Sestodlar
Özet
Yassı solucanlar Platyhelminthes ailesi içinde yer alır. Platyhelminthes, Sestodlar ve Trematodlar olarak iki sınıfa ayrılır. Yetişkin sestodlar veya tenyalar, ince barsaktaki mukozaya bağlı olarak yaşarlar ve konakçı barsağından besinleri emerek beslenirler. İnce barsağa tutunma organına skoleks denir ve buna strobila adı verilen bir segment (proglottid) zinciri bağlıdır. Her proglottid bir erkek ve dişi üreme sistemi içerir. Proglottidler olgunlaşmamış, olgun veya gebe olarak sınıflandırılır (ikincisi strobila’nın sonunda bulunur ve yumurtalarla dolu tam gelişmiş uterusu içerir). Gebe proglottidlerdeki uterus yapısı genellikle tanımlama için ana kriter olarak kullanılır. Yumurtalar ve/veya skoleks ayrıca bir sestodu tür düzeyinde tanımlamak için de kullanılabilir. Sestodların genellikle hem ara hem de kesin konakçıları içeren karmaşık yaşam döngüleri vardır. Bazı enfeksiyonlarda insanlar yalnızca kesin konak görevi görür ve yetişkin sestod barsaktadır (Diphyllobothrium latum, Taenia saginata, Hymenolepis diminuta ve Dipylidium caninum). Diğer durumlarda, insanlar hem kesin hem de ara konak görevi görebilir (Taenia solium ve Hymenolepis nana). Kesin konakta ince barsağa tutunurlar, genellikle asemptomatik enfeksiyon yaparlar. Larvaları ile barsak dışı enfeksiyonlar, ciddi klinik semptomlar yaparlar. Tanı yumurta/proglottidlerin görülmesi, serolojik testler, görüntüleme yöntemleri ile konulur. Ortak tedavi prazikuantel ve niklozamiddir. Sestod enfeksiyonları tüm dünyada yaygın görülmektedir. Enfeksiyon kontrolü parazitin kaynağına göre belirlenmelidir. Hijyen eğitimleri, dışkının uygun bertafı, kişisel hijyen önlemleri ile korunma sağlanabilir.
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