Juvenile Sarcoidosis

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Gedalia A, Khan TA, Shetty AK et al. Childhood sarcoidosis: Louisiana experience. Clinical rheumatology. 2016;35(7):1879-1884. doi:10.1007/s10067-015-2870-9.

Burton DA, Kapur S, Shapiro SR, et al. Fulminant cardiac sarcoidosis in childhood. The American journal of cardiology. 1986;58(1):177-178. doi:10.1016/0002-9149(86)90269-9.

Duke C, Rosenthal E. Sudden death caused by cardiac sarcoidosis in childhood. Journal of cardiovascular electrophysiology. 2002;13(9):939-942. doi:10.1046/j.1540-8167.2002.00939.x.

Ungprasert P, Crowson CS, Matteson EL. Epidemiology and clinical characteristics of sarcoidosis: an update from a population-based cohort study from Olmsted County, Minnesota. Reumatismo. 2017;69(1):16-22. Published 2017 May 22. doi:10.4081/reumatismo.2017.965.

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Thomeer M, Demedts M, Wuyts W. Epidemiology of sarcoidosis. In: Drent M, Costabel U, editors. European Respiratory Monograph. Vol. 32. Sarcoidosis; Sep, 2005. pp. 13–22.

Nathan N, Sileo C, Calender A, et al. Paediatric sarcoidosis. Paediatric respiratory reviews. 2019;29:53-59. doi:10.1016/j.prrv.2018.05.003.

Matsuda T, Kambe N, Ueki Y, et al. Clinical characteristics and treatment of 50 cases of Blau syndrome in Japan confirmed by genetic analysis of the NOD2 mutation. Annals of the rheumatic diseases. 2020;79(11):1492-1499. doi:10.1136/annrheumdis-2020-217320.

Kaufman KP, Becker ML. Distinguishing Blau Syndrome from Systemic Sarcoidosis. Current allergy and asthma reports. 2021;21(2):10. Published 2021 Feb 9. doi:10.1007/s11882-021-00991-3.

Naruse TK, Matsuzawa Y, Ota M, et al. HLA-DQB1*0601 is primarily associated with the susceptibility to cardiac sarcoidosis. Tissue Antigens. 2000;56(1):52-57. doi:10.1034/j.1399-0039.2000.560107.x.

Adrianto I, Lin CP, Hale JJ, et al. Genome-wide association study of African and European Americans implicates multiple shared and ethnic specific loci in sarcoidosis susceptibility [published correction appears in PLoS One. 2013;8(9). doi:10.1371/annotation/800aa394-fb39-471b-b5c5-b648079921a4]. PLoS One. 2012;7(8):e43907. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0043907.

Hofmann S, Fischer A, Nothnagel M, et al. Genome-wide association analysis reveals 12q13.3-q14.1 as new risk locus for sarcoidosis. The European respiratory journal. 2013;41(4):888-900. doi:10.1183/09031936.00033812.

Song GG, Kim JH, Lee YH. Associations between TNF-α -308 A/G and lymphotoxin-α +252 A/G polymorphisms and susceptibility to sarcoidosis: a meta-analysis. Molecular biology reports. 2014;41(1):259-267. doi:10.1007/s11033-013-2859-x.

Lin Y, Wei J, Fan L, Cheng D. BTNL2 gene polymorphism and sarcoidosis susceptibility: a meta- analysis. PLoS One. 2015;10(4):e0122639. Published 2015 Apr 7. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0122639.

Song GG, Kim JH, Lee YH. Associations between the angiotensin-converting enzyme insertion/deletion polymorphism and susceptibility to sarcoidosis: A meta-analysis. Journal of the renin-angiotensin- aldosterone system : JRAAS. 2015;16(1):219-226. doi:10.1177/1470320313489059.

Linke M, Pham HT, Katholnig K, et al. Chronic signaling via the metabolic checkpoint kinase mTORC1 induces macrophage granuloma formation and marks sarcoidosis progression. Nature immunology. 2017;18(3):293-302. doi:10.1038/ni.3655.

Calender A, Rollat Farnier PA, Buisson A, et al. Whole exome sequencing in three families segregating a pediatric case of sarcoidosis. BMC Medical Genomics. 2018;11(1):23. Published 2018 Mar 6. doi:10.1186/s12920-018-0338-x.

Morel B, Sileo C, Epaud R, et al. Ultrasonography and Computed Tomographic Manifestations of Abdominal Sarcoidosis in Children. Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition. 2016;63(2):195-199. doi:10.1097/MPG.0000000000001175.

