Campylobacter Enfeksiyonları
Özet
Campylobacter, dünya çapında gıda kaynaklı bakteriyel hastalıkların önde gelen nedenlerinden biridir ve insan enfeksiyonlarının çoğundan Campylobacter jejuni sorumludur. Bu gram-negatif, spiral şekilli bakteriler tipik olarak insanlara kontamine gıda, su veya enfekte hayvanlarla temas yoluyla bulaşır. Az pişmiş kümes hayvanları birincil enfeksiyon kaynağıdır, ancak pastörize edilmemiş süt, kontamine su ve gıda hazırlama sırasında çapraz kontaminasyon da önemli riskler oluşturmaktadır. Bulaşıcı doz nispeten düşüktür ve 500 kadar az sayıda organizma hastalığa neden olabilir. Semptomlar tipik olarak maruziyetten 2-5 gün sonra gelişir ve ishal (genellikle kanlı), karın krampları, ateş ve bazen bulantı ve kusmayı içerir. Çoğu enfeksiyon kendi kendini sınırlar ve bir hafta içinde düzelirken, hastaların yaklaşık %10'unda semptomlar nükseder. Guillain-Barré sendromu (kas güçsüzlüğü veya felce neden olan otoimmün bir bozukluk), reaktif artrit ve irritabl bağırsak sendromu gibi ciddi komplikasyonlar gelişebilir. Bağışıklık sistemi baskılanmış hastalarda bakteriyemi veya diğer sistemik enfeksiyonlar gelişebilir. Teşhis dışkı kültürü veya PCR testi ile doğrulanır. Vakaların çoğu antibiyotik tedavisi olmaksızın düzelir, ancak ciddi enfeksiyonlar veya yüksek riskli hastalar için azitromisin veya florokinolonlar reçete edilebilir. Önleme stratejileri, gıdaların uygun şekilde işlenmesine, kümes hayvanı ürünlerinin iyice pişirilmesine, çapraz bulaşmanın önlenmesine, yalnızca pastörize süt ürünlerinin tüketilmesine ve çiğ etlerle çalışırken iyi bir el hijyeni sağlanmasına odaklanır.
Campylobacter is one of the leading causes of foodborne bacterial diseases worldwide, and Campylobacter jejuni is responsible for most human infections. These gram-negative, spiral-shaped bacteria are typically transmitted to humans through contaminated food, water or contact with infected animals. Undercooked poultry is the primary source of infection, but unpasteurised milk, contaminated water and cross-contamination during food preparation also pose significant risks. The infectious dose is relatively low, and as few as 500 organisms can cause disease. Symptoms typically develop 2-5 days after exposure and include diarrhea (often bloody), abdominal cramps, fever and sometimes nausea and vomiting. While most infections are self-limiting and resolve within a week, symptoms recur in about 10% of patients. Serious complications such as Guillain-Barré syndrome (an autoimmune disorder that causes muscle weakness or paralysis), reactive arthritis and irritable bowel syndrome can develop. Bacteremia or other systemic infections may develop in immunocompromised patients. Diagnosis is confirmed through stool culture or PCR testing. Most cases resolve without antibiotic treatment, though azithromycin or fluoroquinolones may be prescribed for severe infections or high-risk patients. Prevention strategies focus on proper food handling, thoroughly cooking poultry products, preventing cross-contamination, consuming only pasteurised dairy products, and maintaining good hand hygiene when handling raw meats.
Referanslar
McFadyean J, Stockman S. Report of the Departmental Committee appointed by the Board of Agriculture and Fisheries to inquire into epizootic abortion. Appendix to part III, Abortion in sheep. London [England]: Printed under the authority of H.M.S.O. by Eyre and Spottiswoode; 1913. 33 p. (Cd. (Great Britain. Parliament)).
Parte AC. LPSN - List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (bacterio.net), 20 years on. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 2018 Jun;68(6):1825–9.
Iannino F, Salucci S, Di Donato G, Badagliacca P, Vincifori G, Di Giannatale E. Campylobacter and antimicrobial resistance in dogs and humans: ‘One health’ in practice. Vet Ital. 2019 Sep 30;(3):203–20.
Zhang Q, Sahin O. Campylobacteriosis. In: Diseases of Poultry [Internet]. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd; 2020 [cited 2024 Nov 9]. p. 754–69. Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/9781119371199.ch17
Mead PS, Slutsker L, Dietz V, McCaig LF, Bresee JS, Shapiro C, et al. Food-related illness and death in the United States. Emerg Infect Dis. 1999;5(5):607–25.
