Artropodlarda Arakonaklık ve Vektörlük
Özet
Artropodlar, evcil hayvanlar, çiftlik hayvanları ve kümes hayvanlarına doğrudan zarar verebildiği gibi patojenlerin nakli ile dolaylı olarak da zarar verebilmektedirler. Veteriner ve Tıbbi entomoloji kapsamında, artropodların zararlı etkileri kapsamında en önemlisi hastalık etkenlerini nakletmeleridir. Bu bağlamda arthropodlar hastalık etkenlerini ara konak olarak aktarabildikleri gibi vektör olarak ta aktarabilmektedirler. Hastalık etkenlerinin daha çok larval formlarını ya da genç şekillerini vücutlarında taşıyan ve omurgalı konaklara pasif olarak aktarabilen artropodlar arakonak iken, hastalık etkenlerini konaklar (aynı ve/veya farklı konaklar) arasında aktif olarak naklederek bulaştıran artropodlar vektör olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Arakonak olan artropodlara verilebilecek en güzel örnek, Dipylidium caninum türü sestod etkeninin, pireler tarafından son konak olan köpeklere aktarılmasıdır. Vektörlük kavramında ise, enfeksiyon oluşturabilecek etkenin enfekte bir omurgalıdan alınıp, duyarlı başka bir omurgalı konağa aktarılması esastır. Bir artropod vektör aracılığıyla bulaş, genellikle artropodun, omurgalı konağından kan emerken gerçekleşir. Bu etkenlerin nakilleri ve/veya bulaştırılması vektör olarak bilinen artropodlar tarafından biyolojik, mekanik ve mekanik taşıyıcı olarak üç şekilde gerçekleştirilir.
Arthropods have the capacity to directly harm domestic animals, livestock, and poultry, as well as to indirectly transmit pathogens through the process of disease transmission. Within the scope of veterinary and medical entomology, the most significant harmful effect of arthropods is the transmission of disease agents. In this context, arthropods can act as intermediate hosts or vectors for the transfer of disease agents. Intermediate hosts are defined as arthropods that carry disease agents in their bodies and passively transfer them to vertebrate hosts. In contrast, vectors are actively involved in the transmission of disease agents between hosts (same and/or different hosts). A notable example of an arthropod that functions as an intermediate host is the transmission of the cestode agent of the species Dipylidium caninum from fleas to the final host. The process of vectoring entails the transmission of an infectious agent from an infected vertebrate to another vertebrate that is susceptible to infection. This transmission via an arthropod vector typically occurs when the arthropod seizes blood from its vertebrate host.The transmission and/or transmission of these agents is accomplished by arthropods known as vectors in three ways: biological, mechanical, and mechanical carrier.
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