Bennett D, Bargagli E, Refini RM, et al. New concepts in the pathogenesis of sarcoidosis. Expert review of respiratory medicine. 2019;13(10):981-991. doi:10.1080/17476348.2019.1655401.

Iannuzzi MC, Rybicki BA, Teirstein AS. Sarcoidosis. The New England journal of medicine. 2007;357(21):2153-2165. doi:10.1056/NEJMra071714.

Rossi G, Cavazza A, Colby TV. Pathology of Sarcoidosis. Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology. 2015;49(1):36-44. doi:10.1007/s12016-015-8479-6.

Darlington P, Haugom-Olsen H, von Sivers K, et al. T-cell phenotypes in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, blood and lymph nodes in pulmonary sarcoidosis--indication for an airborne antigen as the triggering factor in sarcoidosis. Journal of internal medicine. 2012;272(5):465-471. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2796.2012.02543.x. 28- Sakthivel P, Bruder D. Mechanism of granuloma formation in sarcoidosis. Current opinion in hematology. 2017;24(1):59-65. doi:10.1097/MOH.0000000000000301.

Demirkok SS, Basaranoglu M, Coker E, et al. Seasonality of the onset of symptoms, tuberculin test anergy and Kveim positive reaction in a large cohort of patients with sarcoidosis. Respirology (Carlton, Vic.). 2007;12(4):591-593. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1843.2007.01062.x.

Procaccini C, Jirillo E, Matarese G. Leptin as an immunomodulator. Molecular aspects of medicine. 2012;33(1):35-45. doi:10.1016/j.mam.2011.10.012.

Vihlborg P, Bryngelsson IL, Andersson L, et al. Risk of sarcoidosis and seropositive rheumatoid arthritis from occupational silica exposure in Swedish iron foundries: a retrospective cohort study. BMJ Open. 2017;7(7):e016839. Published 2017 Jul 20. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2017-016839.

Valeyre D, Soler P, Clerici C, et al. Smoking and pulmonary sarcoidosis: effect of cigarette smoking on prevalence, clinical manifestations, alveolitis, and evolution of the disease. Thorax. 1988;43(7):516-524. doi:10.1136/thx.43.7.516.

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Nathan N, Marcelo P, Houdouin V, et al. Lung sarcoidosis in children: update on disease expression and management. Thorax. 2015;70(6):537-542. doi:10.1136/thoraxjnl-2015-206825.

Gedalia A, Khan TA, Shetty AK, et al. Childhood sarcoidosis: Louisiana experience. Clinical rheumatology. 2016;35(7):1879-1884. doi:10.1007/s10067-015-2870-9.

Hoffmann AL, Milman N, Byg KE. Childhood sarcoidosis in Denmark 1979-1994: incidence, clinical features and laboratory results at presentation in 48 children. Acta paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992). 2004;93(1):30-36.

Hangül M, Köse M, Pekcan S, et al. Childhood sarcoidosis in the middle Anatolia of Turkey. Pediatric pulmonology. 2023;58(9):2619-2627. doi:10.1002/ppul.26564.

Baughman RP, Teirstein AS, Judson MA, et al. Clinical characteristics of patients in a case control study of sarcoidosis. American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine. 2001;164(10 Pt 1):1885-1889. doi:10.1164/ajrccm.164.10.2104046.

Judson MA, Boan AD, Lackland DT. The clinical course of sarcoidosis: presentation, diagnosis, and treatment in a large white and black cohort in the United States. Sarcoidosis, vasculitis, and diffuse lung diseases : official journal of WASOG. 2012;29(2):119-127.

Ungprasert P, Wetter DA, Crowson CS, et al. Epidemiology of cutaneous sarcoidosis, 1976-2013: a population-based study from Olmsted County, Minnesota. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : JEADV. 2016;30(10):1799-1804. doi:10.1111/jdv.13760.

Bechman K, Christidis D, Walsh S, et al. A review of the musculoskeletal manifestations of sarcoidosis. Rheumatology (Oxford, England). 2018;57(5):777-783. doi:10.1093/rheumatology/kex317.

Turk MA, Hayworth JL, Nevskaya T, et al. Ocular Manifestations in Rheumatoid Arthritis, Connective Tissue Disease, and Vasculitis: A Systematic Review and Metaanalysis. The Journal of rheumatology. 2021;48(1):25-34. doi:10.3899/jrheum.190768.

Jasper PL, Denny FW. Sarcoidosis in children. With special emphasis on the natural history and treatment. The Journal of pediatrics. 1968;73(4):499-512. doi:10.1016/s0022-3476(68)80265-3.

