksiyon yöntemlerinin kullanımlarının daha da önem kazanacağı öngörülmektedir.
Nowadays, drugs are crucial pharmaceutical preparations for preserving human health and averting illnesses. The study of these preparations is crucial due to the rise in the number of drugs and advancements in the industry. In general, the pharmaceutical preparation analysis process consists of four stages. These include collecting the sample, preparing, doing the analysis, and documenting the results. The most important step before analysis is the extraction step, which involves separating the analyte from the matrix. The analyte may be present in small amounts and the matrix in which it is found may be extremely complex. The step of extraction is crucial since it influences the sensitivity and accuracy of the analytical technique that will be used. Miniaturized, inexpensive, and high-yield sample preparation procedures have arisen in response to growing interest in intelligent and ecologically friendly analysis methods. These techniques include stir bar sorbtive extraction, single drop liquid phase microextraction, solid phase extraction, solid phase microextraction, electromembrane extraction, ultrasound-assisted extraction, and magnetic solid phase extraction techniques. Which phase the target analyte or matrix is in is crucial when selecting the procedures. In solid phase microextraction, a specialized syringe mechanism is employed. The stir bar sorptive extraction method is a method with more adsorbent surface than the solid phase microextraction method. Solid phase preparations are extracted using the ultrasound-assisted extraction technique. The analyte is delivered straight to the analysis equipment after being placed in the organic acceptor phase using the single drop microextraction technique. Magnetic adsorbents can be recovered and repurposed in the magnetic solid phase extraction process that uses nanoparticles. With the use of an electric field, the electromembrane extraction process transfers mass quickly. Electromembrane extraction and single drop liquid phase microextraction techniques are expected to gain importance due to technology advancements and green chemistry applications.
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