Keçilerde Prepartum Dönem ve Yönetimi
Özet
Gebelik ve sonrasındaki laktasyon sürecinin başarılı bir şekilde devam etmesi için öncelikle prepartum döneme dikkat edilmelidir. Yüksek reprodüktif başarı ve laktasyon performansı prepartum dönemin başarılı yönetimi ile sağlanabilir. Gebeliğin son dönemlerinde yetersiz bakım ve beslemenin sonucunda kolostrum kalitesi ve miktarı düşerken, ilerleyen süreçte süt verimi ve kalitesi azalır, dahası anne ve yavruda hastalıklara karşı duyarlılıklar artar. Bu bölümde doğum öncesi sürecin yönetimi ile bu dönemde sıklıkla karşılaşılan problemler ve bu problemlerin yönetimi ele alınmıştır. Gebelik süreci içerisinde fetal gelişimin en hızlı olduğu ve ihtiyaçların da benzer düzeyde arttığı prepartum dönemin başarılı şekilde sevk ve idaresi sonucunda postpartum dönemde yaşama gücü yüksek yavrular, yüksek kalitede süt verimi ve hastalıklara dirençli keçiler elde edilebilir. Bu süreçte kritik ihtiyaçların bilinmesiyle rasyonda yapılacak değişimler, vitamin enjeksiyonları ile olası metabolik hastalıkların takibi ve riskli hayvanların belirlenmesiyle sürü yönetiminde başarı en yüksek düzeye çıkartılabilir.
In order for the pregnancy and subsequent lactation process to continue successfully, attention should be paid first to the prepartum period. High reproductive success and lactation performance can be achieved with successful management of the prepartum period. While the quality and quantity of colostrum decreases as a result of inadequate management and feeding in the last periods of pregnancy, milk yield and quality decrease in the following period, and moreover, the susceptibility to diseases in the dam and the offspring increases. This section discusses the management of the prepartum period, and frequently encountered problems. As a result of successful management of the prepartum period, when fetal development is the fastest and needs increase at a similar level during the pregnancy process, high viability of offspring, high-quality milk yield and disease-resistant goats can be obtained in the postpartum period. In this process, by knowing the critical demands, changes in the ration, monitoring of possible metabolic diseases with vitamin injections and determining risky animals, success in herd management can be maximized.
Referanslar
Van Saun R. Feeding the Pregnant Doe: Understanding the Need for Supplements, Minerals and Vitamins 2011. (15/10/2024 tarihinde http://goatdocs.ansci.cornell.edu/Resources/GoatArticles/GoatFeeding/FeedingPregnantDoes1.pdf adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
National Research Council. Nutrient Requirements of Goats: Angora, Dairy, and Meat Goats in Temperate and Tropical Countries. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1981.
Mellor DJ, Matheson IC. Daily changes in the curved crown-rump length of individual sheep fetuses during the last 69 days of pregnancy and effects of different levels of maternal nutrition. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Physiology. 1979;64: 119-131.
McNeill DM, Slepetis R, Ehrhardt RA, et al. Protein requirements of sheep in late pregnancy: Partitioning of nitrogen between gravid uterus and maternal tissues. Journal of Animal Science. 1997;75: 809-816.
Robinson JJ. Pregnancy. Coop IE (ed.) Sheep and Goat Production içinde. Amsterdam: Elsevier Scientific Pub. Co; 1982. p. 114-116.
Koong LJ, Garrett WN, Rattray PV. A description of the dynamics of fetal growth in sheep. Journal of Animal Science. 1975;41: 1065-1068.
Rattray PV, Garrett WN, East NE, et al. Growth, development and composition of the ovine conceptus and mammary gland during pregnancy. Journal of Animal Science. 1974;38(3): 613-626.
Bell AW. Regulation of organic nutrient metabolism during transition from late pregnancy to early lactation. Journal of Animal Science. 1995;73: 2804-2819.
Battaglia FC, Meschia G. Fetal nutrition. Annual Review of Nutrition. 1988;8: 43-61.
Bell AW, Kennaugh IM, Battaglia FC, et al. Uptake of amino acids and ammonia at mid-gestation by the fetal lamb. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Physiology. 1989;74: 635-643.
Faichney GJ, White GA. Effects of maternal nutritional status on fetal and placental growth and on fetal urea synthesis in sheep. Australian Journal of Biological Sciences. 1987;40: 365-377.
