Antiepileptik İlaç Kullanım İlkeleri
Özet
Epilepsi, beyindeki anormal elektriksel aktivitenin neden olduğu tekrarlayan nöbetlerle karakterize kronik bir nörolojik bozukluktur. Epilepsinin altta yatan nedeninin belirlenmesi, tedavi seçenekleri üzerinde doğrudan etkilidir. Acil durumda nöbetlerin yönetimi genellikle farklı tanı yöntemlerini ve tedavi stratejilerini bir arada değerlendirmeyi gerektiren multidisipliner bir yaklaşım gerektirir. Epilepsi tedavisinde kullanılan ilaçların birincil amacı nöbetlerin sıklığını ve şiddetini azaltmaktır. Geleneksel ve yeni nesil antiepileptik ilaçlar arasındaki seçim ise genellikle spesifik epilepsi tipine, hastanın komorbiditelerine ve önceki tedavi yanıtına bağlıdır. Tedaviye istenen yanıtın alınamaması; yeni ilaç geliştirme, kişiselleştirilmiş tıbbi yaklaşım ve genetik testlerin tedavi stratejilerine entegrasyonu gibi yeni trendleri günümüzde dikkat çekici bir biçimde ortaya çıkarmaktadır.
Referanslar
Guilfoyle SM, Follansbee-Junger K, Modi AC. Development and preliminary implementation of a psychosocial service into standard medical care for pediatric epilepsy. Clinical Practice of Pediatric Psychology. 2013;1(3):276-288. doi:10.1037/cpp0000031.
Gernert M, Feja M. Bypassing the blood–brain barrier: direct intracranial drug delivery in epilepsies. Pharmaceutics 12.12 (2020): 1134. doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12121134.
Shlobin NA, Sander JW. Learning from the comorbidities of epilepsy. Current Opinion in Neurology 2022 Apr 1;35(2):175-180. doi: 10.1097/WCO.0000000000001010. PMID: 34812750.
Gan J, Ma D, Xiong T. Efficacy and safety of levetiracetam in children with epilepsy: protocol for an umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials. BMJ Open 2019;9:e029811. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-029811.
Weyand C, Wagner J, Brooks B. Pediatric psychology and epilepsy: A state of the field and call to action. Clinical Practice of Pediatric Psychology. 2016;4(1):90-97. doi:10.1037/cpp0000129.
Charalambous M, Brodbelt D, Volk HA. Treatment in canine epilepsy – a systematic review. BMC Veterinary Research. 2014;10(1):257. doi:10.1186/s12917-014-0257-9
Ugale, V., Deshmukh, R., Lokwani, D. et al. GluN2B subunit selective N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor ligands: Democratizing recent progress to assist the development of novel neurotherapeutics. Molecular Diversity 28, 1765–1792 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11030-023-10656-0
Perucca P. Genetics of Focal Epilepsies: What do we know and where are we Heading? Epilepsy Currents. 2018;18(6):356-362. doi:10.5698/1535-7597.18.6.356
Bhat M, Acharya S. Transient cortical blindness at delivery-an unusual case report on posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome. European Journal of Medical Case Reports, 5(10), pp. 283-286. doi: 10.24911/ejmcr/173-1596824862
Gavvala JR, Schuele SU. New-Onset Seizure in Adults and Adolescents: A Review. Journal of the American Medical Association. 2016;316(24):2657–2668. doi:10.1001/jama.2016.18625
Nowacki TA, Jirsch JD. Evaluation of the first seizure patient: Key points in the history and physical examination. Seizure. 2017 Jul;49:54-63. doi:10.1016/j.seizure.2016.12.002. Epub 2016 Dec 8. PMID: 28190753.
Nardone R, Brigo F, Trinka E. Acute Symptomatic Seizures Caused by Electrolyte Disturbances. Journal of Clinical Neurology. 2016 Jan;12(1):21-33. doi: 10.3988/jcn.2016.12.1.21. PMID: 26754778; PMCID: PMC4712283.
Nguyen T, Wusthoff CJ. Clinical manifestations of neonatal seizures. Pediatrics International. 2021 Jun;63(6):631-635. doi: 10.1111/ped.14654. Epub 2021 May 22. PMID: 33599034.
Rennie JM, de Vries LS, Blennow M et al. Characterisation of neonatal seizures and their treatment using continuous EEG monitoring: a multicentre experience. Archives of Disease in Childhood-Fetal and Neonatal Edition. 2019 Sep;104(5):F493-F501. doi: 10.1136/archdischild-2018-315624. Epub 2018 Nov 24. PMID: 30472660; PMCID: PMC6788873.
