Keçilerde Doğum ve Yönetimi
Özet
Doğum, fizyolojik olarak annede hematolojik ve biyokimyasal değişikliklere yol açan maternal, fetal ve plasental dokularda karmaşık ve ardışık bir dizi endokrin olay olarak gerçekleşmektedir. Doğum süreci serviksin dilatasyonu, fötüsün çıkarılması ve yavru zarlarının atılması şekline üç aşamada tamamlanır. Doğumun uygun şekilde yönetilmesi, oğlakların hayatta kalma oranını önemli ölçüde artırır ve dişi keçinin üreme sağlığını ve verimliliğini destekleyerek keçi yetiştiriciliği işletmelerinin başarısına katkıda bulunur.
Parturition occurs physiologically as a complex and sequential series of endocrine events in maternal, fetal and placental tissues that lead to hematological and biochemical changes in the mother. The parturition process is completed in three stages: dilation of the cervix, expulsion of the fetus, and expulsion of the fetal membranes. Proper management of parturition significantly increases the survival rate of kids and supports the reproductive health and productivity of the female goat, contributing to the success of goat farming enterprises.
Referanslar
Kumar P, Kumar R, Singh SV, et al. Gestation and Parturition, Rana TJ (Ed.), Elements of Reproduction and Reproductive Diseases of Goats içinde. New Jersey: Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken; 2025. p. 121-132.
Taverne M, Noakes D. Parturition and the Care of Parturient Animals and the Newborn The puerperium. Noakes DE Parkinson TJ, England GCW (Ed.), Veterinary Reproduction and Obstetrics içinde. Elsevier; 2019. p. 115-147.
Underwood WJ, Blauwiekel R, Delano ML, et al. Biology and diseases of ruminants (sheep, goats, and cattle). Laboratory Animal Medicine. 2015;623-694.
Nagel C, Aurich C, Aurich J. Stress effects on the regulation of parturition in different domestic animal species. Animal Reproduction Science. 2019;207: 153-161.
Hydbring E, MacDonald E, Olsson K. Radiotelemetrically recorded blood pressure and heart rate changes in relation to plasma catecholamine levels during parturition in the conscious, unrestrained goat. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica. 1997;161: 295-302.
Ford MM, Young IR, Caddy DJ, et al. Fetal and maternal endocrine changes approaching parturition in the goat: lack of evidence for prostaglandins E2 and F2alpha as signals for luteolysis. Biology of Reproduction. 1998;58 (4): 1065-1070.
Laura AS, Kumar MS, William G, et al. Predicting the onset of parturition in the goat by determining progesterone levels by enzyme immunoassay. Small Ruminant Research. 2004;52: 203-209.
Probo M, Cairoli F, Kindahl H, et al. Peripartal hormonal changes in Alpine goats: a comparison between physiological and pathological parturition. Reproduction in Domestic Animals. 2011;46 (6): 1004-1010.
Capezzuto A, Chelini MO, Felippe EC, et al. Correlation between serum and fecal concentrations of reproductive steroids throughout gestation in goats. Animal Reproduction Science. 2008;103(1-2): 78-86.
Currie WB, Gorewit RC, Michel FJ. Endocrine changes, with special emphasis on oestradiol-17 beta, prolactin and oxytocin, before and during labour and delivery in goats. Journal of Reproduction and Fertility. 1988;82(1): 299-308
Pollock JM, Miner K, Buzzell N, et al. Induction of parturition in a large number of pregnant dairy goats and its benefits as a management tool in a commercial scale goat operation. Theriogenology. 2021;172: 1-7.
Aleksiev Y. A note on the timing of birth in Bulgarian White dairy goat. Bulgarian Journal of Agricultural Science. 2008;14: 476-479.
Eljarah A, Sod G, Gill M, et al. Bloody vaginal discharge in a goat with an endometrial stromal polyp. Large Animal Review. 2012;18: 317-319.
Bayoumi YH, Behairy A, Abdallah AA, et al. Peri-parturient hypocalcemia in goats: clinical, hematobiochemical profiles and ultrasonographic measurements of postpartum uterine involution. Veterinary World. 2021;14(3): 558-568.
Sahare MG, Sawaimul AD, Ali SZ, et al. Kidding percentage and twinning ability in Osmanabadi goat in Vidarbha climatic condition. Veterinary World. 2009;2(2): 60-61
Holler LD. Ruminant abortion diagnostics. Veterinary Clinics of North America Food Animal Practice. 2012;28(3): 407-418.
Mellado M, Valdéz R, García JE. et al. Factors affecting the reproductive performance of goats under intensive conditions in a hot arid environment. Small Ruminant Research. 2006;63(1-2): 110-118.
De Santiago-Miramontes MA, Malpaux B, Delgadillo JA. Body condition is associated with a shorter breeding season and reduced ovulation rate in subtropical goats. Animal Reproduction Science. 2009;114(1-3): 175-182.
Urrutia-Morales J, Meza-Herrera CA, Tello-Varela L, et al. Effect of nutritional supplementation upon pregnancy rates of goats under semiarid rangelands and exposed to the male effect. Tropical Animal Health and Production. 2012;44(7): 1473-1477.
Castillo-Gutierrez D, Hernández-Arteaga LES, Flores-Najera MJ, et al. Methionine supplementation during pregnancy of goats improves kids' birth weight, body mass index, and postnatal growth pattern. Biology. 2022;11(7): 1065.
Mellado M, Valdez R, Lara LM, et al. Risk factors involved in conception, abortion, and kidding rates of goats under extensive conditions. Small Ruminant Research. 2004;55(1-3): 191-198.
