Yutma Değerlendirilmesinde Kullanılan Testler
Özet
Disfaji, yaşla birlikte sıklığı artan bir geriatrik sendromdur. Beslenme, hidrasyon, yaşam kalitesi ve mortalite üzerinde önemli etkileri bulunmaktadır. Yaşlanma ile ilişkili anatomik ve fizyolojik değişiklikler, nörodejeneratif hastalıklar ve komorbiditeler disfaji insidansını artırmaktadır. Erken tanı ve uygun müdahale ile, malnütrisyon, dehidratasyon ve aspirasyon pnömonisi gibi disfajiyle ilişkili ciddi komplikasyonların önlenmesi mümkün olmaktadır. Tarama ve değerlendirme süreçlerinde EAT-10, Yale Yutma Testi ve Hacim-Viskozite Yutma Testi gibi klinik araçlar yaygın olarak kullanılan testlerdir. Kesin tanı için videofloroskopik yutma çalışması (VFSS) ve fiberoptik endoskopik yutma değerlendirmesi (FEES) gibi ileri görüntüleme yöntemleri kullanılmaktadır. Disfaji yönetiminde, etiyolojiye bağlı olarak bireyselleştirilmiş beslenme stratejileri, yutma terapileri ve rehabilitasyon yaklaşımları kullanılmakta olup, bu yöntemlerin işe yaramadığı ileri vakalarda enteral beslenme gerekliliği doğabilmektedir. Geriatrik hastalarda disfaji taramalarının uygulanması, erken tanı ve uygun müdahale süreçlerini destekleyerek hasta prognozunu iyileştirmekte ve sağlık hizmetleri üzerindeki yükü azaltmaktadır. Bu derleme, geriatrik bireylerde disfaji değerlendirme ve yönetimine yönelik güncel yaklaşımları ele almaktadır.
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