Systemic Sclerosis

Ross L, Prior D, Proudman S, et al. Defining primary systemic sclerosis heart involvement: a scoping literature review. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2019;48(5):874e8

Bulkley BH, Ridolfi RL, Salyer WR, et al. Myocardial lesions of progressive systemic sclerosis A cause of cardiac dysfunction. Circulation 1976;53(3):483e90.

Ridolfi RL, Bulkley BH, Hutchins GM. The cardiac conduction system in progressive systemic sclerosis: clinical and pathologic features of 35 patients. Am J Med 1976;61(3):361e6.

Follansbee WP, Miller TR, Curtiss EI, et al. A controlled clinicopathologic study of myocardial fibrosis in systemic sclerosis (scleroderma). J Rheumatol 1990;17(5):656e62.

D'Angelo W, Fries JF, Masi AT, et al. Pathologic observations in systemic sclerosis (scleroderma) A study of fifty-eight autopsy cases and fifty-eight matched controls. Am J Med 1969;46:428e40.

Nitenberg A, Foult JM, Kahan A, et al. Reduced coronary flow and resistance reserve in primary scleroderma myocardial disease. Am Heart J 1986;112(2):309e15.

Kahan A, Coghlan G, McLaughlin V. Cardiac complications of systemic sclerosis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2009;48 (Suppl 3):45–48. doi: 10.1093/rheumatology/kep110.

Bull S, White SK, Piechnik SK, Flett AS, Ferreira VM, Loudon M, et al. Human non-contrast T1 values and correlation with histology in diffuse fibrosis. Heart 2013;99:932–937. doi: 10.1136/heartjnl-2012-303052.

Kahan A, Allanore Y. Primary myocardial involvement in systemic sclerosis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2006;45 (Suppl 4):i14–i17. doi: 10.1093/rheumatology/kel312.

Dimitroulas T, Giannakoulas G, Karvounis H, et al. Micro- and macrovascular treatment targets in scleroderma heart disease. Curr Pharm Des 2014;20:536–544.

Lambova S. Cardiac manifestations in systemic sclerosis. World J Cardiol 2014;6:993–1005. doi: 10.4330/wjc.v6.i9.993.

Weiss S, Stead EA,Warren JV, et al. Scleroderma heart disease with a consideration of certain other visceral manifestations of scleroderma. Arch Intern Med 1943;71:749e76.

Weiss S, Stead EA,Warren JV, et al. Scleroderma heart disease with a consideration of certain other visceral manifestations of scleroderma. Arch Intern Med 1943;71:749e76.

Steen V, Medsger TA. Severe organ involvement in systemic sclerosis with diffuse scleroderma. Arthritis Rheum 2000;43(11):2437e44.

Tyndall AJ, Bannert B, Vonk M, et al. Causes and risk factors for death in systemic sclerosis: a study from the EULAR Scleroderma Trials and Research (EUSTAR) database.

Zheng JN, Yang QR, Zhu GQ, et al. Comparative efficacy and safety of immunosuppressive therapies for systemic sclerosis related interstitial lung disease: a Bayesian network analysis. Mod Rheumatol 2019. Epub ahead of print. doi: 10.1080/ 14397595.2019.1640343.

Ferri C, Bernini L, Bongiorni MG, et al. Noninvasive evaluation of cardiac dysrhythmias, and their relationship with multisystemic symptoms, in progressive systemic sclerosis patients. Arthritis Rheum 1985;28:1259–1266. doi: 10.1002/art.1780281110.

Roberts NK, Cabeen WR Jr, Moss J,et al. The prevalence of conduction defects and cardiac arrhythmias in progressive systemic sclerosis. Ann Intern Med 1981;94:38–40.doi: 10.1097/00000441-198105000-00008.

Yiu KH, Schouffoer AA, Marsan NA, et al. Left ventricular dysfunction assessed by speckle-tracking strain analysis in patients with systemic sclerosis: relationship to functional capacity and ventricular arrhythmias. Arthritis Rheum 2011;63:3969–3978. doi: 10.1002/art.30614.

Mavrogeni SI, Kitas GD, Dimitroulas T, et al. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance in rheumatology: current status and recommendations for use. Int J Cardiol 2016;217:135–148. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.04.158.

Tzelepis GE, Kelekis NL, Plastiras SC, et al. Pattern and distribution of myocardial fibrosis in systemic sclerosis: a delayed enhanced magnetic resonance imaging study. Arthritis Rheum 2007;56:3827–3836. doi: 10.1002/art.22971.

Liu-Yan Nie , Xiao-Dong Wang , Ting Zhang , et al. Cardiac complications in systemic sclerosis: early diagnosis and treatment. Chin Med J (Engl) 2019 Dec 5;132(23):2865-2871. doi: 10.1097/CM9.0000000000000535.

Gowda RM, Khan IA, Sacchi TJ, et al. Scleroderma pericardial disease presented with a large pericardial effusion–a case report. Angiology 2001;52:59–62. doi: 10.1177/000331970105200108.

