Vitamin A
Özet
A vitamini; görme, güçlü bir bağışıklık sistemi, üreme ve iyi bir cilt sağlığı dahil olmak üzere birçok vücut fonksiyonu için önemli, yağda çözünen bir vitamindir. Önceden oluşturulmuş A vitamini ve provitamin A olmak üzere gıdalarda iki tip vitamin A vardır. Retinol genellikle et, balık, yumurta ve süt ürünlerinde bulunur. Ayrıca vücut kırmızı, yeşil, sarı ve turuncu meyve ve sebzeler gibi bitkisel gıdalardaki karotenoidleri A vitaminine dönüştürür. Gelişmekte olan ülkelerdeki birçok insan yeterli miktarda A vitamini alamamaktadır. A vitamini eksikliği riski en yüksek olanlar gebeler, emziren anneler, bebekler ve çocuklardır. A vitamini eksikliğinin belirti ve semptomları kuru cilt, kuru gözler, gece körlüğü, infertilite, büyümede gecikme, üst ve alt solunum yolu enfeksiyonları, yara iyileşmesinde gecikme, akne ve dermatit, kistik fibroz ve kronik ishal olabilir. Bununla birlikte hipervitaminoz A ciddi görme değişikliklerine, ağız ülserlerine, konfüzyon ve doğumsal defektlere neden olur.
Referanslar
Carazo A, Macáková K, Matoušová K, et al. Vitamin A Update: Forms, Sources, Kinetics, Detection, Function, Deficiency, Therapeutic Use and Toxicity. Nutrients, 2021,13(5)doi:10.3390/nu13051703.
D'Ambrosio DN, Clugston RD, Blaner WS. Vitamin A metabolism: an update. Nutrients, 2011,3(1):63-103. doi:10.3390/nu3010063.
Kam RK, Deng Y, Chen Y, et al. Retinoic acid synthesis and functions in early embryonic development. Cell Biosci, 2012,2(1):11. doi:10.1186/2045-3701-2-11.
Chiricozzi A, Panduri S, Dini V, et al. Optimizing acitretin use in patients with plaque psoriasis. Dermatol Ther, 2017,30(2)doi:10.1111/dth.12453.
Dragnev KH, Petty WJ, Shah SJ, et al. A proof-of-principle clinical trial of bexarotene in patients with non-small cell lung cancer. Clin Cancer Res, 2007,13(6):1794-800. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.Ccr-06-1836.
Thielitz A, Gollnick H. Topical retinoids in acne vulgaris: update on efficacy and safety. Am J Clin Dermatol, 2008,9(6):369-81. doi:10.2165/0128071-200809060-00003.
Qu L, Tang X. Bexarotene: a promising anticancer agent. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol, 2010,65(2):201-5. doi:10.1007/s00280-009-1140-4.
FDA. Drug Trials Snapshot: AKLIEF [cited Available from: https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-approvals-and-databases/drug-trialssnapshots-aklief.
Harrison EH. Enzymes catalyzing the hydrolysis of retinyl esters. Biochim Biophys Acta, 1993,1170(2):99-108. doi:10.1016/0005-2760(93)90058-h.
Rigtrup KM, Ong DE. A retinyl ester hydrolase activity intrinsic to the brush border membrane of rat small intestine. Biochemistry, 1992,31(11):2920-6. doi:10.1021/bi00126a011.
Dawson MI. The importance of vitamin A in nutrition. Curr Pharm Des, 2000,6(3):311-25. doi:10.2174/1381612003401190.
von Lintig J. Metabolism of carotenoids and retinoids related to vision. J Biol Chem, 2012,287(3):1627-34. doi:10.1074/jbc.R111.303990.
Perusek L, Maeda T. Vitamin A derivatives as treatment options for retinal degenerative diseases. Nutrients, 2013,5(7):2646-66. doi:10.3390/nu5072646.
Wolf G. The discovery of the visual function of vitamin A. J Nutr, 2001,131(6):1647-50. doi:10.1093/jn/131.6.1647.
Bohn T. Carotenoids, Chronic Disease Prevention and Dietary Recommendations. Int J Vitam Nutr Res, 2017,87(3-4):121-130. doi:10.1024/0300-9831/a000525.
Balmer JE, Blomhoff R. Gene expression regulation by retinoic acid. J Lipid Res, 2002,43(11):1773-808. doi:10.1194/jlr.r100015-jlr200.