Osuagwuh AIA, Akpokdje JU. An outbreak of abortion in WAD (Fouta djallon) goats due to malnutrition. Tropical Veterinarian. 1986;4: 67–70.
Osuagwuh AIA, Aire TA. Intra uterine growth rates of the West African dwarf goats and some fetal organs in relation to strategic feed supplementation during pregnancy. Journal of Veterinary Medicine. 1990;37: 198–204.
Sibanda LM, Ndlovu LR, Bryant MJ. Effects of feeding varying amount of grain/forage diet during late gestation and lactation on the performance of Matabele goats. Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 1997;128: 469–477.
Osuagwuh AIA. Effects of strategic feed supplementation during pregnancy on birth weight and perinatal survival of West African Dwarf kids. Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 1992;119: 123–126.
Karapehlivan M, Atakisi E, Atakisi O, et al. Blood bio- chemical parameters during the lactation and dry period in Tuj ewes. Small Ruminant Research. 2007;73: 267–271.
Goff JP, Kimura K, Horst RL. Effect of mastectomy on milk fever, energy, and vitamins A, E, and b-carotene status at parturition. Journal of Dairy Science. 2002;85: 1427–1436.
Abd Eldaim MA, Kamikawa A, Soliman MM, et al. Retinol binding protein 4 in dairy cows: its presence in colostrums and alteration in plasma during fasting, inflammation and the peripartum period. Journal of Dairy Research. 2010;77: 27–32.
Abd Eldaim MA, Gaafar KM, Darwish RA, et al. Prepartum vitamin A supplementation enhances goat doe health status and kid viability and performance. Small Ruminant Research, 2015;129: 6-10.
Pletsityi KD, Askerov MA. Effect of vitamin A on immunogenesis. Voprosy Pitaniia. 1982;1: 38–40.
Tomimatsu T. Horie T. Enhanced absorption of 3-O-methyl-d-glucose through the small intestine of rats administered retinyl palmitate. Research Communications in Molecular Pathology and Pharmacology. 2000;107: 349–360.
Blumentrath J, Neye H, Verspoh EJ. Effects of retinoids and thiazolidinedi- ones on proliferation, insulin release, insulin mRNA, GLUT 2 transporter protein and mRNA of INS-1 cells. Cell Biochemistry and Function. 2001;9: 159–169.
Driscol HK, Adkins CD, Chertow TE, et al. Vitamin A stimulation of insulin secretion: effects on transglutaminase mRNA and activity using rat islets and insulin-secreting cells. Pancreas 1997;15: 69–77.
Rhee EJ, Plutzky J. Retinoid metabolism and diabetes mellitus. Diabetes & Metabolism Journal. 2012; 36: 167–180.
Shokrzadeh M, Shobi S, Attar H, et al. Effect of vitamins A, E and C on liver enzyme activity in rats exposed to organophosphate pesticide diazinon. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences. 2012;15: 936–941.
Draeger CL, Naves A, Marques N, et al. Controversies of antioxidant vitamins supplementation in exercise: ergogenic or ergolytic effects in humans?. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition. 2014;11(1): 4.
Bonet ML, Oliver J, Pico C, et al. Opposite effects of feeding a vitamin A-deficient diet and retinoic acid treatment on brown adipose tissue uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1), UCP2 and leptin expression. Journal of Endocrinology. 2000;166(3): 511-517.
Rook JS, Scholman G, Wing-Proctor S, et al. Diagnosis and control of neonatal losses in sheep. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice. 1990;6: 531–562.
Penn State College of Agricultural Sciences. Nutrition Throughout Pregnancy for Meat Goat Does. (15/11/2024 tarihinde https://extension.psu.edu/nutrition-throughout-pregnancy-for-meat-goat-does adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
Laporta J, Fabris TF, Skibiel AL, et al. In utero exposure to heat stress during late gestation has prolonged effects on the activity patterns and growth of dairy calves. Journal of Dairy Science. 2017;100: 2976–2984. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2016-11993
Fabris TF, Laporta J, Skibiel AL, et al. Effect of heat stress during early, late, and entire dry period on dairy cattle. Journal of Dairy Science. 2019;102: 5647–5656. https://doi. org/10.3168/jds.2018-15721
Caldeira RM, Belo AT, Santos CC, et al. The effect of body condition score on blood metabolites and hormonal profiles in ewes. Small Ruminant Research. 2007;68: 233-241.
