Serebrovasküler Olaylarda Vaskülitik Sendromlar

Özet

Serebral vaskülitler nadir olarak görülmesine rağmen, mortalite ve morbiditesi yüksek hastalıklardır. Primer ve sistemik vaskülite sekonder olarak ortaya çıkabilir. Serebral vaskülitlerin tanısal testlerin duyarlılığı ve özgüllüğünün düşük olması nedeniyle tanısı zordur. Bu nedenle ileri derecede klinik şüphe gereksinimi tanıda önemli rol oynar. Tanı genel olarak klinik şüphe ile başlar, diğer hastalıkların dışlanması ve nörogörüntüleme ve biyopsi ile histopatolojik değerlendirmeye dayanır. Serebral vaskülitlerin tedavisinde hızlı ve agresif tedavi, mortalitenin azaltılmasında önemli yer tutar.

Referanslar

John S, Hajj-Ali RA. CNS vasculitis. Semin Neurol. 2014;34(4):405-412. doi:10.1055/s-0034-1390389

de Boysson H, Faivre A, Pagnoux C. Vascularites cérébrales [Cerebral vasculitides]. Presse Med. 2012;41(11):1071-1083. doi:10.1016/j.lpm.2011.12.009

Adams HP Jr. Cerebral vasculitis. Handb Clin Neurol. 2014;119:475-494. doi:10.1016/B978-0-7020-4086-3.00031-X

Alba MA, Espígol-Frigolé G, Prieto-González S, et al. Central nervous system vasculitis: still more questions than answers. Curr Neuropharmacol. 2011;9(3):437-448. doi:10.2174/157015911796557920

Sigal LH. The neurologic presentation of vasculitic and rheumatologic syndromes. A review. Medicine (Baltimore). 1987;66(3):157-180. doi:10.1097/00005792-198705000-00001

Scolding NJ. Central nervous system vasculitis. Semin Immunopathol. 2009;31(4):527-536. doi:10.1007/s00281-009-0183-2

Lie JT. Classification and histopathologic spectrum of central nervous system vasculitis. Neurol Clin. 1997;15(4):805-819. doi:10.1016/s0733-8619(05)70348-0

Salvarani C, Brown RD Jr, Calamia KT, et al. Primary central nervous system vasculitis: analysis of 101 patients. Ann Neurol. 2007;62(5):442-451. doi:10.1002/ana.21226.

Benseler SM, Silverman E, Aviv RI, et al. Primary central nervous system vasculitis in children. Arthritis Rheum. 2006;54(4):1291-1297. doi:10.1002/art.21766

Elbers J, Benseler SM. Central nervous system vasculitis in children. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2008;20(1):47-54. doi:10.1097/BOR.0b013e3282f3177a

Cantez S, Benseler SM. Childhood CNS vasculitis: a treatable cause of new neurological deficit in children. Nat Clin Pract Rheumatol. 2008;4(9):460-461. doi:10.1038/ncprheum0860

Birnbaum J, Hellmann DB. Primary angiitis of the central nervous system. Arch Neurol. 2009;66(6):704-709. doi:10.1001/archneurol.2009.76

Lie JT. Primary (granulomatous) angiitis of the central nervous system: a clinicopathologic analysis of 15 new cases and a review of the literature. Hum Pathol. 1992;23(2):164-171. doi:10.1016/0046-8177(92)90238-x

Miller DV, Salvarani C, Hunder GG, et al. Biopsy findings in primary angiitis of the central nervous system. Am J Surg Pathol. 2009;33(1):35-43. doi:10.1097/PAS.0b013e318181e097

Myung J, Kim B, Yoon BW, et al. B-cell dominant lymphocytic primary angiitis of the central nervous system: four biopsy-proven cases. Neuropathology. 2010;30(2):123-130. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1789.2009.01051.x

Amlie-Lefond C, Kleinschmidt-DeMasters BK, Mahalingam R, et al. The vasculopathy of varicella-zoster virus encephalitis. Ann Neurol. 1995;37(6):784-790. doi:10.1002/ana.410370612

Yankner BA, Skolnik PR, Shoukimas GM, et al. Cerebral granulomatous angiitis associated with isolation of human T-lymphotropic virus type III from the central nervous system. Ann Neurol. 1986;20(3):362-364. doi:10.1002/ana.410200316

Gray F, Hurtrel M, Hurtrel B. Early central nervous system changes in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infection. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol. 1993;19(1):3-9. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2990.1993.tb00399.x

Reuter JD. Cytomegalovirus induces T-cell independent apoptosis in brain during immunodeficiency. J Clin Virol. 2005;32(3):218-223. doi:10.1016/j.jcv.2004.07.012

Linnemann CC Jr, Alvira MM. Pathogenesis of varicella-zoster angiitis in the CNS. Arch Neurol. 1980;37(4):239-240. doi:10.1001/archneur.1980.00500530077013

Calabrese LH. Infection with the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and vascular inflammatory disease. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2004;22(6 Suppl 36):S87-S93.

