Mezbahalarda Atık Yönetimi
Özet
Mezbaha atıkları protein, yağ ve mineral maddeler yönünden zengindir ve biyolojik olarak parçalanabilen organik atıklar içinde sınıflandırılmaktadır. Bu tür atıkların yönetmeliklere uygun olmayan, tehlikeli şekilde bertarafı toprağı, durgun ve akar suları ve yeraltı sularını kirleterek ciddi ekolojik sorunlara yol açabilmektedir. Mezbahalarda atık yönetimi, atık miktarını azaltmak, atıkları sınıflandırarak birbirinden ayırmak, atığı çevreye zarar vermeyecek biçimde fiziksel-kimyasal ve biyolojik arıtma yöntemleri ile bertaraf etmek veya geri dönüştürmek aşamalarından oluşmaktadır. Bertaraf işlemleri ile atıktan kaynaklanabilecek mikrobiyolojik ve kimyasal kontaminasyonlar engellenmektedir. Mezbaha atıklarının geri dönüşümü ile biyogübre, biyogaz, et, kemik ve kan unu, keratin, kollagen, biyoplastik gibi ekonomik değeri yüksek ürünler elde edilmektedir.
Slaughterhouse wastes are rich in protein, fat and mineral substances and are classified as biodegradable organic wastes. Disposal of such waste in a dangerous manner that does not comply with regulations can pollute soil, stagnant and running waters and groundwater, causing serious ecological problems. Waste management in slaughterhouses consists of reducing the amount of waste, classifying and separating wastes from each other, and disposing of or recycling wastes with physical-chemical and biological treatment methods in a way that will not harm the environment. Disposal processes prevent microbiological and chemical contaminations that may arise from waste. High-economic value products such as biofertilizer, biogas, meat, bone and blood meal, keratin, collagen, and bioplastic are obtained by recycling slaughterhouse wastes.
Referanslar
van der Laan S, Breeman G, Scherer L. Animal Lives Affected by Meat Consumption Trends in the G20 Countries. Animals, 2024.14(11): 1662.
Philipp M, Masmoudi Jabri K, Wellmann J, et al. Slaughterhouse wastewater treatment: A review on recycling and reuse possibilities. Water, 2021. 13(22): 3175.
Ragasri S, Sabumon PC. A critical review on slaughterhouse waste management and framing sustainable practices in managing slaughterhouse waste in India. Journal of Environmental Management, 2023. 327: 116823.
Zarei A, Biglari H, Mobini M, et al. Disinfecting Poultry Slaughterhouse Wastewater Using Copper Electrodes in the Electrocoagulation Process. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 2018. 27(4).
Başbakanlık Mevzuatı Geliştirme ve Yayın Genel Müdürlüğü, Su Kirliliği Kontrolü Yönetmeliği (2004), sayı: 25687. Erişim tarihi 20 Aralık 2024.
Bustillo-Lecompte CF, Mehrvar M. Slaughterhouse wastewater characteristics, treatment, and management in the meat processing industry: A review on trends and advances. Journal of Environmental Management, 2015.161, 287-302.
Crainic R, Fechete R. Slaughterhouse Wastewater Properties Assessment by Modern and Classic Methods. Water, 2024. 16(17), 2382.
Kbibch A, El Khokh ., El Kharrim K, et al. Physico-Chemical Analysis of Slaughterhouse Wastewater to Develop Appropriate Treatment: The Case of Souk el Arbaa. Morocco. Open Access Library Journal, 2024. 11(5), 1-13.
Ng M, Dalhatou S, Wilson J, et al. Characterization of slaughterhouse wastewater and development of treatment techniques: a review. Processes, 2022. 10(7), 1300.
Başbakanlık Mevzuatı Geliştirme ve Yayın Genel Müdürlüğü, Veteriner Hizmetleri, Bitki Sağlığı, Gıda ve Yem Kanunu (2010). Sayı: 27610. https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2010/06/20100613-12.htm. Erişim tarihi 18 Aralık 2024.
Başbakanlık Mevzuatı Geliştirme ve Yayın Genel Müdürlüğü. Gıda, Tarım ve Hayvancılık Bakanlığı, İnsan Tüketimi Amacıyla Kullanılmayan Hayvansal Yan Ürünler Yönetmeliği (2011). Sayı: 28152. https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2011/12/20111224-3.htm. Erişim tarihi 18 Aralık 2024.
Başbakanlık Mevzuatı Geliştirme ve Yayın Genel Müdürlüğü, Çevre ve Şehircilik Bakanlığı, Atıkların Yakılmasına İlişkin Yönetmelik (2010). Sayı: 27721, Atıkların Yakılmasına İlişkin Yönetmelikte Değişiklik Yapılmasına Dair Yönetmelik (2017). Sayı: 30031. https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2010/10/20101006-21.htm. Erişim tarihi 19 Aralık 2024.
Başbakanlık Mevzuatı Geliştirme ve Yayın Genel Müdürlüğü, Çevre ve Şehircilik Bakanlığı, Atık Yönetimi Yönetmeliği (2015). Sayı: 29314. https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2015/04/20150402-2.htm. Erişim tarihi 19 Aralık 2024.
Limeneh DY, Tesfaye T, Ayele M, at al. A comprehensive review on utilization of slaughterhouse by-product: Current status and prospect. Sustainability, 2022. 14(11), 6469.