Brozos C, Mavrogianni VS, Fthenakis GC. Treatment and control of peri-parturient metabolic diseases: pregnancy toxemia, hypocalcemia, hypomagnesemia. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice. 2011;27: 105–113.
Twardock AR, Symonds HW, Samsom BF, et al. The effect of litter size upon foetal growth rate and the placental transfer of calcium and phosphorus in superovulated Scottish half-bred ewes. British Journal of Nutrition 1973;29: 437–446.
Rook JS. Pregnancy toxaemia of ewes, does, and beef cows. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice. 2000;16: 293–317.
Morand-Fehr P. Goat nutrition and its particularities in the dry subtropics. Ruminant Production in the Dry Subtropics: Constraints and Potentials, EAAP Publication. 1989;38: 215-229.
Herdt TH. Ruminant adaptation to negative energy balance: Influences on the etiology of ketosis and fatty liver. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice. 2000;16: 215–230.
Zobel G, Leslie K, Weary DM, et al. Ketonemia in dairy goats: Effect of dry period length and effect on lying behavior. Journal of Dairy Science. 2015;98(9): 6128-6138.
Brounts S, Hawkins J, Baird AN, et al. Outcome and subsequent fertility of sheep and goats undergoing caesarean section because of dystocia: 110 cases (1981–2001). Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 2004;224:275–279.
Zamir S, Rozov A, Gootwine E. Treatment of pregnancy toxaemia in sheep with flunixin meglumine. Veterinary Record. 2009;165:265–266.
Lima MS, Pascoal RA, Stilwell GT, et al. Clinical findings, blood chemistry values, and epidemiologic data from dairy goats with pregnancy toxemia. Bovine Practitioner. 2012;46: 102– 110.
Andrews A. Pregnancy toxaemia in the ewe. In Practice. 1997;19: 306–312.
Sadjadian R, Seifi HA, Mohri M, et al. Variations of energy biochemical metabolites in periparturient dairy Saanen goats. Comparative Clinical Pathology. 2013;22: 449–456. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00580-012-1431-8.
Radostits OM, Gay CC, Hinchcliff KW, et al. Pregnancy toxemia in sheep. Radostits M, Gay CC, Hinchcliff KW, Constable PD (ed.) Textbook of the Diseases of Cattle, Sheep, Pigs, Goats and Horses içinde. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders Elsevier; 2007. p. 1668–1671.
Itle AJ, Huzzey JM, Weary DM, et al. Clinical ketosis and standing behavior in transition cows. Journal of Dairy Science. 2015;98: 128–134.http://dx.doi.org/ 10.3168/jds.2014-7932.
Ramin AG, Asri S, Majdani R. Correlations among serum glucose, beta-hydroxybutyrate and urea concentrations in non-pregnant ewes. Small Ruminant Research. 2005;57: 265–269.
Andrews AH. Recombinant bovine somatotropin and propylene glycol following glucose injection in treating pregnancy toxaemia. Large Animal Practice. 1998;19: 31–33.
Aurich JE, Aurich C. Induction of parturition in domestic animals. Der Praktische Tierarzt. 1994;75: 742–746.
Ingoldby L, Jackson P. Induction of parturition in sheep. In Practice. 2001;23: 228–231.
Mavrogianni VS, Amiridis GS, Gougoulis DA, et al. Efficacy of difloxacin for the control of postpartum uterine infections of ewes. Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 2007;30: 583–585.
Martinez N, Sinedino LDP, Bisinotto RS, et al. Effect of inducedsubclinical hypocalcemia on physiological responses and neutrophil function in dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science. 2014;97: 874–887.
Anderson D, Rings E, Michael D. Current Veterinary Therapy Food Animal Practice. Missouri, USA: Saunders; 2009.
Pugh DGA. Textbook of Sheep and goat Medicine. Saunders, Philadelphia: Saunders; 2002.
Babji BR, Jyothi J, Abhinav Kumar Reddy. G. Diagnosis and Management of Pre-Partum Paresis in a Goat. nternational Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences. 2020;9(5): 1029-1033. doi: https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2020.905.112
Emanuelson U, Oltenacu PA. Incidences and effects of diseases on the performance of Swedish dairy herds stratified by production. Journal of Veterinary Science. 1998;81(9): 2376-2382.