Akassoglou K, Douni E, Bauer J, et al. Exclusive tumor necrosis factor (TNF) signaling by the p75TNF receptor triggers inflammatory ischemia in the CNS of transgenic mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003;100(2):709-714. doi:10.1073/pnas.0236046100

Hirohata S, Tanimoto K, Ito K. Elevation of cerebrospinal fluid interleukin-6 activity in patients with vasculitides and central nervous system involvement. Clin Immunol Immunopathol. 1993;66(3):225-229. doi:10.1006/clin.1993.1029

Salvarani C, Brown RD Jr, Calamia KT, et al. Primary central nervous system vasculitis with prominent leptomeningeal enhancement: a subset with a benign outcome. Arthritis Rheum. 2008;58(2):595-603. doi:10.1002/art.23300

Salvarani C, Brown RD Jr, Calamia KT, et al. Angiography-negative primary central nervous system vasculitis: a syndrome involving small cerebral vessels. Medicine (Baltimore). 2008;87(5):264-271. doi:10.1097/MD.0b013e31818896e1

Scolding NJ, Jayne DR, Zajicek JP, Meyer PA, Wraight EP, Lockwood CM. Cerebral vasculitis--recognition, diagnosis and management. QJM. 1997;90(1):61-73. doi:10.1093/qjmed/90.1.61

Hajj-Ali RA, Calabrese LH. Central nervous system vasculitis. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2009;21(1):10-18. doi:10.1097/bor.0b013e32831cf5e6

Molloy ES, Langford CA. Vasculitis mimics. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2008;20(1):29-34. doi:10.1097/BOR.0b013e3282f1dcf2

Harris KG, Tran DD, Sickels WJ, et al. Diagnosing intracranial vasculitis: the roles of MR and angiography. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1994;15(2):317-330.

Greenan TJ, Grossman RI, Goldberg HI. Cerebral vasculitis: MR imaging and angiographic correlation. Radiology. 1992;182(1):65-72. doi:10.1148/radiology.182.1.1727311

Hellmann DB, Roubenoff R, Healy RA, et al. Central nervous system angiography: safety and predictors of a positive result in 125 consecutive patients evaluated for possible vasculitis. J Rheumatol. 1992;19(4):568-572.

Cloft HJ, Phillips CD, Dix JE, et al. Correlation of angiography and MR imaging in cerebral vasculitis. Acta Radiol. 1999;40(1):83-87. doi:10.1080/02841859909174409

Kraemer M, Berlit P. Primary central nervous system vasculitis: clinical experiences with 21 new European cases. Rheumatol Int. 2011;31(4):463-472. doi:10.1007/s00296-009-1312-x

Kraemer M, Berlit P. Systemic, secondary and infectious causes for cerebral vasculitis: clinical experience with 16 new European cases. Rheumatol Int. 2010;30(11):1471-1476. doi:10.1007/s00296-009-1172-4

Vassallo R, Remstein ED, Parisi JE, et al. Multiple cerebral infarctions from nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis mimicking cerebral vasculitis. Mayo Clin Proc. 1999;74(8):798-802. doi:10.4065/74.8.798

Calabrese LH, Mallek JA. Primary angiitis of the central nervous system. Report of 8 new cases, review of the literature, and proposal for diagnostic criteria. Medicine (Baltimore). 1988;67(1):20-39. doi:10.1097/00005792-198801000-00002

Calabrese LH, Dodick DW, Schwedt TJ, et al. Narrative review: reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndromes. Ann Intern Med. 2007;146(1):34-44. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-146-1-200701020-00007

Mukhtyar C, Guillevin L, Cid MC, et al. EULAR recommendations for the management of primary small and medium vessel vasculitis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2009;68(3):310-317. doi:10.1136/ard.2008.088096

de Groot K, Harper L, Jayne DR, et al. Pulse versus daily oral cyclophosphamide for induction of remission in antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2009;150(10):670-680. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-150-10-200905190-00004