Taimi M, Helvig C, Wisniewski J, et al. A novel human cytochrome P450, CYP26C1, involved in metabolism of 9-cis and all-trans isomers of retinoic acid. J Biol Chem, 2004,279(1):77-85. doi:10.1074/jbc.M308337200.
Maden M. Retinoid signalling in the development of the central nervous system. Nat Rev Neurosci, 2002,3(11):843-53. doi:10.1038/nrn963.
Cawley S, Bekiranov S, Ng HH, et al. Unbiased mapping of transcription factor binding sites along human chromosomes 21 and 22 points to widespread regulation of noncoding RNAs. Cell, 2004,116(4):499-509. doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(04)00127-8.
Chen JY, Penco S, Ostrowski J, et al. RAR-specific agonist/antagonists which dissociate transactivation and AP1 transrepression inhibit anchorage-independent cell proliferation. Embo j, 1995,14(6):1187-97. doi:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1995.tb07102.x.
Lokman NA, Ho R, Gunasegaran K, et al. Anti-tumour effects of all-trans retinoid acid on serous ovarian cancer. J Exp Clin Cancer Res, 2019,38(1):10. doi:10.1186/s13046-018-1017-7.
Mrass P, Rendl M, Mildner M, et al. Retinoic acid increases the expression of p53 and proapoptotic caspases and sensitizes keratinocytes to apoptosis: a possible explanation for tumor preventive action of retinoids. Cancer Res, 2004,64(18):6542-8. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.Can-04-1129.
Maalmi H, Walter V, Jansen L, et al. Dose-Response Relationship between Serum Retinol Levels and Survival in Patients with Colorectal Cancer: Results from the DACHS Study. Nutrients, 2018,10(4)doi:10.3390/nu10040510.
Huang X, Gao Y, Zhi X, et al. Association between vitamin A, retinol and carotenoid intake and pancreatic cancer risk: Evidence from epidemiologic studies. Sci Rep, 2016,6:38936. doi:10.1038/srep38936.
Altucci L, Gronemeyer H. The promise of retinoids to fight against cancer. Nat Rev Cancer, 2001,1(3):181-93. doi:10.1038/35106036.
Gudas LJ, Wagner JA. Retinoids regulate stem cell differentiation. J Cell Physiol, 2011,226(2):322-30. doi:10.1002/jcp.22417.
Costantini L, Molinari R, Farinon B, et al. Retinoic Acids in the Treatment of Most Lethal Solid Cancers. J Clin Med, 2020,9(2)doi:10.3390/jcm9020360.
Bama ES, Grace VMB, Sundaram V, et al. Synergistic effect of co-treatment with all-trans retinoic acid and 9-cis retinoic acid on human lung cancer cell line at molecular level. 3 Biotech, 2019,9(4):159. doi:10.1007/s13205-019-1692-x.
Rousseau EJ, Davison AJ, Dunn B. Protection by beta-carotene and related compounds against oxygen-mediated cytotoxicity and genotoxicity: implications for carcinogenesis and anticarcinogenesis. Free Radic Biol Med, 1992,13(4):407-33. doi:10.1016/0891-5849(92)90183-h.
Monsen ER. Dietary reference intakes for the antioxidant nutrients: vitamin C, vitamin E, selenium, and carotenoids. J Am Diet Assoc, 2000,100(6):637-40. doi:10.1016/s0002-8223(00)00189-9.
Iwata M, Hirakiyama A, Eshima Y, et al. Retinoic acid imprints gut-homing specificity on T cells. Immunity, 2004,21(4):527-38. doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2004.08.011.
Bono MR, Tejon G, Flores-Santibañez F, et al. Retinoic Acid as a Modulator of T Cell Immunity. Nutrients, 2016,8(6)doi:10.3390/nu8060349.
Bayon Y, Ortiz MA, Lopez-Hernandez FJ, et al. Inhibition of IkappaB kinase by a new class of retinoid-related anticancer agents that induce apoptosis. Mol Cell Biol, 2003,23(3):1061-74. doi:10.1128/mcb.23.3.1061-1074.2003.
Huang Z, Liu Y, Qi G, et al. Role of Vitamin A in the Immune System. J Clin Med, 2018,7(9)doi:10.3390/jcm7090258.
De Luca L, Wolf G. Mechanism of action of vitamin A in differentiation of mucus-secreting epithelia. J Agric Food Chem, 1972,20(3):474-6. doi:10.1021/jf60181a034.
