Göz Hastalıklarında ve Göz Cerrahisinde Analjezi ve Anestezi
Özet
Göz hastalıklarında ve göz cerrahisinde kullanılacak anestezi, analjezi uygulamaları hastalığın niteliğine, planlanan prosedüre, anestezist ve cerrahın tercihlerine ve becerilerine bağlı olarak her hayvan için bireyselleştirilmelidir. Tekniklerin endikasyonlarını, kontrendikasyonlarını, sınırlamalarını ve potansiyel komplikasyonlarını iyi bilmek gerekir. Bu bölümde oküler bozukluğu olan kedi ve köpeklerde lokal anestezi teknikleri, analjezi uygulamaları, genel anestezinin özellikleri ile anestezistin dikkate alması gereken temel hususlar anlatılmıştır.
Anesthesia and analgesia applications to be used in eye diseases and eye surgery should be individualized for each animal depending on the nature of the disease, the planned procedure, the preferences and skills of the anesthesiologist and surgeon. It is necessary to know the indications, contraindications, limitations and potential complications of the techniques well. In this section, local anesthesia techniques, analgesia applications, characteristics of general anesthesia and basic issues that the anesthesiologist should take into consideration in cats and dogs with ocular disorders are explained.
Referanslar
Giuliano E, Walsh K. (eds. Campoy L, Read M). The eye. In: Small Animal Regional Anesthesia and Analgesia. USA: Wiley-Blackwell; 2013.
Papich MG. Pharmacologic considerations for opiate analgesic and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 2000;30: 815–837.
Lascelles BDX, Court MH, Hardie EM et al. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in cats: a review. Vet Anaesth Analg. 2007;34:228-250.
Lucas AN, Firth AM, Anderson GA et al. Comparison of the effects of morphine administered by constant-rate intravenous infusion or intermittent intramuscular injection in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2001;218: 884-891.
Thomson SM, Oliver JA, Gould DJ et al. Preliminary investigations into the analgesic effects of topical ocular 1% morphine solution in dogs and cats. Vet Anaesth Analg. 2013;40:632–640. doi.org/10.1111/vaa.12069
Stiles J, Honda CN, Krohne SG et al. Effect of topical administration of 1% morphine sulphate solution on signs of pain and corneal wound healing in dogs. Am J Vet Res. 2003; 64: 813-818.
Wenk HN, Nannenga MH, Honda CN. Effect of morphine sulphate eye drops on hyperalgesia in the rat cornea. Pain. 2003;105: 455-465.
Accola PJ, Bentley E, Smith LJ et al. Development of a retrobulbar injection technique for ocular surgery and analgesia in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2006;229:220–225.
Myrna KE, Bentley E, Smith LJ. Effectiveness of injection of local anesthetic into the retrobulbar space for postoperative analgesia following eye enucleation in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2010;237:174–177.
Ahn JS, Jeong MB, Park YW et al. A sub-Tenon's capsule injection of lidocaine induces extraocular muscle akinesia and mydriasis in dogs. Vet J. 2013;196:103–108.
Hazra S, De D, Roy B et al. Use of ketamine, xylazine, and diazepam anesthesia with retrobulbar block for phacoemulsification in dogs. Vet Ophthalmol. 2008;11:255–259.
Shilo-Benjamini Y. A review of ophtalmic local and regional anesthesia in dogs and cats. Vet Anaesth Analg. 2019;46(1):14-27. doi.org/10.1016/j.vaa.2018.10.004
Esson DW, Calvarese S. Anaesthesia and Sedation in Ophthalmology. In: Clinical Atlas of Canine and Feline Ophthalmic Disease, Second Edition. USA: John Wiley & Sons;2022.
Gelat KN. Anesthesia for Ophthalmic Surgery. (24/08/2024 tarihinde https://veteriankey.com/anesthesia-for-ophthalmic-surgery/ adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
Topal A. Veteriner Anestezi. Bursa: Nobel & Güneş Tıp Kitapevi; 2005.
Neves CA, Mendonça LVP, Silva MF et al. Considerations for general anesthesia in dogs and cats with eye diseases. Res., Soc. Dev., 2021;10(8):p.e42810817483.doi.org/:10.33448/rsd-v10i8.17483
Herring IP, Bobofchak MA, Landry MP et al. Duration of effect and effect of multiple doses of topical ophthalmic 0.5% proparacaine hydrochloride in clinically normal dogs. Am J Vet Res. 2005;66(1):77-80. doi: 10.2460/ajvr.2005.66.77. PMID: 15691039
Love L. (ed. White S.). Surgery of the Eye: Anesthesia Supplement High-Quality, High-Volume Spay and Neuter and Other Shelter Surgeries. Wiley‐Blackwell;2020.
Clutton RE, Boyd C, Richards DLS, et al. Significanceof the oculocardiac reflex during ophthalmicsurgery in the dog. J Small Anim Pract. 1988;29:573-579.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-5827.1988.tb02176.x
Giuliano EA. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in veterinary ophthalmology. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 2004;34(3):707-723. doi: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2003.12.003
Mathews K, Kronen PW, Lascelles D, et al. Guidelines for recognition, assessment and treatment of pain: WSAVA Global Pain Council members and co-authors of this document: J Small Anim Pract. 2014;55(6):E10-68. doi: 10.1111/jsap.12200
Koç B, Sarıtaş ZK, Şenel OO. Veteriner Anesteziyoloji. Ankara:Nobel Tıp Kitapevleri; 2021.