Kassem II, Helmy YA, Kathayat D, Candelero-Rueda RA, Kumar A, Deblais L, et al. Nonculturability Might Underestimate the Occurrence of Campylobacter in Broiler Litter. Foodborne Pathog Dis. 2017 Aug;14(8):472–7.
Facciolà A, Riso R, Avventuroso E, Visalli G, Delia SA, Laganà P. Campylobacter: from microbiology to prevention.
Hlashwayo DF, Sigaúque B, Bila CG. Epidemiology and antimicrobial resistance of Campylobacter spp. in animals in Sub-Saharan Africa: A systematic review. Heliyon. 2020 Mar;6(3):e03537.
Fitzgerald C, Nachamkin I. Campylobacter and Arcobacter [Internet]. 2015 [cited 2024 Nov 7]. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/345791046_Campylobacter_and_Arcobacter
Hermans D, Pasmans F, Messens W, Martel A, Van Immerseel F, Rasschaert G, et al. Poultry as a host for the zoonotic pathogen Campylobacter jejuni. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis Larchmt N. 2012 Feb;12(2):89–98.
Byrd J, Bailey RH, Wills R, Nisbet D. Recovery of Campylobacter from commercial broiler hatchery trayliners. Poult Sci. 2007 Jan;86(1):26–9.
Lastovica AJ, On SLW, Zhang L. The Family Campylobacteraceae. In: Rosenberg E, DeLong EF, Lory S, Stackebrandt E, Thompson F, editors. The Prokaryotes: Deltaproteobacteria and Epsilonproteobacteria [Internet]. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2014 [cited 2024 Nov 10]. p. 307–35. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-39044-9_274
Takamiya M, Ozen A, Rasmussen M, Alter T, Gilbert T, Ussery DW, et al. Genome Sequence of Campylobacter jejuni strain 327, a strain isolated from a turkey slaughterhouse. Stand Genomic Sci. 2011 Mar;4(2):113–22.
Zhang X, Tang M, Zhou Q, Zhang J, Yang X, Gao Y. Prevalence and Characteristics of Campylobacter Throughout the Slaughter Process of Different Broiler Batches. Front Microbiol. 2018 Sep 4;9:2092.
Anonim. Campylobacter Jejuni [Internet]. Stepwards. [cited 2024 Nov 6]. Available from: https://www.stepwards.com/?page_id=7207
Dearlove BL, Cody AJ, Pascoe B, Méric G, Wilson DJ, Sheppard SK. Rapid host switching in generalist Campylobacter strains erodes the signal for tracing human infections. ISME J. 2016 Mar;10(3):721–9.
Goni MD, Muhammad IJ, Goje M, Goni M, Bitrus AA, Abbas MA. Campylobacter in Dogs and Cats; Its detection and Public Health Significance: A Review. Adv Anim Vet Sci.
Wallis MR. The pathogenesis of Campylobacter jejuni. Br J Biomed Sci. 1994 Mar;51(1):57–64.
Facciolà A, Riso R, Avventuroso E, Visalli G, Delia SA, Laganà P. Campylobacter: from microbiology to prevention. J Prev Med Hyg. 2017 Jun;58(2):E79.
Alrubaye B, Abraha M, Almansour A, Bansal M, Wang H, Kwon YM, et al. Microbial metabolite deoxycholic acid shapes microbiota against Campylobacter jejuni chicken colonization. PLOS ONE. 2019 Jul 5;14(7):e0214705.
Gourley CR, Negretti NM, Konkel ME. The food-borne pathogen Campylobacter jejuni depends on the AddAB DNA repair system to defend against bile in the intestinal environment. Sci Rep. 2017 Oct 31;7(1):14777.
Negretti NM, Gourley CR, Clair G, Adkins JN, Konkel ME. The food-borne pathogen Campylobacter jejuni responds to the bile salt deoxycholate with countermeasures to reactive oxygen species. Sci Rep. 2017 Nov 13;7(1):15455.
Kemper L, Hensel A. Campylobacter jejuni: targeting host cells, adhesion, invasion, and survival. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2023 May;107(9):2725–54.