Bickhardt K, Henze P, Ganter M. Clinical findings and differential diagnosis in ketosis and hypocalcaemia of sheep. Deutsche tierärztliche Wochenschrift 1998;105: 413–419.
Gammon D. Milk fever prevention: a clinical review of current prevention strategies. Livestock. 2014;19(3): 142-146.
Robson AB, Field AC, Sykes AR, et al. A model of magnesium metabolism in young sheep. Magnesium absorption and excretion. British Journal of Nutrition. 1997;78: 975–92.
Phillips CJC, Mohamed MO, Chiy PC. The critical dietary potassium concentration for induction of mineral disorders in non-lactating Welsh Mountain sheep. Small Ruminant Research. 2006;63: 32–38.
Martens H, Schweigel M. Pathophysiology of grass tetany and other hypomagnesemias. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice. 2000;16: 339–368.
Foster A, Livesey C, Edwards C. Magnesium disorders in ruminants. In Practice. 2007;29: 534–539.
Referanslar
Van Saun R. Feeding the Pregnant Doe: Understanding the Need for Supplements, Minerals and Vitamins 2011. (15/10/2024 tarihinde http://goatdocs.ansci.cornell.edu/Resources/GoatArticles/GoatFeeding/FeedingPregnantDoes1.pdf adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
National Research Council. Nutrient Requirements of Goats: Angora, Dairy, and Meat Goats in Temperate and Tropical Countries. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1981.
Mellor DJ, Matheson IC. Daily changes in the curved crown-rump length of individual sheep fetuses during the last 69 days of pregnancy and effects of different levels of maternal nutrition. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Physiology. 1979;64: 119-131.
McNeill DM, Slepetis R, Ehrhardt RA, et al. Protein requirements of sheep in late pregnancy: Partitioning of nitrogen between gravid uterus and maternal tissues. Journal of Animal Science. 1997;75: 809-816.
Robinson JJ. Pregnancy. Coop IE (ed.) Sheep and Goat Production içinde. Amsterdam: Elsevier Scientific Pub. Co; 1982. p. 114-116.
Koong LJ, Garrett WN, Rattray PV. A description of the dynamics of fetal growth in sheep. Journal of Animal Science. 1975;41: 1065-1068.
Rattray PV, Garrett WN, East NE, et al. Growth, development and composition of the ovine conceptus and mammary gland during pregnancy. Journal of Animal Science. 1974;38(3): 613-626.
Bell AW. Regulation of organic nutrient metabolism during transition from late pregnancy to early lactation. Journal of Animal Science. 1995;73: 2804-2819.
Battaglia FC, Meschia G. Fetal nutrition. Annual Review of Nutrition. 1988;8: 43-61.
Bell AW, Kennaugh IM, Battaglia FC, et al. Uptake of amino acids and ammonia at mid-gestation by the fetal lamb. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Physiology. 1989;74: 635-643.
Faichney GJ, White GA. Effects of maternal nutritional status on fetal and placental growth and on fetal urea synthesis in sheep. Australian Journal of Biological Sciences. 1987;40: 365-377.
Osuagwuh AIA, Akpokdje JU. An outbreak of abortion in WAD (Fouta djallon) goats due to malnutrition. Tropical Veterinarian. 1986;4: 67–70.
Osuagwuh AIA, Aire TA. Intra uterine growth rates of the West African dwarf goats and some fetal organs in relation to strategic feed supplementation during pregnancy. Journal of Veterinary Medicine. 1990;37: 198–204.
Sibanda LM, Ndlovu LR, Bryant MJ. Effects of feeding varying amount of grain/forage diet during late gestation and lactation on the performance of Matabele goats. Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 1997;128: 469–477.
Osuagwuh AIA. Effects of strategic feed supplementation during pregnancy on birth weight and perinatal survival of West African Dwarf kids. Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 1992;119: 123–126.
Karapehlivan M, Atakisi E, Atakisi O, et al. Blood bio- chemical parameters during the lactation and dry period in Tuj ewes. Small Ruminant Research. 2007;73: 267–271.
