Retrovirüsler
Özet
Retrovirüsler, iki adet tek iplikçikli RNA genomuna sahip virüslerdir. Bu virüsler, RNA genomlarını bir DNA genomuna çevirmek için ters transkriptaz enzimlerini kullanırlar. Retrovirüsler, kanser, bağışıklık sistemi bozuklukları ve nörolojik hastalıklarla ilişkilidir. Bu bölümde retrovirüslerden özellikle HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus ve HTLV-1 (‘Human T-lymphotropic virus type I)’den bahsedilecektir.
Referanslar
National Human Genome Research Institute (https://www.genome.gov/genetics-glossary/Retrovirus )
Pedersen, Finn & Mikkelsen, Jacob. (2021). Retroviral Replication. 10.1002/9780470015902.a0029306.
Liu CH, Grandi N, Palanivelu L, Tramontano E, Lin LT. Contribution of Human Retroviruses to Disease Development-A Focus on the HIV- and HERV-Cancer Relationships and Treatment Strategies. Viruses. 2020 Aug 4;12(8):852.
World Health Organization. (2024). HIV/AIDS. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hiv-aids).
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2024). HIV Basics. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/basics/index.html).
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2024). Guidelines for the Use of Antiretroviral Agents in Adults and Adolescents with HIV. Retrieved from https://clinicalinfo.hiv.gov/en/guidelines/adult-and-adolescent-arv).
UNAIDS. (2023). Global HIV & AIDS statistics — Fact sheet. Retrieved from https://www.unaids.org/en/resources/fact-sheet).
Barre-Sinoussi F, Ross AL, Delfraissy JF. Past, present and future: 30 years of HIV research. Nature Reviews Microbiology. 2013;11(12):877-883.
Gallo RC, Montagnier L. The discovery of HIV as the cause of AIDS. New England Journal of Medicine. 2003;349(24):2283-2285.
Patrick R. Murray.,Basic medical microbiology / First edition. | Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier, [2018]
Meissner ME, Talledge N, Mansky LM. Molecular Biology and Diversification of Human Retroviruses. Front Virol. 2022;2:872599.
Mahieux R, Gessain A. HTLV-1 and associated adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma. In: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. Springer; 2017. p. 223-241.
Calattini S, Chevalier SA, Duprez R, Bassot S, Froment A, Mahieux R, Gessain A. Discovery of a new human T-cell lymphotropic virus (HTLV-3) in Central Africa. Retrovirology. 2005 May 9;2:30. doi: 10.1186/1742-4690-2-30.
Tagaya Y, Gallo RC. The Exceptional Oncogenicity of HTLV-1. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1425
Mahieux R, Gessain A. The human HTLV-3 and HTLV-4 retroviruses: new members of the HTLV family. Pathol Biol (Paris) 2009; 57:161
Gaudray G, Gachon F, Basbous J, et al. The complementary strand of the human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 RNA genome encodes a bZIP transcription factor that down-regulates viral transcription. J Virol 2002; 76:12813.
Thé G, Bomford R. An HTLV-I vaccine: why, how, for whom? AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1993; 9:381. Gessain A, Cassar O. Epidemiological Aspects and World Distribution of HTLV-1 Infection. Front Microbiol 2012; 3:388.
Fox JM, Mutalima N, Molyneux E, et al. Seroprevalence of HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 amongst mothers and children in Malawi within the context of a systematic review and meta-analysis of HTLV seroprevalence in Africa. Trop Med Int Health 2016; 21:312
Taylor GP, Bodéus M, Courtois F, et al. The seroepidemiology of human T-lymphotropic viruses: types I and II in Europe: a prospective study of pregnant women. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2005; 38:104.
(Matsuoka M, Green PL. The HBZ gene, a key player in HTLV-1 pathogenesis. Retrovirology. 2009;6(1):71.
Katsuya H, Ishitsuka K, Utsunomiya A, et al. Treatment and survival among 1594 patients with ATL. Blood. 2015;126(24):2570-2577.
Igakura T, Stinchcombe JC, Goon PK, et al. Spread of HTLV-I between lymphocytes by virus-induced polarization of the cytoskeleton. Science 2003; 299:1713.
Jones KS, Petrow-Sadowski C, Huang YK, et al. Cell-free HTLV-1 infects dendritic cells leading to transmission and transformation of CD4(+) T cells. Nat Med 2008; 14:429.
Takenouchi N, Jones KS, Lisinski I, et al. GLUT1 is not the primary binding receptor but is associated with cell-to-cell transmission of human T-cell leukemia virus type 1. J Virol 2007; 81:1506.
Hieshima K, Nagakubo D, Nakayama T, et al. Tax-inducible production of CC chemokine ligand 22 by human T cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1)-infected T cells promotes preferential transmission of HTLV-1 to CCR4-expressing CD4+ T cells. J Immunol 2008; 180:931.
Bangham CRM, Matsuoka M. Human T-cell leukaemia virus type 1: parasitism and pathogenesis. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2017; 372.