Sandoval Karamian AG, Wusthoff CJ. Current and Future Uses of Continuous EEG in the NICU. Frontiers in Pediatrics. 2021 Nov 3;9:768670. doi: 10.3389/fped.2021.768670. PMID: 34805053; PMCID: PMC8595393.
NS Abend, T Loddenkemper. Pediatric status epilepticus management. Current Opinion in Pediatrics 26(6):p 668-674, December 2014. | doi:10.1097/MOP.0000000000000154
Cornes SB, Shih T. Evaluation of the patient with spells. CONTINUUM: Lifelong Learning in Neurology 2011. Oct;17 (5):984-1009. doi:10.1212/01.CON.0000407056.94789.2d. PMID: 22809978.
Mamilla, S. M. A case of PRES following intracranial hypotension, with spontaneous resolution with epidural blood patch. International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology, 2018, 7(12), 5190. doi:10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20184992.
Kolc, K.L., Sadleir, L.G., Depienne, C. et al. A standardized patient-centered characterization of the phenotypic spectrum of PCDH19 girls clustering epilepsy. Translational Psychiatry, 2020, 10(1), 127. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-020-0803-0.
A. Perks, S. Cheema, R. Mohanraj, Anaesthesia and epilepsy, British Journal of Anaesthesia, 2012, 108(4), 562–571. doi:10.1093/bja/aes027.
Rejdak K, Luszczki JJ, Błaszczyk B. et al. Clinical utility of adjunctive retigabine in partial onset seizures in adults. Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management. 2012;8:7-14. doi: 10.2147/TCRM.S22605. Epub 2012 Jan 20. PMID: 22298949; PMCID: PMC3269346.
Kammerer, M., Rassner, M.P., Freiman, T.M. et al. Effects of antiepileptic drugs on GABA release from rat and human neocortical synaptosomes. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 2011, 384, 47–57. doi:10.1007/s00210-011-0636-8.
Degirmenci Y, Kececi H. Pathological gambling in a patient with Parkinson’s Disease and valproate response. Dusunen Adam Journal of Psychiatry and Neurological Sciences 2019; 32(4): 365-367 doi: 10.14744/DAJPNS.2019.00053.
L Kambli, LK Bhatt, M Oza et al. Novel therapeutic targets for epilepsy intervention. Seizure. 2017 (51): 27-34. doi:10.1016/j.seizure.2017.07.014.
Ghosh VB, Kapoor S, Prakash A. et al. Cerebellar atrophy in a child with valproate toxicity. The Indian Journal of Pediatrics. 2011 Aug;78(8):999-1001. doi: 10.1007/s12098-010-0332-6. Epub 2011 Jan 19. PMID: 21243535.
M Manchishi, Stephen. Recent advances in antiepileptic herbal medicine. Current Neuropharmacology. 2018. 16(1): 79-83. doi: 10.2174/1570159X15666170518151809.
Wakita M, Kotani N, Kogure K. et al. Inhibition of Excitatory Synaptic Transmission in Hippocampal Neurons by Levetiracetam Involves Zn+2-Dependent GABA Type A Receptor–Mediated Presynaptic Modulation. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 2014;348(2):246-259. doi:10.1124/jpet.113.208751.
Schmitz B, Montouris G, Schäuble B. et al. Assessing the unmet treatment need in partial-onset epilepsy: looking beyond seizure control. Epilepsia. 2010 Nov;51(11):2231-40. doi: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2010.02759.x. Epub 2010 Oct 25. PMID: 20973782.
Berei TJ, Lillyblad MP, Almquist AK. Lacosamide-Induced Recurrent Ventricular Tachycardia in the Acute Care Setting. Journal of Pharmacy Practice. 2018;31(2):222-226. doi:10.1177/0897190017700557
Sendrowski K, Boćkowski L, Sobaniec W. et al. Levetiracetam protects hippocampal neurons in culture against hypoxia-induced injury. Folia Histochemica et Cytobiologica. 2011;49(1):148-52. doi: 10.5603/fhc.2011.0021. PMID: 21526502.
AC DeGiorgio, TE Desso, L Lee et al. Ventricular tachycardia associated with lacosamide co-medication in drug-resistant epilepsy. Epilepsy & Behavior Case Reports. (2013): 26-28. doi:10.1016/j.ebcr.2012.10.001.