Chukwu CI, Nwalozie R, Nnokam BA, Esiere RK. Campylobacter Species: New Insight, Clinical Diagnosis and Laboratory Approach. Int J Pathog Res. 2024 Jan 8;13(1):7–24.
Ioannou P, Sourris A, Tsantes AG, Samonis G. Infective Endocarditis by Campylobacter Species—A Narrative Review. Pathogens. 2024 Jul;13(7):594.
Shen Z, Wang Y, Shen J. Chapter 54 - Campylobacter. In: Tang YW, Hindiyeh MY, Liu D, Sails A, Spearman P, Zhang JR, editors. Molecular Medical Microbiology (Third Edition) [Internet]. Academic Press; 2024 [cited 2024 Nov 10]. p. 1097–132. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128186190000757
Koya A. Bovine genital campylobacteriosis: isolation, identification and virulence profiling of Campylobacter fetus subsp. venerealis in a small animal model [Internet] [PhD Thesis]. The University of Queensland; 2016 [cited 2024 Nov 10]. Available from: http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:382334
Edmondson MA. Infectious Agents. In: Bovine Reproduction [Internet]. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd; 2014 [cited 2024 Nov 10]. p. 518–23. Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/9781118833971.ch55
El-Adawy H, Hafez HM. Campylobacter. In: Hafez HM, Shehata AA, editors. Turkey Diseases and Disorders Volume 1: Bacterial and Fungal Infectious Diseases [Internet]. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2024 [cited 2024 Nov 10]. p. 163–8. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-63318-8_14
Dos Santos FM, Low KH, Chai LC. Volatile organic compounds produced by thermophilic and non-thermophilic ampylobacter spp.: Influence of growth phase and nutrient composition. Int Food Res J. 2024 Jul 1;31(3):551–66.
Bakhshi B, Shams S, Rezaie N, Ameri Shah Reza M. Design of dot-blot hybridization assay for simultaneous detection of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli: a preliminary study. Ann Med Surg. 2024 Jan;86(1):219.
Dai L, Sahin O, Grover M, Zhang Q. New and alternative strategies for the prevention, control, and treatment of antibiotic-resistant Campylobacter. Transl Res. 2020 Sep 1;223:76–88.
Carr FJ. Microbiology: A Fundamental Introduction Second Edition. 2017;
Sails AD, Fox AJ, Bolton FJ, Wareing DRA, Greenway DLA. A Real-Time PCR Assay for the Detection of Campylobacter jejuni in Foods after Enrichment Culture. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2003 Mar;69(3):1383–90.
Komba EV, Mdegela RH, Msoffe PL, Ingmer H. Human and animal Campylobacteriosis in Tanzania: A review. Tanzan J Health Res [Internet]. 2013 Jan 22 [cited 2024 Nov 7];15(1). Available from: http://www.ajol.info/index.php/thrb/article/view/68676
Hsieh YH, Sulaiman IM. Campylobacteriosis: An Emerging Infectious Foodborne Disease | Request PDF [Internet]. 2018 [cited 2024 Nov 7]. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/323625166_Campylobacteriosis_An_Emerging_Infectious_Foodborne_Disease
Graeter L, Hertenstein E, Accurso C, Labiner G. Elsevier’s Medical Laboratory Science Examination Review. Elsevier Health Sciences; 2014. 407 p.
Kuhn KG, Falkenhorst G, Ceper T, Dalby T, Ethelberg S, Mølbak K, et al. Detection of antibodies to Campylobacter in humans using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays: a review of the literature. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2012 Oct 1;74(2):113–8.
George WB. Handbook of Zoonoses, Second Edition, Section A: Bacterial, Rickettsia [Internet]. [cited 2024 Nov 7]. Available from: https://www.routledge.com/Handbook-of-Zoonoses-Second-Edition-Section-A-Bacterial-Rickettsial-Chlamydial-and-Mycotic-Zoonoses/Beran/p/book/9780849332050?srsltid=AfmBOoq5x-9cxHBWdbWuRMTJiirNWY9TOyVm3f_8hkBYzb_I4aos7E6i
Marks SL, Rankin SC, Byrne BA, Weese JS. Enteropathogenic Bacteria in Dogs and Cats: Diagnosis, Epidemiology, Treatment, and Control. J Vet Intern Med. 2011 Nov;25(6):1195–208.
Sykes JE, Mark S. Canine and Feline Infectious Diseases. 2013. 1 p.