Fernandez Morales A, Iniesta N, Fernandez-Codina A, et al. Cardiac tamponade and severe pericardial effusion in systemic sclerosis: report of nine patients and review of the literature. Int J Rheum Dis 2017;20:1582–1592. doi: 10.1111/1756-185x.12952.

Mavrogeni S, Koutsogeorgopoulou L, Karabela G, et al. Silent myocarditis in systemic sclerosis detected by cardiovascular magnetic resonance using Lake Louise criteria. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2017;17:187. doi: 10.1186/s12872-017-0619-x.

Porpáczy A, Nógrádi Á, Kehl D, et al. Impairment of left atrial mechanics is an early sign of myocardial involvement in systemic sclerosis. J Card Fail 2018;24:234–242. doi:10.1016/j.cardfail.2018.02.012.

Tennoe AH, Murbraech K, Andreassen JC, et al. Left ventricular diastolic dysfunction predicts mortality in patients with systemic sclerosis. J Am Coll Cardiol 2018;72:1804–1813. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2018.07.068.

Akkus O, Bozkurt A, Arslantas D, et al. Is cystatin C an evaluative marker for right heart functions in systemic sclerosis? Int J Cardiol 2016;221:478–483. doi: 10.1016/j. ijcard.2016.07.093.

Sponga S, Basso C, Ruffatti A, et al. Systemic sclerosis and aortic valve stenosis: therapeutic implications in two cases of aortic valve replacement. J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown) 2009;10:560–562. doi: 10.2459/JCM.0b013e32832c1726.

Nordin A, Bj€ornådal L, Larsson A, et al. Electrocardiography in 110 patients with systemic sclerosis: a cross-sectional comparison with population-based controls. Scand J Rheumatol 2014;43(3):221e5.

De Luca G, Bosello SL, Gabrielli FA, et al. Prognostic role of ventricular ectopic beats in systemic sclerosis: a prospective cohort study shows ECG indexes predicting the worse outcome. PloS One 2016;11(4):e0153012.

Bruni C, De Luca G, Lazzaroni MG, et al. Screening for pulmonary arterial hypertension in systemic sclerosis: a systematic literature review. Eur J Intern Med 2020;78:17e25.

Guerra F, Stronati G, Fischietti C, et al. Global longitudinal strain measured by speckle tracking identifies subclinical heart involvement in patients with systemic sclerosis. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2018;25(15):1598e606.

van Wijngaarden SE, Ben Said-Bouyeri S, Ninaber MK, et al. Progression of left ventricular myocardial dysfunction in systemic sclerosis: a speckle-tracking strain echocardiography study. J Rheumatol 2019;46(4):405e15.

Kahan A, Devaux JY, Amor B, et al. Nifedipine and thallium-201 myocardial perfusion in progressive systemic sclerosis. N Engl J Med 1986;314(22):1397e401.

Hachulla AL, Launay D, Gaxotte V, et al. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in systemic sclerosis: a cross-sectional observational study of 52 patients. Ann Rheum Dis 2009;68(12):1878e84.

Lee DC, Hinchcliff ME, Sarnari R, et al. Diffuse cardiac fibrosis quantification in early systemic sclerosis by magnetic resonance imaging and correlation with skin fibrosis. J Scleroderma Relat Disord 2018;3(2):159e69.

Hromadka M, Seidlerova J, Suchý D, et al. Myocardial fibrosis detected by magnetic resonance in systemic sclerosis patients-relationship with biochemical and echocardiography parameters. Int J Cardiol 2017;249:448e53.

Bissell LA, Anderson M, Burgess M, et al. Consensus best practice pathway of the UK Systemic Sclerosis Study group: management of cardiac disease in systemic sclerosis. Rheumatology 2017;56(6):912e.

Thiene G, Bruneval P, Veinot J, Leone O. Diagnostic use of the endomyocardial biopsy: a consensus statement. Virchows Arch 2013;463(1):1e5.

Vignaux O, Allanore Y, Meune C, et al. Evaluation of the effect of nifedipine upon myocardial perfusion and contractility using cardiac magnetic resonance imaging and tissue Doppler echocardiography in systemic sclerosis. Ann Rheum Dis 2005;64(9):1268e73.

Cosimo Bruni, Laura Ross. Cardiac involvement in systemic sclerosis: Getting to the heart of the matter. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 2021 Sep;35(3):101668. doi: 10.1016/j.berh.2021.101668. Epub 2021 Mar 15.

Tennøe AH, Murbræch K, Andreassen JC, et al. Left ventricular diastolic dysfunction predicts mortality in patients with systemic sclerosis. J Am Coll Cardiol 2018;72(15):1804e13.

Draeger HT, Assassi S, Sharif R, et al. Right bundle branch block: a predictor of mortality in early systemic sclerosis. PloS One 2013;8(10):e78808.

De Luca G, Bosello SL, Gabrielli FA, et al. Prognostic role of ventricular ectopic beats in systemic sclerosis: a prospective cohort study shows ECG indexes predicting the worse outcome. PloS One 2016;11(4):e0153012.