PAINAD
Özet
İleri evre demansta sözel iletişim kısıtlı ve davranış değişiklikleri yaygındır. Ağrı deneyimleyen bu hasta grubu ağrıyı sözel ifade edemez. Ağrı, uykusuzluk, saldırganlık, ajitasyon ve konfüzyon gibi sorunları beraberinde getirebilir, kognitif bozukluğu daha da şiddetlendirebilir. Sağlık profesyonelleri bilişsel bozukluğu olan yaşlılarda ağrıyı tanıma, değerlendirme ve yönetme konusunda zorluklarla karşılaşmaktadır. Bu nedenle öz bildirimin mümkün olmadığı durumlarda, ağrıyı değerlendirmek için alternatif bir seçenek, bakıcı ya da sağlık profesyoneli tarafından ağrının varlığına, şiddetine ve karakteristik özelliklerine işaret eden fizyolojik ve davranışsal değişikliklere dayanan davranışsal ağrı değerlendirme ölçeklerini kullanmaktır. Bu ölçeklerden biri ileri evre demanslı hastalarda ağrı değerlendirme ölçeği (PAINAD) dir. Kolay ve tamamlanması yalnızca birkaç dakika sürdüğü için birçok ülkede kullanılmaktadır. Değerlendiriciler arası güvenirliliği ve diğer ağrı skalaları ile korelasyonu yüksek bulunmuştur. Analjezik tedavi sonrasında ölçek skorunda anlamlı düşüş gösterilmiştir.
Referanslar
Sachdev PS, Mohan A, Taylor L, Jeste D V. DSM-5 and Mental Disorders in Older Individuals: An Overview. Harv Rev Psychiatry [Internet]. 2015 Sep 19 [cited 2024 Sep 9];23(5):320–8. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26332215/
Dementia [Internet]. [cited 2024 Sep 9]. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/dementia
Arvanitakis Z, Shah RC, Bennett DA. Diagnosis and Management of Dementia: Review. JAMA [Internet]. 2019 Oct 22 [cited 2024 Sep 9];322(16):1589–99. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31638686/
Goodman RA, Lochner KA, Thambisetty M, Wingo TS, Posner SF, Ling SM. Prevalence of dementia subtypes in United States Medicare fee-for-service beneficiaries, 2011-2013. Alzheimers Dement [Internet]. 2017 Jan 1 [cited 2024 Aug 28];13(1):28–37. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27172148/
El-Tallawy SN, Ahmed RS, Shabi SM, Al-Zabidi FZ, Rehman A, Zaidi Z, et al. The Challenges of Pain Assessment in Geriatric Patients With Dementia: A Review.
Cantón-Habas V, del Pilar Carrera-González M, Teresa Moreno-Casbas M, Rich-Ruiz M, del Pilar Carrera- M. Spanish adaptation and validation of the Pain Assessment Scale in Advanced Dementia (PAINAD) in patients with dementia and impaired verbal communication: cross-sectional study. BMJ Open [Internet]. 2021 [cited 2024 Sep 9];11:49211. Available from: http://bmjopen.bmj.com/
IASP Revises Its Definition of Pain for the First Time Since 1979.
Corbett A, Husebo B, Malcangio M, Staniland A, Cohen-Mansfield J, Aarsland D, et al. Assessment and treatment of pain in people with dementia. Nat Rev Neurol [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2024 Aug 28];8(5):264–74. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22487749/
Herr KA, Mobily PR. Complexities of pain assessment in the elderly. Clinical considerations. J Gerontol Nurs [Internet]. 1991 [cited 2024 Aug 27];17(4):12–9. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2010600/
Tsai IP, Jeong SYS, Hunter S. Pain Assessment and Management for Older Patients with Dementia in Hospitals: An Integrative Literature Review. Pain Manag Nurs [Internet]. 2018 Feb 1 [cited 2024 Sep 9];19(1):54–71. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29153920/
Van Dalen-Kok AH, Achterberg WP, Rijkmans WE, De Vet HCW, De Waal MWM. Pain assessment in impaired cognition: observer agreement in a long-term care setting in patients with dementia. Pain Manag [Internet]. 2019 [cited 2024 Sep 9];9(5):461–73. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31403394/
Scherder EJA, Sergeant JA, Swaab DF. Pain processing in dementia and its relation to neuropathology. Lancet Neurology [Internet]. 2003 Nov 1 [cited 2024 Aug 28];2(11):677–86. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14572736/
Defrin R, Amanzio M, De Tommaso M, Dimova V, Filipovic S, Finn DP, et al. Experimental pain processing in individuals with cognitive impairment: current state of the science. Pain [Internet]. 2015 Aug 1 [cited 2024 Aug 28];156(8):1396–408. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26181216/
Scherder EJA, Plooij B, Achterberg WP, Pieper M, Wiegersma M, Lobbezoo F, et al. Chronic pain in “probable” vascular dementia: preliminary findings. Pain Med [Internet]. 2015 Mar 1 [cited 2024 Aug 28];16(3):442–50. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25529977/
Bathgate D, Snowden JS, Varma A, Blackshaw A, Neary D. Behaviour in frontotemporal dementia, Alzheimer’s disease and vascular dementia. Acta Neurol Scand [Internet]. 2001 [cited 2024 Aug 28];103(6):367–78. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11421849/
Achterberg W, Lautenbacher S, Husebo B, Erdal A, Herr K. Pain in dementia. 2019 [cited 2024 Aug 28]; Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PR9.0000000000000803
van Kooten J, Smalbrugge M, van der Wouden JC, Stek ML, Hertogh CMPM. Prevalence of Pain in Nursing Home Residents: The Role of Dementia Stage and Dementia Subtypes. J Am Med Dir Assoc [Internet]. 2017 Jun 1 [cited 2024 Aug 28];18(6):522–7. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28236607/
