Corticosteroids

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Oakley RH, Cidlowski JA. The biology of the glucocorticoid receptor: new signalling mechanisms in health and disease. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2013;132(5):1033-1044.

Buttgereit F, Scheffold A. Rapid glucocorticoid effects on immune cells. Steroids. 2002;67(6):529-534.

Stahn C, Buttgereit F. Genomic and nongenomic effects of glucocorticoids. Nat Clin Pract Rheumatol. 2008;4(10):525-533.

Hafezi-Moghadam A, et al. Acute cardiovascular protective effects of corticosteroids are mediated by non-transcriptional activation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase. Nat Med. 2002;8(5):473-479.

Limbourg FP, Liao JK. Nontranscriptional actions of the glucocorticoid receptor. J Mol Med (Berl). 2003;81(3):168-174.

Fardet L, et al. Risk of cardiovascular events in people prescribed glucocorticoids with iatrogenic Cushing's syndrome: cohort study. BMJ. 2012;345:e4928.

Schäcke H, et al. Mechanisms involved in the side effects of glucocorticoids. Pharmacol Ther. 2002;96(1):23-43.

Goodwin JE, Geller DS. Glucocorticoid-induced hypertension. Paediatr Nephrol. 2012;27(7):1059-1066.

Souverein PC, et al. Use of oral glucocorticoids and risk of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease in a population based case-control study. Heart. 2004;90(8):859-865.

Clore JN, Thurby-Hay L. Glucocorticoid-induced hyperglycaemia. Endocr Pract. 2009;15(5):469-474.

Wei L, et al. Taking glucocorticoids by prescription is associated with subsequent cardiovascular disease. Ann Intern Med. 2004;141(10):764-770.

Iuchi T, et al. Glucocorticoid excess induces superoxide production in vascular endothelial cells and elicits vascular endothelial dysfunction. Circ Res. 2003;92(1):81-87.

Roubille C, et al. The effects of tumour necrosis factor inhibitors, methotrexate, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and corticosteroids on cardiovascular events in rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2015;74(3):480-489.

Sholter DE, Armstrong PW. Adverse effects of corticosteroids on the cardiovascular system. Can J Cardiol. 2000;16(4):505-511.

Van Zaane B, et al. Systematic review on the effect of glucocorticoid use on procoagulant, anti-coagulant and fibrinolytic factors. J Thromb Haemost. 2010;8(11):2483-2493.

Geer EB, et al. Effects of glucose and insulin on human vascular smooth muscle cell function. Endocrinology. 2005;146(10):4397-4405.

Berger C, et al. Glucocorticoid therapy and the risk of heart failure in rheumatoid arthritis: a population-based cohort study. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2016;68(5):1089-1096.

Pujades-Rodriguez M, et al. Socioeconomic deprivation and the incidence of 12 cardiovascular diseases in 1.9 million women and men: implications for risk prediction and prevention. PLoS One. 2014;9(8):e104671.

Sarhan M, et al. Glucocorticoid-induced long QT syndrome. Am J Ther. 2016;23(1):e247-e250.

Kanda M, et al. Glucocorticoid-induced QT-interval prolongation. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1983;34(1):155-157.

Haviv YS, et al. Sudden cardiac death in patients treated with high-dose steroids. Chest. 2000;118(6):1115-1118.

Hsieh MJ, et al. Glucocorticoid-induced long QT syndrome: case report and review of the literature. Endocr Pract. 2006;12(3):351-354.

Christiansen CF, et al. Glucocorticoid use and risk of atrial fibrillation or flutter: a population-based, case-control study. Arch Intern Med. 2009;169(18):1677-1683.

White KP, et al. Severe adverse cardiovascular effects of pulse steroid therapy: is continuous cardiac monitoring necessary? Chest. 1994;106(4):1058-1062.

Hoes JN, et al. EULAR evidence-based recommendations on the management of systemic glucocorticoid therapy in rheumatic diseases. Ann Rheum Dis. 2007;66(12):1560-1567.

Duru N, et al. EULAR evidence-based and consensus-based recommendations on the management of medium to high-dose glucocorticoid therapy in rheumatic diseases. Ann Rheum Dis. 2013;72(12):1905-1913.