Jayne D, Rasmussen N, Andrassy K, et al. A randomized trial of maintenance therapy for vasculitis associated with antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies. N Engl J Med. 2003;349(1):36-44. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa020286

Pagnoux C, Mahr A, Hamidou MA, et al. Azathioprine or methotrexate maintenance for ANCA-associated vasculitis. N Engl J Med. 2008;359(26):2790-2803. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa0802311

Berlit P. Diagnosis and treatment of cerebral vasculitis. Ther Adv Neurol Disord. 2010;3(1):29-42. doi:10.1177/1756285609347123

Guillevin L, Lhote F, Gayraud M, et al. Prognostic factors in polyarteritis nodosa and Churg-Strauss syndrome. A prospective study in 342 patients. Medicine (Baltimore). 1996;75(1):17-28. doi:10.1097/00005792-199601000-00003

Bourgarit A, Toumelin PL, Pagnoux C, et al. Deaths occurring during the first year after treatment onset for polyarteritis nodosa, microscopic polyangiitis, and Churg-Strauss syndrome: a retrospective analysis of causes and factors predictive of mortality based on 595 patients. Medicine (Baltimore). 2005;84(5):323-330. doi:10.1097/01.md.0000180793.80212.17

Mukhtyar C, Guillevin L, Cid MC, et al. EULAR recommendations for the management of large vessel vasculitis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2009;68(3):318-323. doi:10.1136/ard.2008.088351

Espígol-Frigolé G, Gómez-Choco M, Obach V, et al. Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty of internal carotid and vertebral arteries in giant-cell arteritis: report of 2 cases. APMIS, 2009;117 (suppl):104-105.

Maksimowicz-McKinnon K, Clark TM, Hoffman GS. Limitations of therapy and a guarded prognosis in an American cohort of Takayasu arteritis patients. Arthritis Rheum. 2007;56(3):1000-1009. doi:10.1002/art.22404

Hoffman GS, Kerr GS, Leavitt RY, et al. Wegener granulomatosis: an analysis of 158 patients. Ann Intern Med. 1992;116(6):488-498. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-116-6-488

Reinhold-Keller E, Beuge N, Latza U, et al. An interdisciplinary approach to the care of patients with Wegener's granulomatosis: long-term outcome in 155 patients [published correction appears in Arthritis Rheum. 2000 Oct;43(10):2379]. Arthritis Rheum. 2000;43(5):1021-1032. doi:10.1002/1529-0131(200005)43:5<1021::AID-ANR10>3.0.CO;2-J

Stone JH; Wegener's Granulomatosis Etanercept Trial Research Group. Limited versus severe Wegener's granulomatosis: baseline data on patients in the Wegener's granulomatosis etanercept trial. Arthritis Rheum. 2003;48(8):2299-2309. doi:10.1002/art.11075

Nishino H, Rubino FA, DeRemee RA, et al. Neurological involvement in Wegener's granulomatosis: an analysis of 324 consecutive patients at the Mayo Clinic. Ann Neurol. 1993;33(1):4-9. doi:10.1002/ana.410330103

Seror R, Mahr A, Ramanoelina J, et al. Central nervous system involvement in Wegener granulomatosis. Medicine (Baltimore). 2006;85(1):53-65. doi:10.1097/01.md.0000200166.90373.41

Di Comite G, Bozzolo EP, Praderio L, et al. Meningeal involvement in Wegener's granulomatosis is associated with localized disease. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2006;24(2 Suppl 41):S60-S64.

Di Comite G, Bozzolo E, Bianchi S, et al. Two cases of meningeal involvement in Wegener's granulomatosis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2004;43(11):1459-1460. doi:10.1093/rheumatology/keh361

Guillevin L, Durand-Gasselin B, Cevallos R, et al. Microscopic polyangiitis: clinical and laboratory findings in eighty-five patients. Arthritis Rheum. 1999;42(3):421-430. doi:10.1002/1529-0131(199904)42:3<421::AID-ANR5>3.0.CO;2-6

Ku BD, Shin HY. Multiple bilateral non-hemorrhagic cerebral infarctions associated with microscopic polyangiitis. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2009;111(10):904-906. doi:10.1016/j.clineuro.2009.08.008

Sasaki A, Hirato J, Nakazato Y, et al. An autopsy case of P-ANCA-positive microscopic polyangiitis with multiple cerebral hemorrhagic infarction. No To Shinkei, 1998; 50:56-60.