Rajkumar AP, Ballard C, Fossey J, Orrell M, Moniz-Cook E, Woods RT, et al. Epidemiology of Pain in People With Dementia Living in Care Homes: Longitudinal Course, Prevalence, and Treatment Implications. J Am Med Dir Assoc [Internet]. 2017 May 1 [cited 2024 Aug 28];18(5):453.e1-453.e6. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28330634/
Suzuki T. Does the combination use of two pain assessment tools have a synergistic effect? J Intensive Care [Internet]. 2017 Jan 3 [cited 2024 Sep 9];5(1). Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28066556/
Herr K. Pain assessment strategies in older patients. Journal of Pain [Internet]. 2011 Mar 1 [cited 2024 Aug 25];12(3 SUPPL.):S3. Available from: http://www.jpain.org/article/S1526590010008825/fulltext
McAuliffe L, Nay R, O’donnell M, Fetherstonhaugh D. Pain assessment in older people with dementia: literature review. J Adv Nurs [Internet]. 2009 Jan 1 [cited 2024 Aug 25];65(1):2–10. Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2008.04861.x
El-Tallawy Rania S Ahmed Mohamed S Nagiub SN, El-Tallawy SN, Ahmed Á M S Nagiub RS, Ahmed RS, Nagiub MS. Pain Management in the Most Vulnerable Intellectual Disability: A Review. Pain Ther [Internet]. [cited 2024 Sep 9];12. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40122-023-00526-w
Lane P, Kuntupis M, MacDonald S, McCarthy P, Panke JA, Warden V, et al. A pain assessment tool for people with advanced Alzheimer’s and other progressive dementias. Home Healthc Nurse [Internet]. 2003 [cited 2024 Aug 12];21(1):32–7. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12544460/
Warden V, Hurley AC, Volicer L. Development and psychometric evaluation of the Pain Assessment in Advanced Dementia (PAINAD) scale. J Am Med Dir Assoc [Internet]. 2003 [cited 2024 Aug 12];4(1):9–15. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12807591/
Costardi D, Rozzini L, Costanzi C, Ghianda D, Franzoni S, Padovani A, et al. The Italian version of the pain assessment in advanced dementia (PAINAD) scale. Arch Gerontol Geriatr [Internet]. 2007 Mar [cited 2024 Aug 27];44(2):175–80. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16730814/
Bjoro: Tools for pain assessment in older adults... - Google Akademik [Internet]. [cited 2024 Aug 27]. Available from: https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?journal=AAHPM+Bull&title=Tools+for+pain+assessment+in+older+adults+with+end-stage+dementia&author=K+Bjoro&author=K+Bergen&author=K+Herr&author=RN+FAAN&volume=9&publication_year=2008&pages=2-4&
Zwakhalen SMG, Hamers JPH, Berger MPF. The psychometric quality and clinical usefulness of three pain assessment tools for elderly people with dementia. Pain [Internet]. 2006 Dec 15 [cited 2024 Aug 27];126(1–3):210–20. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16890355/
Lin PC, Lin LC, Lotus Shyu YI, Hua MS. Chinese version of the Pain Assessment in Advanced Dementia Scale: initial psychometric evaluation. J Adv Nurs [Internet]. 2010 Oct [cited 2024 Aug 27];66(10):2360–8. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20722795/
Pinto MC arla M, Minson FP eixoto, Lopes AC arolina B, Laselva CR egina. Cultural adaptation and reproducibility validation of the Brazilian Portuguese version of the Pain Assessment in Advanced Dementia (PAINAD-Brazil) scale in non-verbal adult patients. Einstein (Sao Paulo) [Internet]. 2015 Jan 1 [cited 2024 Aug 27];13(1):14–9. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25993063/
Schuler MS, Becker S, Kaspar R, Nikolaus T, Kruse A, Basler HD. Psychometric properties of the German “Pain Assessment in Advanced Dementia Scale” (PAINAD-G) in nursing home residents. J Am Med Dir Assoc [Internet]. 2007 [cited 2024 Aug 27];8(6):388–95. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17619037/
Büyükturan Ö, İlkin NAHARCI M, Büyükturan B, Kirdi N, Yeti̇ş A. The Turkish Version of Pain Assessment in Advanced Dementia (PAINAD) Scale. Arch Neuropsychiatry [Internet]. 2018 [cited 2024 Aug 27];55:271–5. Available from: https://doi.org/10.29399/npa.22997
DeWaters T, Faut-Callahan M, McCann JJ, Paice JA, Fogg L, Hollinger-Smith L, et al. Comparison of self-reported pain and the PAINAD scale in hospitalized cognitively impaired and intact older adults after hip fracture surgery. Orthopaedic Nursing [Internet]. 2008 Jan [cited 2024 Aug 27];27(1):21–8. Available from: https://journals.lww.com/orthopaedicnursing/fulltext/2008/01000/comparison_of_self_reported_pain_and_the_painad.6.aspx
Horgas A, Miller L. Pain assessment in people with dementia. Am J Nurs [Internet]. 2008 Jul [cited 2024 Sep 10];108(7):62–70. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18580131/
Zwakhalen SMG, van der Steen JT, Najim MD. Which Score Most Likely Represents Pain on the Observational PAINAD Pain Scale for Patients with Dementia? J Am Med Dir Assoc [Internet]. 2012 May 1 [cited 2024 Sep 10];13(4):384–9. Available from: http://www.jamda.com/article/S1525861011001125/fulltext
Pain Assessment in Hospitalized Older Adults With Dementia and Delirium HHS Public Access.