Robertson SM, Atkinson T, Friend MA, et al. Reproductive performance in goats and causes of perinatal mortality: a review. Animal Production Science. 2020;60: 1669-1680.
Çetin H, Kocamüftüoğlu M. Doğum ve Güç Doğumlar. Çiftlik Hayvanlarında Doğum ve Jinekoloji içinde. Kaymaz M Fındık M Rişvanlı A Köker A (Ed.), Malatya; Medipress Matbaacılık Ltd.Şti; 2019. p. 475-491.
Referanslar
Kumar P, Kumar R, Singh SV, et al. Gestation and Parturition, Rana TJ (Ed.), Elements of Reproduction and Reproductive Diseases of Goats içinde. New Jersey: Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken; 2025. p. 121-132.
Taverne M, Noakes D. Parturition and the Care of Parturient Animals and the Newborn The puerperium. Noakes DE Parkinson TJ, England GCW (Ed.), Veterinary Reproduction and Obstetrics içinde. Elsevier; 2019. p. 115-147.
Underwood WJ, Blauwiekel R, Delano ML, et al. Biology and diseases of ruminants (sheep, goats, and cattle). Laboratory Animal Medicine. 2015;623-694.
Nagel C, Aurich C, Aurich J. Stress effects on the regulation of parturition in different domestic animal species. Animal Reproduction Science. 2019;207: 153-161.
Hydbring E, MacDonald E, Olsson K. Radiotelemetrically recorded blood pressure and heart rate changes in relation to plasma catecholamine levels during parturition in the conscious, unrestrained goat. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica. 1997;161: 295-302.
Ford MM, Young IR, Caddy DJ, et al. Fetal and maternal endocrine changes approaching parturition in the goat: lack of evidence for prostaglandins E2 and F2alpha as signals for luteolysis. Biology of Reproduction. 1998;58 (4): 1065-1070.
Laura AS, Kumar MS, William G, et al. Predicting the onset of parturition in the goat by determining progesterone levels by enzyme immunoassay. Small Ruminant Research. 2004;52: 203-209.
Probo M, Cairoli F, Kindahl H, et al. Peripartal hormonal changes in Alpine goats: a comparison between physiological and pathological parturition. Reproduction in Domestic Animals. 2011;46 (6): 1004-1010.
Capezzuto A, Chelini MO, Felippe EC, et al. Correlation between serum and fecal concentrations of reproductive steroids throughout gestation in goats. Animal Reproduction Science. 2008;103(1-2): 78-86.
Currie WB, Gorewit RC, Michel FJ. Endocrine changes, with special emphasis on oestradiol-17 beta, prolactin and oxytocin, before and during labour and delivery in goats. Journal of Reproduction and Fertility. 1988;82(1): 299-308
Pollock JM, Miner K, Buzzell N, et al. Induction of parturition in a large number of pregnant dairy goats and its benefits as a management tool in a commercial scale goat operation. Theriogenology. 2021;172: 1-7.
Aleksiev Y. A note on the timing of birth in Bulgarian White dairy goat. Bulgarian Journal of Agricultural Science. 2008;14: 476-479.
Eljarah A, Sod G, Gill M, et al. Bloody vaginal discharge in a goat with an endometrial stromal polyp. Large Animal Review. 2012;18: 317-319.
Bayoumi YH, Behairy A, Abdallah AA, et al. Peri-parturient hypocalcemia in goats: clinical, hematobiochemical profiles and ultrasonographic measurements of postpartum uterine involution. Veterinary World. 2021;14(3): 558-568.
Sahare MG, Sawaimul AD, Ali SZ, et al. Kidding percentage and twinning ability in Osmanabadi goat in Vidarbha climatic condition. Veterinary World. 2009;2(2): 60-61
Holler LD. Ruminant abortion diagnostics. Veterinary Clinics of North America Food Animal Practice. 2012;28(3): 407-418.
Mellado M, Valdéz R, García JE. et al. Factors affecting the reproductive performance of goats under intensive conditions in a hot arid environment. Small Ruminant Research. 2006;63(1-2): 110-118.
De Santiago-Miramontes MA, Malpaux B, Delgadillo JA. Body condition is associated with a shorter breeding season and reduced ovulation rate in subtropical goats. Animal Reproduction Science. 2009;114(1-3): 175-182.
Urrutia-Morales J, Meza-Herrera CA, Tello-Varela L, et al. Effect of nutritional supplementation upon pregnancy rates of goats under semiarid rangelands and exposed to the male effect. Tropical Animal Health and Production. 2012;44(7): 1473-1477.
Castillo-Gutierrez D, Hernández-Arteaga LES, Flores-Najera MJ, et al. Methionine supplementation during pregnancy of goats improves kids' birth weight, body mass index, and postnatal growth pattern. Biology. 2022;11(7): 1065.
Mellado M, Valdez R, Lara LM, et al. Risk factors involved in conception, abortion, and kidding rates of goats under extensive conditions. Small Ruminant Research. 2004;55(1-3): 191-198.
Robertson SM, Atkinson T, Friend MA, et al. Reproductive performance in goats and causes of perinatal mortality: a review. Animal Production Science. 2020;60: 1669-1680.
Çetin H, Kocamüftüoğlu M. Doğum ve Güç Doğumlar. Çiftlik Hayvanlarında Doğum ve Jinekoloji içinde. Kaymaz M Fındık M Rişvanlı A Köker A (Ed.), Malatya; Medipress Matbaacılık Ltd.Şti; 2019. p. 475-491.