SK Gupta, MK Garg, S Mehta et al. A Prospective Observational Study on Changing Trends of Antiepileptics Prescription Amongst Physicians in India. Medical Research Archives, 2023,11(4). doi:10.18103/mra.v11i4.3654.
V Barrese, F Miceli, MV Soldovieri et al. Neuronal potassium channel openers in the management of epilepsy: role and potential of retigabine. Clinical pharmacology : advances and applications, 2010, 2, 225–236. doi:10.2147/CPAA.S15369.
Wang, X, Jin J, Chen R. Combination drug therapy for the treatment of status epilepticus. Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 2015,15(6), 639–654. doi:10.1586/14737175.2015.1045881.
Chegondi M, Garland MM, Sendi P. et al. Course and Outcome of Children with Convulsive Status Epilepticus Admitted to a Pediatric Intensive Care Unit. Cureus. 2019,16;11(4):e4471. doi: 10.7759/cureus.4471. PMID: 31249749; PMCID: PMC6579347.
Ramgopal S, McCans K, Martin-Gill C. et al. Variation in Prehospital Protocols for Pediatric Seizure Within the United States. Pediatric Emergency Care. 2021 Dec 1;37(12):e1331-e1338. doi: 10.1097/PEC.0000000000002029. PMID: 32011553.
Kim H.S., Kim J., Hwang B. et al. Favorable clinical course after early-intensive immunotherapy for new-onset refractory status epilepticus. Journal of Neurocritical Care, 2020,13(1), 65-68. doi:10.18700/jnc.190115.
Kakkad A, Keshava BS, Ahmadi B et al. Multi-centric Phase III, single-arm, open-label clinical study to assess clinical safety, tolerability, and efficacy of intravenous lacosamide in focal onset seizures. F1000Research , 2023, 12:1037. doi: 10.12688/f1000research.125607.1.
Rivera-Castaño L., Sentíes-Madrid H., Berumen-Jaik J. et al. Clinical guideline. Antiepileptic drugs of choice for focal and generalized seizures in adult patients with epilepsy. Revista mexicana de neurociencia, 2019, 20(2), 25-32. doi:10.24875/RMN.M19000027.
Toledo M, Fonseca E, Olivé M. et al. Long-term retention rates of antiepileptic drugs used in acute seizures. Seizure. 2018 Oct;61:78-82. doi: 10.1016/j.seizure.2018.08.007. Epub 2018 Aug 11. PMID: 30118928.
Huang S, Wu C, Jia Y. et al. COVID-19 outbreak: The impact of stress on seizures in patients with epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2020;61(9):1884-1893. doi:10.1111/epi.16635.
Kerkhof M., Koekkoek J.A.F., Vos M.J. et al. Withdrawal of antiepileptic drugs in patients with low grade and anaplastic glioma after long-term seizure freedom: a prospective observational study. Journal of Neurooncology. 2019,142,463–470. doi:10.1007/s11060-019-03117-y.
Moosa, A. N. V. Antiepileptic drug treatment of epilepsy in children. CONTINUUM: Lifelong Learning in Neurology, 2019, 25(2), 381-407. doi:10.1212/CON.0000000000000712.
Ruiz NV. Deciding When Less is More: The Crossroads of Withdrawing Antiepileptic Drugs. Epilepsy Currents. 2018;18(1):21-23. doi:10.5698/1535-7597.18.1.21.
Wu Y, Zhang Z, Liang P. et al. Postoperative interictal epileptiform discharges predict seizure recurrence after antiepileptic drug withdrawal regardless of concordance with surgical site. World Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 2024 Feb 17;7(1):e000641. doi: 10.1136/wjps-2023-000641. PMID: 38374897; PMCID: PMC10875540.
Yu L, Wang Z, Yu Z, et al. Reintroduction of oxcarbazepine after allergic reaction in two pediatric patients with epilepsy. Annals of Clinical and Translational Neurology. 2021;8(8):1764-1767. doi:10.1002/acn3.51415.
Chen N. C., Chen C. H., Lin T., et al. Risk of microangiopathy in patients with epilepsy under long-term antiepileptic drug therapy. Frontiers in Neurology, 2018, 9, 113. doi:10.3389/fneur.2018.00113.
48.Lai Q, Shen C, Zheng Y, et al. Effects of Antiepileptic Drugs on the Carotid Artery Intima-Media Thickness in Epileptic Patients. Journal of Clinical Neurology, 2017, 13(4), 387-393. doi:10.3988/jcn.2017.13.4.371.
