Akut Bakteriyel Menenjit

Yazarlar

Özet

Bakteriyel menenjit, santral sinir sistemi yapılarını çevreleyen zarların inflamasyonu olup erken ve etkin tedavi edilmediğinde ciddi morbidite ve mortalite ile seyreder. Yenidoğan dönemi dışındaen sık akut bakteriyel menenjit etkenleri Haemophilus influenzae tip b (Hib), Streptococcus pneumoniaeve Neisseria menengitidis’dir. Klinik bulgular hastanın yaşına ve hastalık süresine göre değişkenlik göstermekle beraber en sık bulgu ateştir. Bakteriyel menenjitte glukoz seviyesinde düşüklük, protein seviyesinde yükseklik, pleositoz, gram boyama veya kültürle mikroorganizmanın gösterilmesi tanı koydurucudur. Tedavi süresi ve şekli altta yatan patojene göre değişkenlik gösterir.

Referanslar

Dondo V, Mujuru H, Nathoo K, et al. Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine Impact on Meningitis and Pneumonia Among Children Aged <5 Years-Zimbabwe, 2010-2016. Clin Infect Dis. 2019;69:S72-S80. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciz462

Kim KS. Acute bacterial meningitis in infants and children. Lancet Infect Dis. 2010 Jan;10(1):32-42. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(09)70306-8

Panuganti SK, Nadel S. Acute Bacterial Meningitis Beyond the Neonatal Period. In: Principles and Practice of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, 5th ed, Philadelphia: Elsevier, 2018: 278-288.

Thigpen MC, Whitney CG, Messonnier NE, et al. Bacterial meningitis in the United States, 1998-2007. N Engl J Med. 2011;364:2016-2025. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1005384

Li L, Ma J, Yu Z, et al. Epidemiological characteristics and antibiotic resistance mechanisms of Streptococcus pneumoniae: An updated review. Microbiol Res. 2023 Jan;266:127221. doi: 10.1016/j.micres.2022.127221

Martin NG, Sadarangani M, Pollard AJ, et al. Hospital admission rates for meningitis and septicaemia caused by Haemophilus influenzae, Neisseria meningitidis, and Streptococcus pneumoniae in children in England over five decades: a population-based observational study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2014;14(5):397-405. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(14)70027-1

Ceyhan M, Ozsurekci Y, Tanır Basaranoglu S, et al. Multicenter Hospital-Based Prospective Surveillance Study of Bacterial Agents Causing Meningitis and Seroprevalence of Different Serogroups of Neisseria meningitidis, Haemophilus influenzae Type b, and Streptococcus pneumoniae during 2015 to 2018 in Turkey. mSphere. 2020;5(2):e00060-20. doi:10.1128/mSphere.00060-20

Silva MEP, Oliveira JR, Carvalho AG, et al. Colonization by Streptococcus pneumoniae among children in Porto Velho, Rondônia, Western Brazilian Amazon. Braz J Biol. 2022 Jul 11;82:e260617. doi: 10.1590/1519-6984.260617

Kizil MC, Kilic O, Ceyhan M, et al. Nasopharyngeal Meningococcal Carriage among Children and Adolescents in Turkey in 2018: An Unexpected High Serogroup X Carriage. Children (Basel). 2021 Sep 29;8(10):871. doi: 10.3390/children8100871

Tekin RT, Dinleyici EC, Ceyhan M, et al. The prevalence, serogroup distribution and risk factors of meningococcal carriage in adolescents and young adults in Turkey. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2017 May 4;13(5):1182-1189. doi:10.1080/21645515.2016.1268304

Kim KS. Bacterial Meningitis Beyond the Neonatal Period. In: Feigin and Cherry’s Textbook of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, 8th ed, Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders, 2019: 309-336.

Vasilopoulou VA, Karanika M, Theodoridou K, et al. Prognostic factors related to sequelae in childhood bacterial meningitis: data from a Greek meningitis registry. BMC Infect Dis. 2011 Aug 10;11:214. doi: 10.1186/1471-2334-11-214

Franco-Paredes C, Lammoglia L, Hernández I, et al. Epidemiology and outcomes of bacterial meningitis in Mexican children: 10-year experience (1993-2003). Int J Infect Dis. 2008 Jul;12(4):380-6. doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2007.09.012

Ataei Nakhaei A, Bakhtiari E, Ghahremani S, et al. Prevalence and risk factors of seizure in children with acute bacterial meningitis: updating previous evidence using an epidemiological design. Iran J Child Neurol. 2021 Summer;15(3):47-54. doi: 10.22037/ijcn.v15i2.22250

Karl A, Ali MA, Brandis D. Kernig Sign. 2022 Dec 27. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023 Jan.