Chowdhury MW, Nabi MN, Arefin MA, et al. Recycling slaughterhouse wastes into potential energy and hydrogen sources: An approach for the future sustainable energy. Bioresource Technology Reports, 2022, 19, 101133.
Baker BR, Mohamed R, Al-Gheethi A, et al. Advanced technologies for poultry slaughterhouse wastewater treatment: a systematic review. Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology. 2021. 42, 880–899. https://doi.org/10.1080/01932691.2020.1721007
Mozhiarasi V, Natarajan TS. Slaughterhouse and poultry wastes: Management practices, feedstocks for renewable energy production, and recovery of value added products. Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery, 2022. 1-24.
Panneerselvam M, Rangaraj A, Monisha KM. Experimental study on solid waste management in slaughter house. Materials today: Proceedings, 2022. 68, 1324-1329.
Musa MA, Idrus S. Physical and biological treatment technologies of slaughterhouse wastewater: a review. Sustainability, 2021. 13(9): 4656.
Vítězová M, Kohoutová A, Vítěz T, et al. Methanogenic microorganisms in industrial wastewater anaerobic treatment. Processes, 2020. 8(12): 1546.
Bah CSF, Bekhit AEDA, Carne A, et al. Slaughterhouse blood: an emerging source of bioactive compounds. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety. 2013, 12, 314–331. https://doi.org/10.1111/1541-4337.12013.
Başbakanlık Mevzuatı Geliştirme ve Yayın Genel Müdürlüğü, Çevre ve Şehircilik Bakanlığı, Atık Yönetimi Yönetmeliği (2015). Sayı: 29314. https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2015/04/20150402-2.htm. Erişim tarihi 15 Aralık 2024.
Al-Gheethi A, Ma NL, Rupani PF, et al. Biowastes of slaughterhouses and wet markets: an overview of waste management for disease prevention. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2021, 1-14.
Särkkä H, Bhatnagar A, Sillanpää M. Recent developments of electro-oxidation in water treatment—A review. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, 2015. 754: 46-56.
Ungureanu N, Vlăduț NV, Biriş SŞ, et al. Management of waste and by-products from meat industry., International Symposium on Agricultural and Mechanical Engineering, Bucharest, (ISB-INMA-TEH' 2023)., 5-6 October 2023, Romania. (pp. 256-267).
Boinpally S, Kolla A, Kainthola J, et al. A state-of-the-art review of the electrocoagulation technology for wastewater treatment. Water Cycle, 2023, 4, 26-36.
Mohtashami R, Shang JQ. Electroflotation for treatment of industrial wastewaters: a focused review. Environmental Processes, 2019. 6(2), 325-353.
Yuan C, Weng CH. Electrokinetic enhancement removal of heavy metals from industrial wastewater sludge. Chemosphere, 2006. 65(1): 88-96.
Rezakazemi M, Khajeh A, Mesbah M. Membrane filtration of wastewater from gas and oil production. Environmental Chemistry Letters, 2018. 16: 367-388.
Abdelgadir A, Chen X, Liu J, et al. Characteristics, process parameters, and inner components of anaerobic bioreactors. BioMed Research International, 2014(1), 841573.
Samadi MT, Leili M, Rahmani A, et al. Anaerobic co-digestion using poultry slaughterhouse and vegetable wastes to enhance biogas yield: Effect of different C/N ratios. Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery, 2024. 14(22): 28303-28311.
Loganath R, Senophiyah-Mary J. Critical review on the necessity of bioelectricity generation from slaughterhouse industry waste and wastewater using different anaerobic digestion reactors. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2020. 134, 110360.
Otero A, Mendoza M, Carreras R, et al. Biogas production from slaughterhouse waste: Effect of blood content and fat saponification. Waste Management. 2021, 133, 119-126.
Dutta A, Sarkar S. Sequencing batch reactor for wastewater treatment: recent advances. Current Pollution Reports, 2015. 1, 177-190.
Prieto M, García-López ML. Meat By-Products, In: Eds: Ninios T, Lundén J, Korkeala H, et al. Meat inspection and control in the slaughterhouse. Pages: 385-398. John Wiley & Sons. Online ISBN:9781118525821 2014.
Gusiatin ZM, Kumpiene J, Janiszewska S, et al. A mineral by-product from gasification of poultry feathers for removing Cd from highly contaminated synthetic wastewater. Minerals, 2020. 10(12): 1048.
Bustillo-Lecompte CF, Mehrvar M.. Slaughterhouse wastewater: treatment, management and resource recovery. In: Edited by Robina Farooq and Zaki Ahmad. Physico-chemical Wastewater Treatment and Resource Recovery, In: 153-174. BoD – Books on Demand, ISBN 953513129X, 978953513129. 2017.
Campos S, Salazar R, Arancibia-Miranda N, et al. Nafcillin degradation by heterogeneous electro-Fenton process using Fe, Cu and Fe/Cu nanoparticles. Chemosphere, 2020, 247, 125813.
Coskun T, Debik E, Kabuk H.A, et al. Treatment of poultry slaughterhouse wastewater using a membrane process, water reuse, and economic analysis. Desalin. Water Treat. 2015, 57, 4944–4951.
Raca, M, Dolar D, Špehar A, et al. Application of UF/NF/RO membranes for treatment and reuse of rendering plant wastewater. Process Safety and Environmental Protection. 2017, 105, 386–392.