McCullough FS, Northrop-Clewes CA, Thurnham DI. The effect of vitamin A on epithelial integrity. Proc Nutr Soc, 1999,58(2):289-93. doi:10.1017/s0029665199000403.
Wolbach SB, Howe PR. TISSUE CHANGES FOLLOWING DEPRIVATION OF FAT-SOLUBLE A VITAMIN. J Exp Med, 1925,42(6):753-77. doi:10.1084/jem.42.6.753.
Fu PP, Xia Q, Boudreau MD, et al. Physiological role of retinyl palmitate in the skin. Vitam Horm, 2007,75:223-56. doi:10.1016/s0083-6729(06)75009-9.
Zinder R, Cooley R, Vlad LG, et al. Vitamin A and Wound Healing. Nutr Clin Pract, 2019,34(6):839-849. doi:10.1002/ncp.10420.
Kane MA, Folias AE, Pingitore A, et al. Identification of 9-cis-retinoic acid as a pancreas-specific autacoid that attenuates glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2010,107(50):21884-9. doi:10.1073/pnas.1008859107.
Brun PJ, Yang KJ, Lee SA, et al. Retinoids: Potent regulators of metabolism. Biofactors, 2013,39(2):151-63. doi:10.1002/biof.1056.
Berry DC, Noy N. All-trans-retinoic acid represses obesity and insulin resistance by activating both peroxisome proliferation-activated receptor beta/delta and retinoic acid receptor. Mol Cell Biol, 2009,29(12):3286-96. doi:10.1128/mcb.01742-08.
Yang Q, Graham TE, Mody N, et al. Serum retinol binding protein 4 contributes to insulin resistance in obesity and type 2 diabetes. Nature, 2005,436(7049):356-62. doi:10.1038/nature03711.
Ziouzenkova O, Orasanu G, Sharlach M, et al. Retinaldehyde represses adipogenesis and diet-induced obesity. Nat Med, 2007,13(6):695-702. doi:10.1038/nm1587.
Bowles J, Knight D, Smith C, et al. Retinoid signaling determines germ cell fate in mice. Science, 2006,312(5773):596-600. doi:10.1126/science.1125691.
Blaner WS, Li Y, Brun PJ, et al. Vitamin A Absorption, Storage and Mobilization. Subcell Biochem, 2016,81:95-125. doi:10.1007/978-94-024-0945-1_4.
Kelly ME, Ramkumar S, Sun W, et al. The Biochemical Basis of Vitamin A Production from the Asymmetric Carotenoid β-Cryptoxanthin. ACS Chem Biol, 2018,13(8):2121-2129. doi:10.1021/acschembio.8b00290.
Barbosa-Filho JM, Alencar AA, Nunes XP, et al. Sources of alpha-, beta-, gamma-, delta-and epsilon-carotenes: A twentieth century review. Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia, 2008,18:135-154.
Beltrán-de-Miguel B, Estévez-Santiago R, Olmedilla-Alonso B. Assessment of dietary vitamin A intake (retinol, α-carotene, β-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin) and its sources in the National Survey of Dietary Intake in Spain (2009-2010). Int J Food Sci Nutr, 2015,66(6):706-12. doi:10.3109/09637486.2015.1077787.
Maiani G, Castón MJ, Catasta G, et al. Carotenoids: actual knowledge on food sources, intakes, stability and bioavailability and their protective role in humans. Mol Nutr Food Res, 2009,53 Suppl 2:S194-218. doi:10.1002/mnfr.200800053.
Ma G, Zhang L, Iida K, et al. Identification and quantitative analysis of β-cryptoxanthin and β-citraurin esters in Satsuma mandarin fruit during the ripening process. Food Chem, 2017,234:356-364. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.05.015.
Jiao Y, Reuss L, Wang Y. β-Cryptoxanthin: Chemistry, occurrence, and potential health benefits. Current Pharmacology Reports, 2019,5:20-34.
Schlatterer J, Breithaupt DE. Cryptoxanthin structural isomers in oranges, orange juice, and other fruits. J Agric Food Chem, 2005,53(16):6355-61. doi:10.1021/jf050362w.
Caprioli G, Kamgang Nzekoue F, Fiorini D, et al. The effects of feeding supplementation on the nutritional quality of milk and cheese from sheep grazing on dry pasture. Int J Food Sci Nutr, 2020,71(1):50-62. doi:10.1080/09637486.2019.1613347.
