Siphonaptera
Özet
Pireler, küçük memelilerin en yaygın ektoparazitlerinden birdir. Pirelerin büyük bir kısmı memelilerde parazitlenirken, çok az bir kısmı kanatlı hayvanlarda parazitlenirler. Bazı pire türleri tıbbi öneme sahiptir ve çeşitli bulaşıcı hastalıkların vektörleri olup, ayrıca ciddi deri enfestasyonlarına sebep olabilirler. Erişkin pireler 2-5 mm büyüklüğünde, bilateral basık, kanatları olmayan, kahverengiden siyah renge kadar değişen renkte olan artropodlardır. Larvaları kurtçuk şeklindedir. Genellikle beyaz krem renginde olan pire larvaları, kan pıhtısı ile beslendiklerinde kırmızı renk alırlar. Pupalar yaklaşık 5 mm uzunluğunda olup, beyaz kahverengi renkte bir kokon içerisinde bulunurlar. Pireler tipik olarak holometobol artropodlardır. Erişkin hale gelmeden önce yumurta, üç larva dönemi ve inaktif olan bir pupa dönemi geçirirler. Erişkinlerin ömrü, konak türü, larva aşamasında gıdaların varlığı, larvaların yoğunluğu, mikro iklim, altlık ve beslenme aktivitesi gibi çeşitli faktörlere bağlıdır. Pirelerin patogenez ve klinik belirtileri, travmatik etkileri, irkiltici etkileri, sömürücü etkileri, alerjik etkileri ve hastalık nakletmeleri olmak üzere temel olarak 5 başlık altında incelenebilir. Pirelerin teşhisi hayvanların üzerinde erişkin pirelerin görülmesi ile yapılır. Bununla birlikte hayvanların barınma yerlerinde pirelerin yumurta, larva ve pupaları aranır. Konak üzerinde veya çevrede koyu kahverengi siyah pire dışkılarına rastlanması teşhiste önemli bir bulgudur. Pirelerle mücadele zordur. Mücadelede dikkat edilmesi gereken husus hem hayvanlar üzerinde hem de çevre de mücadelenin gerçekleştirilmesidir. Bu şekilde hem erişkinlerle hem de gelişim dönemleri ile mücadele edilmiş olur. Bu bölümde pirelerin genel özellikleri, morfolojisi, yaşam döngüsü, oluşturduğu zararlar, teşhisi, kontrol ve mücadelesi hakkında bilgi verilmesi amaçlanmıştır.
Fleas are one of the most common ectoparasites of small mammals. The most fleas parasitize mammals, while only a few parasitize on poultry. Some flea species are of medical importance and are vectors of various infectious diseases and can also cause serious skin infestations. Adult fleas are 2-5 mm in size, bilaterally flattened, wingless, brown to black arthropods. Larvae are worm-shaped. Flea larvae, which are usually white-cream in color, turn red when they feed on blood clots. Pupae are about 5 mm long and are enclosed in a white-brown cocoon. Fleas are typically holometobolous arthropods. Before becoming adults, they undergo an egg, three larval instars, and an inactive pupal stage. The lifespan of adults depends on various factors such as host species, availability of food during the larval stage, density of larvae, microclimate, litter, and feeding activity. The pathogenesis and clinical signs of fleas can be analyzed under 5 headings: traumatic effects, irritating effects, exploitative effects, allergic effects and disease transmission. Diagnosis of fleas is made by seeing adult fleas on animals. In addition, eggs, larvae and pupae of fleas are searched in animal shelters. Finding dark brown and black flea feces on the host or in the environment is an important finding in diagnosis. Fighting fleas is difficult. The point to be considered in the fight is to carry out the fight both on animals and in the environment. In this way, both adults and developmental stages are fought. This section aims to provide information about the general characteristics, morphology, life cycle, damages caused, diagnosis, control and fight of fleas.
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