Roberts WC, McAllister HA Jr, Ferrans VJ. Sarcoidosis of the heart. A clinicopathologic study of 35 necropsy patients (group 1) and review of 78 previously described necropsy patients (group 11). The American journal of medicine. 1977;63(1):86-108. doi:10.1016/0002-9343(77)90121-8.

Birnie DH, Nery PB, Ha AC, et al. Cardiac Sarcoidosis. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2016;68(4):411-421. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2016.03.605.

Serwer GA, Edwards SB, Benson DW Jr, et al. Ventricular tachyarrhythmia due to cardiac sarcoidosis in a child. Pediatrics. 1978;62(3):322-325.

Khubchandani RP, Hasija RP, Touitou I, et al. Aortoarteritis and cardiomyopathy in a child with Blau Syndrome. Pediatric Rheumatology Online Journal. 2011;9(Suppl 1):P36. Published 2011 Sep 14. doi:10.1186/1546-0096-9-S1-P36.

Weiler V, Redtenbacher S, Bancher C, et al. Concurrence of sarcoidosis and aortitis: case report and review of the literature. Annals of the rheumatic diseases. 2000;59(11):850-853. doi:10.1136/ard.59.11.850. 49- Liu Y, Li S, Cao J, et al. Concurrence of sarcoidosis and Takayasu aortitis. Chinese medical journal. 2015;128(6):851-852. doi:10.4103/0366-6999.152694.

Izumikawa K, Motoi N, Takaya H, et al. A case of concurrent sarcoidosis, aortitis syndrome and Crohn's disease. Internal medicine (Tokyo, Japan). 2011;50(23):2915-2917. doi:10.2169/internalmedicine.50.5298. 51- Saha BK, Burns SL, Foulke LA, et al. Coexistent Takayasu arteritis and sarcoidosis: a case report and review of the literature. Sarcoidosis, vasculitis, and diffuse lung diseases : official journal of WASOG. 2019;36(4):311-317. doi:10.36141/svdld.v36i4.8667.

Darlington P, Gabrielsen A, Sörensson P, et al. Cardiac involvement in Caucasian patients with pulmonary sarcoidosis. Respiratory research. 2014;15(1):15. Published 2014 Feb 7. doi:10.1186/1465- 9921-15-15.

Sekiguchi M, Hiroe M, Take M, et al. Clinical and histopathological profile of sarcoidosis of the heart and acute idiopathic myocarditis. Concepts through a study employing endomyocardial biopsy. II. Myocarditis. Japanese circulation journal. 1980;44(4):264-273. doi:10.1253/jcj.44.264.

Burstow DJ, Tajik AJ, Bailey KR, et al. Two-dimensional echocardiographic findings in systemic sarcoidosis. The American journal of cardiology. 1989;63(7):478-482. doi:10.1016/0002-9149(89)90323- 8.

Cooper LT, Baughman KL, Feldman AM, et al. The role of endomyocardial biopsy in the management of cardiovascular disease: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association, the American College of Cardiology, and the European Society of Cardiology Endorsed by the Heart Failure Society of America and the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology. European heart journal. 2007;28(24):3076-3093. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehm456.

Taki J, Nakajima K, Bunko H, et al. Cardiac sarcoidosis demonstrated by Tl-201 and Ga-67 SPECT imaging. Clinical nuclear medicine. 1990;15(9):636-639. doi:10.1097/00003072-199009000-00010.

Divakaran S, Stewart GC, Lakdawala NK, et al. Diagnostic Accuracy of Advanced Imaging in Cardiac Sarcoidosis. Circulation. Cardiovascular imaging. 2019;12(6):e008975. doi:10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.118.008975.

Coleman GC, Shaw PW, Balfour PC Jr, et al. Prognostic Value of Myocardial Scarring on CMR in Patients With Cardiac Sarcoidosis. JACC. Cardiovascular Imaging. 2017;10(4):411-420. doi:10.1016/j.jcmg.2016.05.009.

Doherty MJ, Kumar SK, Nicholson AA, et al. Cardiac sarcoidosis: the value of magnetic resonance imaging in diagnosis and assessment of response to treatment. Respiratory medicine. 1998;92(4):697-699. doi:10.1016/s0954-6111(98)90522-4.

Zhang J, Li Y, Xu Q, et al. Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Diagnosis of Cardiac Sarcoidosis: A Meta-Analysis. Canadian respiratory journal. 2018;2018:7457369. Published 2018 Dec 17. doi:10.1155/2018/7457369.

Coleman GC, Shaw PW, Balfour PC Jr, et al. Prognostic Value of Myocardial Scarring on CMR in Patients With Cardiac Sarcoidosis. JACC. Cardiovascular imaging. 2017;10(4):411-420. doi:10.1016/j.jcmg.2016.05.009.