Kakuda K, Ikematsu H, Chong WL, et al. Molecular epidemiology of human T lymphotropic virus type 1 transmission in Okinawa, Japan. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2002; 66:404.
Verdonck K, Gonzalez E, Van Dooren S, Vandamme AM, Vanham G, Gotuzzo E. Human T-lymphotropic virus 1: Recent knowledge about an ancient infection. The Lancet Infectious Diseases. 2007;7(4):266-281. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(07)70081-6.
Hermine O, Ramos JC, Tobinai K. A review of new findings in adult T-cell leukemia-lymphoma: A complex and multifaceted disease. Cancer Science. 2018;109(7):2105-2114. doi: 10.1111/cas.13624.
Malik B, Taylor GP. Can We Reduce the Incidence of Adult T-Cell Leukaemia/Lymphoma? Cost-Effectiveness of Human T-Lymphotropic Virus Type 1 (HTLV-1) Antenatal Screening in the United Kingdom. Br J Haematol (2019) 184:1040–3. doi: 10.1111/bjh.15234)
Varandas CMN, da Silva JLS, Primo JRL, et al. Early Juvenile Human T-cell Lymphotropic Virus Type-1-Associated Myelopathy/Tropical Spastic Paraparesis: Study of 25 Patients. Clin Infect Dis 2018; 67:1427.
Miley WJ, Suryanarayana K, Manns A, et al. Real-time polymerase chain reaction assay for cell-associated HTLV type I DNA viral load. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2000; 16:665.
Bazarbachi A, Plumelle Y, Carlos Ramos J, et al. Meta-analysis on the use of zidovudine and interferon-alpha in adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma showing improved survival in the leukemic subtypes. Journal of Clinical Oncology. 2010;28(27):4177-4183.
Ratner L, Waldmann TA, Janakiram M, Brammer JE. Rapid progression of adult T-cell leukemia-lymphoma in transplant recipients: Implications for HTLV-1 screening. Journal of Clinical Oncology. 2018;36(8):860-861.
Silva MCMD, Pereira RSB, Araujo ACA, Filho EGDS, Dias AL, Cavalcante KS, Sousa MS. New Perspectives about Drug Candidates Targeting HTLV-1 and Related Diseases. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2023 Nov 2;16(11):1546.
Proietti FA, Carneiro-Proietti ABF, Catalan-Soares BC, Murphy EL. Global epidemiology of HTLV-1 infection and associated diseases. Oncogene. 2005;24(39):6058-6068.
Macchi B, Balestrieri E, Mastino A. Effects of nucleoside-based antiretroviral chemotherapy on human T cell leukaemia/lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) infection in vitro. J Antimicrob Chemother 2003; 51:1327.
Araujo A, Bangham CRM, Casseb J, et al. Management of HAM/TSP: Systematic Review and Consensus-based Recommendations 2019. Neurol Clin Pract 2021; 11:49.
(World Health Organization. (2024). HIV/AIDS. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hiv-aids).
https://www.unaids.org/sites/default/files/media_asset/data-book-2023_en.pdf (Accessed on June 05, 2024).
https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/testing/index.html
Grant RM, Lama JR, Anderson PL, et al. Pre-exposure chemoprophylaxis for HIV prevention in men who have sex with men. New England Journal of Medicine. 2010;363(27):2587-2599.
Baeten JM, Donnell D, Ndase P, et al. Antiretroviral prophylaxis for HIV prevention in heterosexual men and women. New England Journal of Medicine. 2012;367(5):399-410.
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2024). Guidelines for the Use of Antiretroviral Agents in Adults and Adolescents with HIV. Retrieved from https://clinicalinfo.hiv.gov/en/guidelines/adult-and-adolescent-arv )
Lundgren JD, Babiker AG, Gordin F, et al. Initiation of antiretroviral therapy in early asymptomatic HIV infection. New England Journal of Medicine. 2015;373(9):795-807.
Ford N, Migone C, Calmy A, et al. Benefits and risks of rapid initiation of antiretroviral therapy. AIDS. 2018;32(1):17-23.
Barouch DH, Tomaka FL, Wegmann F, et al. Evaluation of a mosaic HIV-1 vaccine in a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 1/2a clinical trial (APPROACH): A double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 1/2a clinical trial. The Lancet. 2018;392(10143):232-243.
Pardi N, Hogan MJ, Porter FW, Weissman D. mRNA vaccines—a new era in vaccinology. Nature Reviews Drug Discovery. 2018;17(4):261-279.
Excler JL, Ake J, Robb ML, Kim JH, Plotkin SA. Nonneutralizing functional antibodies: A new “old” paradigm for HIV vaccines. Clinical and Vaccine Immunology. 2014;21(8):1023-1036.
Gülden Yılmaz, Kan ve Kan Ürünleri İle Bulaşan Viruslar: HIV ve Diğer Retroviruslar; https://www.klimikdergisi.org/en/2021/01/05/kan-ve-kan-urunleri-ile-bulasan-viruslar-hiv-ve-diger-retroviruslar-2/
https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/pdf/guidelines_testing_recommendedlabtestingalgorithm.pdf