Álvarez R, Meléndez-Martínez A, Vicario I, et al. Carotenoid and vitamin A contents in biological fluids and tissues of animals as an effect of the diet: A review. Food Reviews International, 2015,31(4):319-340.
La Frano M, Burri B. Analysis of retinol, 3‐hydroxyretinol and 3, 4‐didehydroretinol in North American farm‐raised freshwater fish liver, muscle and feed. Aquaculture Nutrition, 2014,20(6):722-730.
Li H, Tyndale ST, Heath DD, et al. Determination of carotenoids and all-trans-retinol in fish eggs by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci, 2005,816(1-2):49-56. doi:10.1016/j.jchromb.2004.11.005.
Irie T, Sugimoto T, Ueki N, et al. Retinoid storage in the egg of reptiles and birds. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol, 2010,157(1):113-8. doi:10.1016/j.cbpb.2010.05.009.
Trumbo P, Yates AA, Schlicker S, et al. Dietary reference intakes: vitamin A, vitamin K, arsenic, boron, chromium, copper, iodine, iron, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, silicon, vanadium, and zinc. J Am Diet Assoc, 2001,101(3):294-301. doi:10.1016/s0002-8223(01)00078-5.
Dror DK, Allen LH. Retinol-to-Fat Ratio and Retinol Concentration in Human Milk Show Similar Time Trends and Associations with Maternal Factors at the Population Level: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Adv Nutr, 2018,9(suppl_1):332s-346s. doi:10.1093/advances/nmy021.
Institute of Medicine Panel on M. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US) Copyright 2001 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved., 2001.
Gannon BM, Jones C, Mehta S. Vitamin A Requirements in Pregnancy and Lactation. Curr Dev Nutr, 2020,4(10):nzaa142. doi:10.1093/cdn/nzaa142.
de Pee S, Dary O. Biochemical indicators of vitamin A deficiency: serum retinol and serum retinol binding protein. J Nutr, 2002,132(9 Suppl):2895s-2901s. doi:10.1093/jn/132.9.2895S.
Greaves RF, Woollard GA, Hoad KE, et al. Laboratory medicine best practice guideline: vitamins a, e and the carotenoids in blood. Clin Biochem Rev, 2014,35(2):81-113.
Stephensen CB, Gildengorin G. Serum retinol, the acute phase response, and the apparent misclassification of vitamin A status in the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Am J Clin Nutr, 2000,72(5):1170-8. doi:10.1093/ajcn/72.5.1170.
Pazirandeh S, Burns DL. Overview of vitamin A [cited Available from: https://www.uptodate.com/contents/overview-of-vitamin-a?source=mostViewed_widget#H1.
UNICEF. Coverage at a crossroads: New directions for vitamin A supplementation programmes. New York, 2018.
Organization WH. Global prevalence of vitamin A deficiency in populations at risk 1995-2005: WHO global database on vitamin A deficiency. 2009.
Underwood BA, Arthur P. The contribution of vitamin A to public health. Faseb j, 1996,10(9):1040-8.
Swami HM, Thakur JS, Bhatia SP. Impact of mass supplementation of vitamin A. Indian J Pediatr, 2007,74(5):443-7. doi:10.1007/s12098-007-0074-2.
Schmitz J, West KP, Jr., Khatry SK, et al. Vitamin A supplementation in preschool children and risk of hearing loss as adolescents and young adults in rural Nepal: randomised trial cohort follow-up study. Bmj, 2012,344:d7962. doi:10.1136/bmj.d7962.
Wiedermann U, Chen XJ, Enerbäck L, et al. Vitamin A deficiency increases inflammatory responses. Scand J Immunol, 1996,44(6):578-84. doi:10.1046/j.1365-3083.1996.d01-351.x.
Sirisinha S. The pleiotropic role of vitamin A in regulating mucosal immunity. Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol, 2015,33(2):71-89.
Goetghebuer T, Brasseur D, Dramaix M, et al. Significance of very low retinol levels during severe protein-energy malnutrition. J Trop Pediatr, 1996,42(3):158-61. doi:10.1093/tropej/42.3.158.
West KP, Jr. Vitamin A deficiency disorders in children and women. Food Nutr Bull, 2003,24(4 Suppl):S78-90. doi:10.1177/15648265030244s204.