Giuliano EA. Regional anesthesia as an adjunct for eyelid surgery in dogs. Topics in Companion Animal Medicine. 2008;23(1):51-56. doi.org/10.1053/j.ctsap.2007.12.007
Gelatt KN. (Çev. ed. AVKİ S).Veteriner Oftalmolojide Kullanılan Topikal ve Lokal Anestezikler (Temel Veteriner Oftalmoloji). Malatya:Medipres; 2012.
Lerche P, Aarnes TK, Covey-Crump G, et al. Handbook of Small Animal Regional Anesthesia and Analgesia Techniques, John Wiley & Sons; 2016.
Dugdale AHA, Beaumont G, Bradbrook C, et al. Veterinary Anaesthesia Principles to Practice, Wiley-Blackwell; 2020.
Chow DW, Wong MY, Westermeyer HD. Comparison of two bupivacaine delivery methods to control postoperative pain after enucleation in dogs. Vet Ophthalmol. 2015;18, 422– 428.
Ploog CL, Swinger RL, Spade J et al. Use of lidocaine-bupivacaine-infused absorbable gelatin hemostatic sponges versus lidocaine-bupivacaine retrobulbar injections for postoperative analgesia following eye enucleation in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2014;244, 57–62.
Marfurt CF, Murphy CJ, Florczak JL. Morphology and neurochemistry of canine corneal innervation. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2001;42(10): 2242-2251.
Gerding PA Jr, Turner TL, Hamor RE, et al. Effects of intracameral injection of preservative-free lidocaine on the anterior segment of the eyes in dogs. Am J Vet Res. 2004;65:1325–1330.
Park SA, Park YW, Son WG et al. Evaluation of the analgesic effect of intracameral lidocaine hydrochloride injection on intraoperative and postoperative pain in healthy dogs undergoing phacoemulsification. Am J Vet Res. 2010;71: 216–222.
Park SA, Kim NR, Park YW et al. Evaluation of the mydriatic effect of intracameral lidocaine hydrochloride injection in eyes of clinically normal dogs. Am J Vet Res. 2009;70:1521–1525.
Skarda RT, Tranquilli WJ. (ed. Tranquilli WJ, Thurmon JC, Grimm KA). Local and Regional Anaesthetic techniques: Dogs, In: Lumb & Jones’ Veterinary Anesthesia and Analgesia, 4th edn., UK: Blackwell Publishing, 2007.
Severin G. Chemical restraint and anesthesia. In: Severin's Veterinary Ophthalmology Notes, 3rd edn., USA: Fort Collins: DesignPointe Communication Inc., 1995.
Shilo-Benjamini Y, Pascoe PJ, Maggs DJ et al. Retrobulbar and peribulbar regional techniques in cats: a preliminary study in cadavers. Vet Anaesth Analg. 2013; 40: 623–631.
Oliver JA, Bradbrook CA. Suspected brainstem anesthesia following retrobulbar block in a cat. Vet Ophthalmol. 2013;16: 225–228.
Ahn J, Jeong M, Lee E et al. Effects of peribulbar anesthesia (sub-Tenon injection of a local anesthetic) on akinesia of extraocular muscles, mydriasis, and intraoperative and postoperative analgesia in dogs undergoing phacoemulsification. Am J Vet Res. 2013;74(8):1126-32. doi: 10.2460/ajvr.74.8.1126
Shilo-Benjamini Y, Pascoe PJ, Maggs DJ et al. Comparison of peribulbar and retrobulbar regional anesthesia with bupivacaine in cats. Am J Vet Res. 2014; 75:1029–1039.
Shilo-Benjamini Y, Kahane N, Ofri R. Pain management with peribulbar anesthesia versus retrobulbar anesthesia in a cat undergoing bilateral enucleation. Isr J Vet Med. 2016; 71, 37–40.
Alhassan MB, Kyari F, Ejere HO. Peribulbar versus retrobulbar anaesthesia for cataract surgery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;2;2015(7):CD004083. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD004083.pub3.
Palte HD, Gayer S, Arrieta E et al. Are ultrasound-guided ophthalmic blocks injurious to the eye? A comparative rabbit model study of two ultrasound devices evaluating intraorbital thermal and structural changes. Anesth Analg. 2012;115, 194–201.
Wagatsuma JT, Deschk M, Floriano BP et al. Comparison of anesthetic efficacy and adverse effects associated with peribulbar injection of ropivacaine performed with and without ultrasound guidance in dogs. Am J Vet Res. 2014;75:1040–1048.
Allgoewer I. (eds.Maggs D, Miller P, Ofri R). Principles of Ophthalmic Surgery; Anesthesia of the Ophthalmic Patient. In:Slatter’s Fundamentals of Veterinary Ophthalmology, 6th edn,USA: Elsevier, 2018.
Campoy L, Bezuidenhout AJ, Gleed RD et al. Ultrasound-guided approach for axillary brachial plexus, femoral nerve, and sciatic nerve blocks in dogs. Vet Anaesth Analg. 2010;37:144–153.