Goff JP, Kimura K, Horst RL. Effect of mastectomy on milk fever, energy, and vitamins A, E, and b-carotene status at parturition. Journal of Dairy Science. 2002;85: 1427–1436.
Abd Eldaim MA, Kamikawa A, Soliman MM, et al. Retinol binding protein 4 in dairy cows: its presence in colostrums and alteration in plasma during fasting, inflammation and the peripartum period. Journal of Dairy Research. 2010;77: 27–32.
Abd Eldaim MA, Gaafar KM, Darwish RA, et al. Prepartum vitamin A supplementation enhances goat doe health status and kid viability and performance. Small Ruminant Research, 2015;129: 6-10.
Pletsityi KD, Askerov MA. Effect of vitamin A on immunogenesis. Voprosy Pitaniia. 1982;1: 38–40.
Tomimatsu T. Horie T. Enhanced absorption of 3-O-methyl-d-glucose through the small intestine of rats administered retinyl palmitate. Research Communications in Molecular Pathology and Pharmacology. 2000;107: 349–360.
Blumentrath J, Neye H, Verspoh EJ. Effects of retinoids and thiazolidinedi- ones on proliferation, insulin release, insulin mRNA, GLUT 2 transporter protein and mRNA of INS-1 cells. Cell Biochemistry and Function. 2001;9: 159–169.
Driscol HK, Adkins CD, Chertow TE, et al. Vitamin A stimulation of insulin secretion: effects on transglutaminase mRNA and activity using rat islets and insulin-secreting cells. Pancreas 1997;15: 69–77.
Rhee EJ, Plutzky J. Retinoid metabolism and diabetes mellitus. Diabetes & Metabolism Journal. 2012; 36: 167–180.
Shokrzadeh M, Shobi S, Attar H, et al. Effect of vitamins A, E and C on liver enzyme activity in rats exposed to organophosphate pesticide diazinon. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences. 2012;15: 936–941.
Draeger CL, Naves A, Marques N, et al. Controversies of antioxidant vitamins supplementation in exercise: ergogenic or ergolytic effects in humans?. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition. 2014;11(1): 4.
Bonet ML, Oliver J, Pico C, et al. Opposite effects of feeding a vitamin A-deficient diet and retinoic acid treatment on brown adipose tissue uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1), UCP2 and leptin expression. Journal of Endocrinology. 2000;166(3): 511-517.
Rook JS, Scholman G, Wing-Proctor S, et al. Diagnosis and control of neonatal losses in sheep. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice. 1990;6: 531–562.
Penn State College of Agricultural Sciences. Nutrition Throughout Pregnancy for Meat Goat Does. (15/11/2024 tarihinde https://extension.psu.edu/nutrition-throughout-pregnancy-for-meat-goat-does adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
Laporta J, Fabris TF, Skibiel AL, et al. In utero exposure to heat stress during late gestation has prolonged effects on the activity patterns and growth of dairy calves. Journal of Dairy Science. 2017;100: 2976–2984. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2016-11993
Fabris TF, Laporta J, Skibiel AL, et al. Effect of heat stress during early, late, and entire dry period on dairy cattle. Journal of Dairy Science. 2019;102: 5647–5656. https://doi. org/10.3168/jds.2018-15721
Caldeira RM, Belo AT, Santos CC, et al. The effect of body condition score on blood metabolites and hormonal profiles in ewes. Small Ruminant Research. 2007;68: 233-241.
Brozos C, Mavrogianni VS, Fthenakis GC. Treatment and control of peri-parturient metabolic diseases: pregnancy toxemia, hypocalcemia, hypomagnesemia. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice. 2011;27: 105–113.
Twardock AR, Symonds HW, Samsom BF, et al. The effect of litter size upon foetal growth rate and the placental transfer of calcium and phosphorus in superovulated Scottish half-bred ewes. British Journal of Nutrition 1973;29: 437–446.
Rook JS. Pregnancy toxaemia of ewes, does, and beef cows. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice. 2000;16: 293–317.
Morand-Fehr P. Goat nutrition and its particularities in the dry subtropics. Ruminant Production in the Dry Subtropics: Constraints and Potentials, EAAP Publication. 1989;38: 215-229.
Herdt TH. Ruminant adaptation to negative energy balance: Influences on the etiology of ketosis and fatty liver. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice. 2000;16: 215–230.