Stribos MP, Jones EB. Brudzinski Sign. 2023 May 1. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023 Jan.

van de Beek D, Cabellos C, Dzupova O, et al. ESCMID guideline: diagnosis and treatment of acute bacterial meningitis. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2016;22 Suppl 3:S37-62. doi: 10.1016/j.cmi.2016.01.007

Køster-Rasmussen R, Korshin A, Meyer CN. Antibiotic treatment delay and outcome in acute bacterial meningitis. J Infect. 2008;57(6):449-454. doi:10.1016/j.jinf.2008.09.033

Schulga P, Grattan R, Napier C, et al. How to use lumbar puncture in children. Arch Dis Child Educ Pract Ed. 2015 Oct;100(5):264-71. doi: 10.1136/archdischild-2014-307600

Bonadio W. Pediatric lumbar puncture and cerebrospinal fluid analysis. J Emerg Med. 2014:141-150. doi: 10.1016/j.jemermed.2013.08.056

Nigrovic LE, Kimia AA, Shah SS, et al. Relationship between cerebrospinal fluid glucose and serum glucose. N Engl J Med 2012; 366:576.doi: 10.1056/NEJMc1111080

Garges HP, Moody MA, Cotten CM, et al. Neonatal meningitis: what is the correlation among cerebrospinal fluid cultures, blood cultures, and cerebrospinal fluid parameters? Pediatrics 2006;117:1094–100. doi: 10.1542/peds.2005-1132

Thomson J, Sucharew H, Cruz AT, et al. Pediatric Emergency Medicine Collaborative Research Committee (PEM CRC) HSV Study Group. Cerebrospinal Fluid Reference Values for Young Infants Undergoing Lumbar Puncture. Pediatrics. 2018 Mar;141(3):e20173405. doi: 10.1542/peds.2017-3405

Nour M, Alaidarous A. Clinical usefulness and accuracy of polymerase chain reaction in the detection of bacterial meningitis agents in pediatric cerebrospinal fluid. Curr Res Transl Med. 2018;66:15-18.doi: 10.1016/j.retram.2018.01.001.

Wu HM, Cordeiro SM, Harcourt BH, et al. Accuracy of real-time PCR, Gram stain and culture for Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis and Haemophilus influenzae meningitis diagnosis. BMC Infect Dis. 2013;13:26.doi: 10.1186/1471-2334-13-26.

Brouwer MC, Tunkel AR, van de Beek D. Epidemiology, diagnosis, and antimicrobial treatment of acute bacterial meningitis. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2010 Jul;23(3):467-92. doi: 10.1128/CMR.00070-09

Julián-Jiménez A, Morales-Casado MI. Usefulness of blood and cerebrospinal fluid laboratory testing to predict bacterial meningitis in the emergency department. Utilidad de las determinaciones analíticas en sangre y líquido cefalorraquídeo para predecir meningitis bacterianas en el servicio de urgencias. Neurologia (Engl Ed). 2019;34(2):105-113. doi:10.1016/j.nrl.2016.05.009

Kocagözoğlu SG ve Özkaya Parlakay A. Çocuklarda Akut Bakteriyel Menenjitlere Güncel Yaklaşım. Türkiye Çocuk Hast Derg 2021;15:437-446

European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Annual Epidemiological Report 2013 [2011 data]. (13/12/2023 tarihinde https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/annual-epidemiological-report-2013-2011-data adresinden ulaşılmıştır )

Alamarat Z, Hasbun R. Management of Acute Bacterial Meningitis in Children. Infect Drug Resist. 2020;13:4077-4089. Published 2020 Nov 11. doi:10.2147/IDR.S240162

Brouwer MC, McIntyre P, Prasad K, et al. Corticosteroids for acute bacterial meningitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013 Jun 4;(6):CD004405. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD004405.pub4

Tunkel AR, Hartman BJ, Kaplan SL, et al. Practice guidelines for the management of bacterial meningitis. Clin Infect Dis. 2004;39:1267-1284.doi: 10.1086/425368.

Lin TY, Nelson JD, McCracken GH Jr. Fever during treatment for bacterial meningitis. Pediatr Infect Dis. 1984;3:319-322. doi: 10.1097/00006454-198407000-00009.

Oliveira CR, Morriss MC, Mistrot JG, et al. Brain magnetic resonance imaging of infants with bacterial meningitis. J Pediatr. 2014;165:134-139.doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2014.02.061.

Edmond K, Dieye Y, Griffiths UK, et al. Prospective cohort study of disabling sequelae and quality of life in children with bacterial meningitis in urban Senegal. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2010 Nov;29(11):1023-9. doi: 10.1097/INF.0b013e3181e598ea

Zalmanovici Trestioreanu A, Fraser A, Gafter-Gvili A, et al. Antibiotics for preventing meningococcal infections. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013 Oct 25;2013(10):CD004785. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD004785.pub5

Gardner P. Clinical practice. Prevention of meningococcal disease. N Engl J Med 2006; 355:1466.doi: 10.1056/NEJMcp063561

Cohn AC, MacNeil JR, Clark TA, et al. Prevention and control of meningococcal disease: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR Recomm Rep 2013; 62:1.

American Academy of Pediatrics. Haemophilus influenzae infections. In: Red Book: 2018 Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases, 31st ed, Itasca: American Academy of Pediatrics, 2018:367.

Kobayashi M, Farrar JL, Gierke R, et al. Use of 15-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine and 20-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine Among U.S. Adults: Updated Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices - United States, 2022. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2022;71(4):109-117.

PREVENAR 20® 0,5 mL IM Pnömokokal konjuge polisakkarid aşı. (27/01/2025 tarihinde https://labeling.pfizer.com/ShowLabeling.aspx?id=20488 adresinden ulaşılmıştır.

Arısoy ES, Çiftçi E, Hacımustafaoğlu M, et al. Önceden Sağlıklı Çocuklarda Aşılama: Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Ulusal Bağışıklama Çizelgesinde Yer Alan ve Almayan Aşılara İlişkin Uygulama Önerileri – 2020. J Pediatr Inf 2020;14(3):180-193. doi:10.5578/ced.202042

Gelecek

29 Nisan 2025

Lisans

Lisans