Retina Hastalıkları
Özet
Retina, ışığı nöronal sinyallere dönüştüren ve görmeyi başlatan önemli bir yapıdır. Retinada kalıtsal veya edinsel gelişen anormallikler, görme kaybına yol açabilir. Kalıtsal retinopatilerden biri olan retina displazisi, köpeklerde yaygın olarak görülmekte olup fokal, coğrafik ve tam retina displazisi formlarında ortaya çıkmaktadır. Retinopatiler, kalıtsal (birincil) veya edinsel (ikincil) olabilir. Kalıtsal retinopatiler arasında Retinal Pigment Epitel Distrofisi (RPED) önemli bir hastalıktır ve İngiliz Cocker Spaniel ve Retriever gibi ırklarda sık görülür. Edinsel retinopatiler sistemik enfeksiyonlar, kardiyovasküler hastalıklar, ani gelişen retina dejenerasyonu sendromu (AGRDS), toksik retinopatiler ve beslenme yetersizliklerine bağlı olarak gelişebilir. Enfeksiyon kaynaklı retinopatiler viral, bakteriyel veya travmatik olabilir. Kardiyovasküler hastalıklara bağlı retinopati hipertansiyon, diyabetes mellitus ve diğer sistemik hastalıkların oftalmik bulgularıdır. Retinal kanamalar ve dekolman gibi komplikasyonlara yol açabilmektedir. Retinal kanamalar ise genellikle hipertansiyonun erken bir belirtisi olarak değerlendirilir. AGRDS, nedeni bilinmeyen ani körlükle sonuçlanan, köpeklerde görülen bir hastalıktır. Genellikle orta yaşlı, küçük ırk, obez köpeklerde gözlemlenir ve tedavisi yoktur. Toksik retinopatilerde çeşitli ilaç ve kimyasal ajanlar (enrofloksasin, ivermektin), nöroretinal veya retinal pigment epiteli hücrelerine doğrudan zarar vererek retina hasarına ve körlüğe yol açabilir. Beslenme yetersizliğine bağlı olarak kedilerde taurin ve tiamin eksikliği ile her iki türde E ve A vitamini eksiklikleri nadir de olsa görülebilmektedir. Sıkça karşılaşılan hastalıklardan retina dekolmanı nörosensörik retinanın alttaki retinal pigment epiteli katmanından ayrılmasıyla meydana gelmektedir. Enfeksiyöz ve kardiyovasküler hastalıklar, neoplastik hastalıklar ve toksik ajanlar dekolmana yol açabilir. Ani görme kaybı, dilate pupillalar ve oftalmoskobik muayenede retinada ayrılma görünümü tipik bulgular arasındadır.
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