Zobel G, Leslie K, Weary DM, et al. Ketonemia in dairy goats: Effect of dry period length and effect on lying behavior. Journal of Dairy Science. 2015;98(9): 6128-6138.
Brounts S, Hawkins J, Baird AN, et al. Outcome and subsequent fertility of sheep and goats undergoing caesarean section because of dystocia: 110 cases (1981–2001). Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 2004;224:275–279.
Zamir S, Rozov A, Gootwine E. Treatment of pregnancy toxaemia in sheep with flunixin meglumine. Veterinary Record. 2009;165:265–266.
Lima MS, Pascoal RA, Stilwell GT, et al. Clinical findings, blood chemistry values, and epidemiologic data from dairy goats with pregnancy toxemia. Bovine Practitioner. 2012;46: 102– 110.
Andrews A. Pregnancy toxaemia in the ewe. In Practice. 1997;19: 306–312.
Sadjadian R, Seifi HA, Mohri M, et al. Variations of energy biochemical metabolites in periparturient dairy Saanen goats. Comparative Clinical Pathology. 2013;22: 449–456. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00580-012-1431-8.
Radostits OM, Gay CC, Hinchcliff KW, et al. Pregnancy toxemia in sheep. Radostits M, Gay CC, Hinchcliff KW, Constable PD (ed.) Textbook of the Diseases of Cattle, Sheep, Pigs, Goats and Horses içinde. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders Elsevier; 2007. p. 1668–1671.
Itle AJ, Huzzey JM, Weary DM, et al. Clinical ketosis and standing behavior in transition cows. Journal of Dairy Science. 2015;98: 128–134.http://dx.doi.org/ 10.3168/jds.2014-7932.
Ramin AG, Asri S, Majdani R. Correlations among serum glucose, beta-hydroxybutyrate and urea concentrations in non-pregnant ewes. Small Ruminant Research. 2005;57: 265–269.
Andrews AH. Recombinant bovine somatotropin and propylene glycol following glucose injection in treating pregnancy toxaemia. Large Animal Practice. 1998;19: 31–33.
Aurich JE, Aurich C. Induction of parturition in domestic animals. Der Praktische Tierarzt. 1994;75: 742–746.
Ingoldby L, Jackson P. Induction of parturition in sheep. In Practice. 2001;23: 228–231.
Mavrogianni VS, Amiridis GS, Gougoulis DA, et al. Efficacy of difloxacin for the control of postpartum uterine infections of ewes. Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 2007;30: 583–585.
Martinez N, Sinedino LDP, Bisinotto RS, et al. Effect of inducedsubclinical hypocalcemia on physiological responses and neutrophil function in dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science. 2014;97: 874–887.
Anderson D, Rings E, Michael D. Current Veterinary Therapy Food Animal Practice. Missouri, USA: Saunders; 2009.
Pugh DGA. Textbook of Sheep and goat Medicine. Saunders, Philadelphia: Saunders; 2002.
Babji BR, Jyothi J, Abhinav Kumar Reddy. G. Diagnosis and Management of Pre-Partum Paresis in a Goat. nternational Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences. 2020;9(5): 1029-1033. doi: https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2020.905.112
Emanuelson U, Oltenacu PA. Incidences and effects of diseases on the performance of Swedish dairy herds stratified by production. Journal of Veterinary Science. 1998;81(9): 2376-2382.
Bickhardt K, Henze P, Ganter M. Clinical findings and differential diagnosis in ketosis and hypocalcaemia of sheep. Deutsche tierärztliche Wochenschrift 1998;105: 413–419.
Gammon D. Milk fever prevention: a clinical review of current prevention strategies. Livestock. 2014;19(3): 142-146.
Robson AB, Field AC, Sykes AR, et al. A model of magnesium metabolism in young sheep. Magnesium absorption and excretion. British Journal of Nutrition. 1997;78: 975–92.
Phillips CJC, Mohamed MO, Chiy PC. The critical dietary potassium concentration for induction of mineral disorders in non-lactating Welsh Mountain sheep. Small Ruminant Research. 2006;63: 32–38.
Martens H, Schweigel M. Pathophysiology of grass tetany and other hypomagnesemias. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice. 2000;16: 339–368.
Foster A, Livesey C, Edwards C. Magnesium disorders in ruminants. In Practice. 2007;29: 534–539.