Gowani Z, Habibi M, Okada DR, et al. Utility of Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging Versus Cardiac Positron Emission Tomography for Risk Stratification for Ventricular Arrhythmias in Patients With Cardiac Sarcoidosis. The American journal of cardiology. 2020;134:123-129. doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2020.08.007.

Kennel PJ, Raza F, Kim J, et al. A case series on inflammatory cardiomyopathy and suspected cardiac sarcoidosis: role of cardiac PET in management. European heart journal. Case reports. 2020;4(4):1-9. Published 2020 Aug 3. doi:10.1093/ehjcr/ytaa146.

Valeyre D, Jeny F, Nunes H. Current Medical Therapy for Sarcoidosis. Seminars in respiratory and critical care medicine. 2017;38(4):523-531. doi:10.1055/s-0037-1604032.

Droitcourt C, Rybojad M, Porcher R, et al. A randomized, investigator-masked, double-blind, placebo- controlled trial on thalidomide in severe cutaneous sarcoidosis. Chest. 2014;146(4):1046-1054. doi:10.1378/chest.14-0015.

Nagai T, Nagano N, Sugano Y, et al. Effect of Corticosteroid Therapy on Long-Term Clinical Outcome and Left Ventricular Function in Patients With Cardiac Sarcoidosis. Circulation journal : official journal of the Japanese Circulation Society. 2015;79(7):1593-1600. doi:10.1253/circj.CJ-14-1275.

Nagai T, Nagano N, Sugano Y, et al. Effect of Discontinuation of Prednisolone Therapy on Risk of Cardiac Mortality Associated With Worsening Left Ventricular Dysfunction in Cardiac Sarcoidosis. The American journal of cardiology. 2016;117(6):966-971. doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2015.12.033.

Birnie D, Beanlands RSB, Nery P, et al. Cardiac Sarcoidosis multi-center randomized controlled trial (CHASM CS- RCT). American heart journal. 2020;220:246-252. doi:10.1016/j.ahj.2019.10.003.

Fazelpour S, Sadek MM, Nery PB, et al. Corticosteroid and Immunosuppressant Therapy for Cardiac Sarcoidosis: A Systematic Review. Journal of the American Heart Association. 2021;10(17):e021183. doi:10.1161/JAHA.121.021183.

Krishnan M, Cupps TR, Sheikh FH. Tumor necrosis factor-α inhibitor use for treatment of refractory cardiac sarcoidosis in a patient with left ventricular assist device: Adalimumab use in refractory sarcoidosis in a patient with left ventricular assist device. The Journal of heart and lung transplantation : the official publication of the International Society for Heart Transplantation. 2020;39(12):1504-1505. doi:10.1016/j.healun.2020.08.001.

Gilotra NA, Wand AL, Pillarisetty A, et al. Clinical and Imaging Response to Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha Inhibitors in Treatment of Cardiac Sarcoidosis: A Multicenter Experience. Journal of cardiac failure. 2021;27(1):83-91. doi:10.1016/j.cardfail.2020.08.013.

Elwazir M, Krause ML, Bois JP, et al. Rituximab for the Treatment of Refractory Cardiac Sarcoidosis: A Single-Center Experience. Journal of cardiac failure. 2022;28(2):247-258. doi:10.1016/j.cardfail.2021.07.008.

Kron J, Crawford T, Mihalick V, et al. Interleukin-1 blockade in cardiac sarcoidosis: study design of the multimodality assessment of granulomas in cardiac sarcoidosis: Anakinra Randomized Trial (MAGiC- ART). Journal of translational medicine. 2021;19(1):460. Published 2021 Nov 8. doi:10.1186/s12967-021- 03130-8.

Gunathilaka PK, Mukherjee A, Jat KR, et al. Clinical Profile and Outcome of Pediatric Sarcoidosis. Indian pediatrics. 2019;56(1):37-40.

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ElRefai M, Menexi C, Roberts PR. Device Therapy in Cardiac Sarcoidosis: Current Review, Challenges, and Future Prospects. J Innov Card Rhythm Manag. 2024 Nov 15;15(11):6088-6094.

Asleh R, Briasoulis A, Doulamis I, et al. Outcomes after heart transplantation in patients with cardiac sarcoidosis. ESC heart failure. 2022;9(2):1167-1174. doi:10.1002/ehf2.13789.

Nabeta T, Kitai T, Naruse Y, et al. Risk stratification of patients with cardiac sarcoidosis: the ILLUMINATE-CS registry. European heart journal. 2022;43(36):3450-3459. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehac323.

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