Tang CW, Wang PN, Lin KP, et al. Microscopic polyangiitis presenting with capsular warning syndrome and subsequent stroke. J Neurol Sci. 2009;277(1-2):174-175. doi:10.1016/j.jns.2008.10.015

Furukawa Y, Matsumoto Y, Yamada M. Hypertrophic pachymeningitis as an initial and cardinal manifestation of microscopic polyangiitis. Neurology. 2004;63(9):1722-1724. doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000143063.12569.fc

Kono H, Inokuma S, Nakayama H, et al. Pachymeningitis in microscopic polyangiitis (MPA): a case report and a review of central nervous system involvement in MPA. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2000;18(3):397-400.

Sablé-Fourtassou R, Cohen P, Mahr A, et al. Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies and the Churg-Strauss syndrome. Ann Intern Med. 2005;143(9):632-638. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-143-9-200511010-00006.

Grau RG. Churg-Strauss syndrome: 2005-2008 update. Curr Rheumatol Rep. 2008;10(6):453-458. doi:10.1007/s11926-008-0074-x

Chao CC, Hsieh ST, Shun CT, et al. Skin denervation and cutaneous vasculitis in eosinophilia-associated neuropathy. Arch Neurol. 2007;64(7):959-965. doi:10.1001/archneur.64.7.959.

Guillevin L, Cohen P, Gayraud M, et al. Churg-Strauss syndrome. Clinical study and long-term follow-up of 96 patients. Medicine (Baltimore). 1999;78(1):26-37. doi:10.1097/00005792-199901000-00003

Solans R, Bosch JA, Pérez-Bocanegra C, et al. Churg-Strauss syndrome: outcome and long-term follow-up of 32 patients. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2001;40(7):763-771. doi:10.1093/rheumatology/40.7.763

Liou HH, Liu HM, Chiang IP, et al. Churg-Strauss syndrome presented as multiple intracerebral hemorrhage. Lupus. 1997;6(3):279-282. doi:10.1177/096120339700600312

Sheerin UM, Barreto J, Brown MM, Brew S, Losseff NA. Subarachnoid haemorrhage as the first clinical manifestation of Churg-Strauss syndrome J Neurol. 2008;255(4):607-608. doi:10.1007/s00415-008-0765-2

Tokumaru AM, Obata T, Kohyama S, et al. Intracranial meningeal involvement in Churg-Strauss syndrome. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2002;23(2):221-224.

Lio M, Fukuda S, Maguchi S, Kawanami M, Inuyama Y. Churg-Strauss syndrome with pachymeningitis refractory to steroid therapy atone--a case report. Auris Nasus Larynx. 2001;28 Suppl:S121-S125. doi:10.1016/s0385-8146(01)00071-2

Cacoub P, Maisonobe T, Thibault V, et al. Systemic vasculitis in patients with hepatitis C. J Rheumatol. 2001;28(1):109-118.

Khellaf M, Hamidou M, Pagnoux C, et al. Vasculitis restricted to the lower limbs: a clinical and histopathological study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2007;66(4):554-556. doi:10.1136/ard.2006.065110.

Pagnoux C, Seror R, Henegar C, et al. Clinical features and outcomes in 348 patients with polyarteritis nodosa: a systematic retrospective study of patients diagnosed between 1963 and 2005 and entered into the French Vasculitis Study Group Database. Arthritis Rheum. 2010;62(2):616-626. doi:10.1002/art.27240

Rosenberg MR, Parshley M, Gibson S, et al. Central nervous system polyarteritis nodosa. West J Med. 1990;153(5):553-556.

Ramos-Casals M, Robles A, Brito-Zerón P, et al. Life-threatening cryoglobulinemia: clinical and immunological characterization of 29 cases. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2006;36(3):189-196. doi:10.1016/j.semarthrit.2006.08.005

Origgi L, Vanoli M, Carbone A, et al. Central nervous system involvement in patients with HCV-related cryoglobulinemia. Am J Med Sci. 1998;315(3):208-210. doi:10.1097/00000441-199803000-00012

Petty GW, Duffy J, Houston J 3rd. Cerebral ischemia in patients with hepatitis C virus infection and mixed cryoglobulinemia [published correction appears in Mayo Clin Proc 1996 Aug;71(8):824]. Mayo Clin Proc. 1996;71(7):671-678. doi:10.4065/71.7.671

Adil A, Goyal A, Quint JM. Behcet Disease. In: StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; February 22, 2023.