Patel SI, Pennell PB. Management of epilepsy during pregnancy: an update. Therapeutic advances in neurological disorders. 2016;9(2):118-129. doi:10.1177/1756285615623934.
Battino D., Tomson T., Bonizzoni E., et al. Seizure control and treatment changes in pregnancy: observations from the EURAP epilepsy pregnancy registry. Epilepsia, 2013, 54(9), 1621-1627. doi: 10.1111/epi.12302.
Panagariya A, Sharma B, Dubey P, et al. Prevalence, Demographic Profile, and Psychological Aspects of Epilepsy in North-Western India: A Community-Based Observational Study. Annals of Neurosciences. 2018;25(4):177-186. doi:10.1159/000487072.
Lin KL, Lin JJ, Chou ML, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of perampanel in children and adolescents with pharmacoresistant epilepsy: The first real-world evaluation in Asian pediatric neurology clinics. Epilepsy & Behavior. 2018 Aug;85:188-194. doi: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2018.06.033. Epub 2018 Jul 4. PMID: 30032806.
Permana, H., Sutia, D., Susanti, R., et al. The Correlation between Old-Generation Antiepileptic Drugs Usage with Carotid Intima-Media Thickness in Epilepsy Patient. In Proceedings of the 1st EAI International Conference on Medical And Health Research, ICoMHER November 13-14th 2018, Padang, West Sumatera, Indonesia. doi:10.4108/eai.13-11-2018.2283640.
Chmielewska B., Lis K., Rejdak K., et al. Pattern of adverse events of antiepileptic drugs: results of the aESCAPE study in Poland. Archives of Medical Science, 2013, 9(5), 858-864. doi:10.5114/aoms.2013.38679.
Chuang YC, Chuang HY, Lin TK, et al. Effects of long-term antiepileptic drug monotherapy on vascular risk factors and atherosclerosis. Epilepsia. 2012 Jan;53(1):120-8. doi: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2011.03316.x. Epub 2011 Nov 15. PMID: 22085257.
El-Farahaty RM, El-Mitwalli A, Azzam H, et al. Atherosclerotic effects of long-term old and new antiepileptic drugs monotherapy: a cross-sectional comparative study. Journal of Child Neurology. 2015 Mar;30(4):451-7. doi: 10.1177/0883073814551388. Epub 2014 Oct 23. PMID: 25342306.
Mesraoua B, Deleu D, Kullmann DM, et al. Novel therapies for epilepsy in the pipeline. Epilepsy & Behavior. 2019 Aug;97:282-290. doi: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2019.04.042. Epub 2019 Jul 6. PMID: 31284159.
Kong F. C., Ma C. L., Zhong M. K. Epigenetic effects mediated by antiepileptic drugs and their potential application. Current Neuropharmacology, 2020, 18(2), 153-166. doi: 10.2174/1570159X17666191010094849.
Devarbhavi H, Aithal G, Treeprasertsuk S, et al. Asia Pacific Association of Study of Liver. Drug-induced liver injury: Asia Pacific Association of Study of Liver consensus guidelines. Hepatology International. 2021 Apr;15(2):258-282. doi: 10.1007/s12072-021-10144-3. Epub 2021 Feb 27. PMID: 33641080.
Orsini A, Esposito M, Perna D, et al. Personalized medicine in epilepsy patients. Journal of Translational Genetics and Genomics, 2018;2:16. doi:10.20517/jtgg.2018.14.
Miladpour B, Owji M, Mokhtari MM. Prevalence of genetic polymorphisms ABCB1/C3435T in patients with epilepsy in Iranian population. Erişim Tarihi 9 Eylül 2024. https://medcraveonline.com/IJMBOA/prevalence-of-genetic-polymorphisms-abcb1nbspc3435t-in-patients-with-epilepsy-in-iraniannbsppopulation.html International Journal of Molecular Biology Open Access. 2023;6(1):54-57. doi: 10.15406/ijmboa.2023.06.00152.
Verrotti, A., Tambucci, R., Di Francesco, et al. The role of polytherapy in the management of epilepsy: suggestions for rational antiepileptic drug selection. Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 2019, 20(2), 167–173. https://doi.org/10.1080/14737175.2020.1707668.
L Yang, Y Kong, X Dong, et al. Clinical and genetic spectrum of a large cohort of children with epilepsy in China. Genetics in Medicine, 2019, 21(3), 564 - 571. doi:10.1038/s41436-018-0091-8.