Mancia G, et al. 2013 ESH/ESC Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension. J Hypertens. 2013;31(7):1281-1357.

Arnaldi G, et al. Diagnosis and complications of Cushing's syndrome: a consensus statement. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003;88(12):5593-5602.

American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes--2021. Diabetes Care. 2021;44(Suppl 1):S1-S232.

Patrono C, et al. Antiplatelet agents for the treatment and prevention of coronary atherothrombosis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017;70(14):1760-1776.

Piepoli MF, et al. 2016 European Guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice. Eur Heart J. 2016;37(29):2315-2381.

Crook MA. Management of severe hypokalaemia. Clin Med (Lond). 2012;12(3):295-297.

Drew BJ, et al. Prevention of torsade de pointes in hospital settings: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association and the American College of Cardiology Foundation. Circulation. 2010;121(8):1047-1060.

Lang RM, et al. Recommendations for cardiac chamber quantification by echocardiography in adults: an update from the American Society of Echocardiography and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2015;28(1):1-39.e14.

Wehling M. Specific, nongenomic actions of steroid hormones. Annu Rev Physiol. 1997;59:365-393.

Liu D, et al. A practical guide to the monitoring and management of the complications of systemic corticosteroid therapy. Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol. 2013;9(1):30.

Funder JW. Mineralocorticoid receptor activation and oxidative stress. Hypertension. 2007;50(5):840-841.

Arriza JL, et al. Cloning of human mineralocorticoid receptor complementary DNA: structural and functional kinship with the glucocorticoid receptor. Science. 1987;237(4812):268-275.

Oakley RH, Cidlowski JA. Glucocorticoid signalling in the heart: A cardiomyocyte perspective. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2015;153:27-34.

Iuchi T, et al. Glucocorticoid excess induces superoxide production in vascular endothelial cells and elicits vascular endothelial dysfunction. Circ Res. 2003;92(1):81-87.

Geer EB, et al. MRI assessment of the effects of exogenous glucocorticoids on cardiac mass and function. J Endocr Soc. 2017;1(3):196-206.

Ren R, et al. Glucocorticoid receptor-mediated regulation of sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase expression in the heart. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2012;364(1-2):97-103.

Sato A, et al. Glucocorticoid induces the expression of mRNA and the secretion of ANP in atrial myocyte culture. Am J Physiol. 1996;270(1 Pt 1):E106-E114.

Yang PC, et al. A computational model predicts adjunctive pharmacotherapy for cardiac safety via selective inhibition of the late cardiac Na current. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 2016;99:151-161.

Wang L, et al. Glucocorticoids induce arrhythmias in the guinea pig heart. Circ Res. 1999;84(8):955-963.

Ouvrard-Pascaud A, et al. Conditional mineralocorticoid receptor expression in the heart leads to life-threatening arrhythmias. Circulation. 2005;111(23):3025-3033.

Brem AS. Electrolyte disorders associated with respiratory distress syndrome and bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Clin Perinatol. 1992;19(1):223-232.

Banai S, Tzivoni D. Drug therapy for torsade de pointes. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 1993;4(2):206-210.

Sato A, et al. Glucocorticoid increases angiotensin II type 1 receptor and its gene expression. Hypertension. 1994;23(1):25-30.

De Jong S, et al. Fibrosis and cardiac arrhythmias. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 2011;57(6):630-638.

Giugliano GR, et al. The effects of chronic prednisone therapy on vasculature. Vasc Med. 2003;8(4):229-234.

Zhang Y, et al. Chronic glucocorticoid exposure activates BK channel through cAMP/PKA signalling pathway in rat ventricular myocytes. Cell Physiol Biochem. 2018;47(2):871-882.

Lazzerini PE, et al. Systemic inflammation and arrhythmic risk: lessons from rheumatoid arthritis. Eur Heart J. 2017;38(22):1717-1727.

Giles TD, Sander GE. Diabetes mellitus and heart failure: basic mechanisms, clinical features, and therapeutic considerations. Cardiol Clin. 2004;22(4):553-568.