Al-Araji A, Sharquie K, Al-Rawi Z. Prevalence and patterns of neurological involvement in Behcet's disease: a prospective study from Iraq. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2003;74(5):608-613. doi:10.1136/jnnp.74.5.608

Ashjazadeh N, Borhani Haghighi A, Samangooie Sh, Moosavi H. Neuro-Behcet's disease: a masquerader of multiple sclerosis. A prospective study of neurologic manifestations of Behcet's disease in 96 Iranian patients. Exp Mol Pathol. 2003;74(1):17-22. doi:10.1016/s0014-4800(03)80004-7

Al-Araji A, Kidd DP. Neuro-Behçet's disease: epidemiology, clinical characteristics, and management. Lancet Neurol. 2009;8(2):192-204. doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(09)70015-8

Esteban MJ, Font C, Hernández-Rodríguez J, et al. Small-vessel vasculitis surrounding a spared temporal artery: clinical and pathological findings in a series of twenty-eight patients. Arthritis Rheum. 2001;44(6):1387-1395. doi:10.1002/1529-0131(200106)44:6<1387::AID-ART232>3.0.CO;2-B

Cid MC, Font C, Oristrell J, et al. Association between strong inflammatory response and low risk of developing visual loss and other cranial ischemic complications in giant cell (temporal) arteritis. Arthritis Rheum. 1998;41(1):26-32. doi:10.1002/1529-0131(199801)41:1<26::AID-ART4>3.0.CO;2-0

González-Gay MA, García-Porrúa C, Llorca J, et al. Visual manifestations of giant cell arteritis. Trends and clinical spectrum in 161 patients. Medicine (Baltimore). 2000;79(5):283-292. doi:10.1097/00005792-200009000-00001

Cid MC, García-Martínez A, Lozano E, Espígol-Frigolé G, Hernández-Rodríguez J. Five clinical conundrums in the management of giant cell arteritis. Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 2007;33(4):819-vii. doi:10.1016/j.rdc.2007.08.001

Hayreh SS, Zimmerman B. Visual deterioration in giant cell arteritis patients while on high doses of corticosteroid therapy. Ophthalmology. 2003;110(6):1204-1215. doi:10.1016/S0161-6420(03)00228-8

Hayreh SS, Zimmerman B, Kardon RH. Visual improvement with corticosteroid therapy in giant cell arteritis. Report of a large study and review of literatüre. Acta Ophthalmol Scand. 2002;80(4):355-367. doi:10.1034/j.1600-0420.2002.800403.x

Cid MC, Prieto-González S, Arguis P, et al. The spectrum of vascular involvement in giant-cell arteritis: clinical consequences of detrimental vascular remodelling at different sites. APMIS Suppl. 2009;(127):10-20. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0463.2009.02471.x

Gonzalez-Gay MA, Vazquez-Rodriguez TR, Gomez-Acebo I, et al. Strokes at time of disease diagnosis in a series of 287 patients with biopsy-proven giant cell arteritis. Medicine (Baltimore). 2009;88(4):227-235. doi:10.1097/MD.0b013e3181af4518

Solans-Laqué R, Bosch-Gil JA, Molina-Catenario CA, Ortega-Aznar A, Alvarez-Sabin J, Vilardell-Tarres M. Stroke and multi-infarct dementia as presenting symptoms of giant cell arteritis: report of 7 cases and review of the literature. Medicine (Baltimore). 2008;87(6):335-344. doi:10.1097/MD.0b013e3181908e96

Berlit P, Krämer M; Consensus Group. Cerebral involvement in systemic vasculitides: Extracts from the guideline of the German neurological society. Neurol Res Pract. 2019;1:13. Published 2019 May 14. doi:10.1186/s42466-019-0016-2.

Kerr GS, Hallahan CW, Giordano J, et al. Takayasu arteritis. Ann Intern Med. 1994;120(11):919-929. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-120-11-199406010-00004

Vanoli M, Daina E, Salvarani C, et al. Takayasu's arteritis: A study of 104 Italian patients. Arthritis Rheum. 2005;53(1):100-107. doi:10.1002/art.20922

Kim HJ, Suh DC, Kim JK, et al. Correlation of neurological manifestations of Takayasu's arteritis with cerebral angiographic findings. Clin Imaging. 2005;29(2):79-85. doi:10.1016/j.clinimag.2004.04.026

Ringleb PA, Strittmatter EI, Loewer M, et al. Cerebrovascular manifestations of Takayasu arteritis in Europe. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2005;44(8):1012-1015. doi:10.1093/rheumatology/keh664

Gelecek

28 Şubat 2025

Lisans

Lisans