Young JK, Giesbrecht HE, Eskin MN, et al. Nutrition implications for fetal alcohol spectrum disorder. Adv Nutr, 2014,5(6):675-92. doi:10.3945/an.113.004846.
Bastos Maia S, Rolland Souza AS, Costa Caminha MF, et al. Vitamin A and Pregnancy: A Narrative Review. Nutrients, 2019,11(3)doi:10.3390/nu11030681.
Lin P, Fintelmann RE, Khalifa YM, et al. Ocular surface disease secondary to vitamin A deficiency in the developed world: it still exists. Arch Ophthalmol, 2011,129(6):798-9. doi:10.1001/archophthalmol.2011.126.
WHO Guidelines Approved by the Guidelines Review Committee. Guideline: Vitamin A Supplementation in Infants and Children 6–59 Months of Age. Geneva: World Health Organization Copyright © World Health Organization 2011., 2011.
WHO Guidelines Approved by the Guidelines Review Committee. Guideline: Vitamin A Supplementation in Pregnant Women. Geneva: World Health Organization Copyright © World Health Organization 2011., 2011.
WHO Guidelines Approved by the Guidelines Review Committee. Guideline: Neonatal Vitamin A Supplementation. Geneva: World Health Organization Copyright © World Health Organization 2011., 2011.
Imdad A, Ahmed Z, Bhutta ZA. Vitamin A supplementation for the prevention of morbidity and mortality in infants one to six months of age. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2016,9(9):Cd007480. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD007480.pub3.
Organization WH. Guide for clinical case management and infection prevention and control during a measles outbreak. 2020.
Bello S, Meremikwu MM, Ejemot-Nwadiaro RI, et al. Routine vitamin A supplementation for the prevention of blindness due to measles infection in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2014,(1):Cd007719. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD007719.pub3.
Orfanos CE, Zouboulis CC, Almond-Roesler B, et al. Current use and future potential role of retinoids in dermatology. Drugs, 1997,53(3):358-88. doi:10.2165/00003495-199753030-00003.
Chomienne C, Fenaux P, Degos L. Retinoid differentiation therapy in promyelocytic leukemia. Faseb j, 1996,10(9):1025-30. doi:10.1096/fasebj.10.9.8801163.
Araki S, Kato S, Namba F, et al. Vitamin A to prevent bronchopulmonary dysplasia in extremely low birth weight infants: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One, 2018,13(11):e0207730. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0207730.
Leo MA, Lieber CS. Alcohol, vitamin A, and beta-carotene: adverse interactions, including hepatotoxicity and carcinogenicity. Am J Clin Nutr, 1999,69(6):1071-85. doi:10.1093/ajcn/69.6.1071.
Feranchak AP, Gralla J, King R, et al. Comparison of indices of vitamin A status in children with chronic liver disease. Hepatology, 2005,42(4):782-92. doi:10.1002/hep.20864.
Feranchak AP, Sokol RJ, Suchy F. Medical and nutritional management of cholestasis in infants and children. Liver disease in children, 2007,3:190-231.
Slater GH, Ren CJ, Siegel N, et al. Serum fat-soluble vitamin deficiency and abnormal calcium metabolism after malabsorptive bariatric surgery. J Gastrointest Surg, 2004,8(1):48-55; discussion 54-5. doi:10.1016/j.gassur.2003.09.020.
Myhre AM, Carlsen MH, Bøhn SK, et al. Water-miscible, emulsified, and solid forms of retinol supplements are more toxic than oil-based preparations. Am J Clin Nutr, 2003,78(6):1152-9. doi:10.1093/ajcn/78.6.1152.
Weber FL, Jr., Mitchell GE, Jr., Powell DE, et al. Reversible hepatotoxicity associated with hepatic vitamin A accumulation in a protein-deficient patient. Gastroenterology, 1982,82(1):118-23.
Hathcock JN, Hattan DG, Jenkins MY, et al. Evaluation of vitamin A toxicity. Am J Clin Nutr, 1990,52(2):183-202. doi:10.1093/ajcn/52.2.183.
Soprano DR, Soprano KJ. Retinoids as teratogens. Annu Rev Nutr, 1995,15:111-32. doi:10.1146/annurev.nu.15.070195.000551.
Rothman KJ, Moore LL, Singer MR, et al. Teratogenicity of high vitamin A intake. N Engl J Med, 1995,333(21):1369-73. doi:10.1056/nejm199511233332101.
