Blattaria (Hamam Böcekleri)
Özet
Hamam böcekleri, Dictyoptera üstdizisine ait olup 6 aileye ayrılır. Taksonomileri genellikle ergin bireylerin dış morfolojisine dayanmaktadır. En yaygın türler Amerikan (P. americana), Doğu (B. orientalis), Alman (B. germanica) ve Kahverengi bantlı (S. longipalpa) hamam böcekleridir. Morfolojik olarak yassı bir vücuda, güçlü çiğneme ağız yapısına ve uzun antenlere sahiptirler. İki çift kanatları vardır, ancak bazı türler parlak yüzeylere tırmanamaz. Nemli, sıcak ve karanlık ortamları tercih ederler. Yaşam döngülerinde, yumurtalarını ooteka adı verilen kapsüller içinde bırakırlar. Nimfler, birkaç kez deri değiştirerek 3-12 ay içinde olgunlaşır. Hamam böcekleri, bakterilerin, mantarların ve parazitlerin mekanik taşıyıcılarıdır ve tifo, kolera ve verem gibi hastalıkları yayabilirler. Mücadelede insektisitler, borik asit ve kitin sentez inhibitörleri kullanılır ve düzenli aralıklarla insektisit uygulaması yapılabilir.
Cockroaches belong to the superorder Dictyoptera and are divided into 6 families. Their taxonomy is usually based on the external morphology of the adults. The most common species are American (P. americana), Oriental (B. orientalis), German (B. germanica) and Brown-banded (S. longipalpa) cockroaches. Morphologically, they have a flat body, strong chewing mouthparts and long antennae. They have two pairs of wings, but some species cannot climb shiny surfaces. They prefer moist, warm and dark environments. In their life cycle, they lay their eggs in capsules called ootheca. Nymphs mature in 3-12 months, changing several moults. Cockroaches are mecanical carriers of bacteria, fungi and parasites and can spread diseases such as typhoid, cholera and tuberculosis. Insecticides, boric acid, chitin synthesis inhibitors are used in the control and regular intermittent insecticide can be carried out against cockroaches.
Referanslar
Adler PH, Tuten HC, Nelder MP. (2011). Arthropods of medico veterinary importance in zoos. Annu Rev Entomol.;56:123-42. doi: 10.1146/annurev-ento-120709-144741. PMID: 20731604.
Arlian LG. (2002). Arthropod allergens and human health. Annu. Rev. Entomol., 47:395–433
Capinera JL. (2008). Encyclopedia of Entomology, Second Edition, ISBN 978-1-4020-6359-6, Springer Science+Business Media B.V.
Cohran DG. (2003). Blattodea (Cockroaches). In Eds. Resh HV., Cardé RT. Encyclopedia of Insects. Academic Press 200 Wheeler Road, Burlington, Massachusetts 01803, USA. http://www.academicpressbooks.com
Eldridge BF., Edman JD. (2004). Medical Entomoloji.ISBN 1-4020-1413-9, Published by Academic Publichers, P.O. Box 17,3300 AA Dordrecht. The Netherlands.P.645.
Gillott C.(2005). Entomology, Third Edition, ISBN-10 1-4020-3182-3, Published by Springer, P.O. Box 17, 3300 AA Dordrecht, The Netherlands. www.springeronline.com.
Karaer KZ., Dumanlı N. (2015). Arthropodoloji. ISBN 978-975-7774-80-8, Medisan Yayınevi Ltd. Şti., Ankara.
Kramer RD., Brenner RJ. (2009). Cockroaches (Blattaria). İn In: Eds. Gary R. Mullen and Lance A. Durden. Medical and Veterinary Entomology, Second Edition. ISBN 978-0-12-372500-4, Elsevier, Inc.
Liang J., Shih C., Ren D.(2019). Blattaria – Cockroaches. Eds:Dong Ren, Chung Kun Shih, Taiping Gao, Yunzhi Yao, Yongjie Wang., Rhythms of Insect Evolution: Evidence from the Jurassic and Cretaceous in Northern China 15 March 2019 ISBN:9781119427988 |Online ISBN:9781119427957, https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119427957.ch7.
Mehlhorn H. (2008). Encyclopedia of Parasitology, Third Edition, Vol.2, ISBN 978-3-540-48996-2, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York.
Nasirian H. (2017a). Contamination of cockroaches (Insecta: Blattaria) to medically fungi: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal de Mycologie Medicale 27: 427-448. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mycmed.2017.04.012
Nasirian H. (2017b). Infestation of cockroaches (Insecta: Blattaria) in the human dwelling environments: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Acta Tropica 167: 86–98.
Pan C., Ruan G., Chen H., Zhang D. (2015). Toxicity of sodium fluoride to subterranean termites and leachability as a wood preservative. Eur. J. Wood Prod. 73, 97–102. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00107-014-0849-x
Roth LM. (2003) Systematics and phylogeny of cockroaches (Dictyoptera: Blattaria), Oriental Insects, 37:1, 1-186, DOI: 10.1080/00305316.2003.10417344
Snodgras RE. (1952). A Textbook of Arthropod Anatomy. A Division of Cornell University Press, ISBN 978-1-5017-4080-0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
Taylor MA., Coop RL., Wall RL. (2016). Veterinary Parasitology, Fourth Edition, ISBN 978-0-470-67162-7, Wiley Blackwell.
Zhang ZQ.(2013). Phylum Arthropoda. Zootaxa 3703 (1): 017–026, www.mapress.com/zootaxa/
