Yeni Ortaya Çıkan Meslek Hastalıkları
Özet
İşyerinde ve çalışma koşullarında sürekli meydana gelen değişimler yeni mesleki sağlık risklerinin ve yeni meslek hastalıklarının ortaya çıkmasına neden olmaktadır. Aerotoksik sendrom, BK 5101, kaynakçı şarbonu ve COVID-19 yeni ortaya çıkan meslek hastalıkları arasındadır. Aerotoksik sendromda uçak mürettebatının uçakta kirli havaya maruz kalmasıyla ilgili olumsuz sağlık etkilerine ilişkin endişeler 60 yıldan uzun süredir devam etmektedir. Mesleki dermatozlar en sık görülen meslek hastalıkları arasında yer almakta olup BK 5101 en büyük oranı oluşturmaktadır. Çoğunlukla kontakt egzama şeklinde olan mesleki el egzaması yaygın görülen formudur. Kaynakçı şarbonu, B. cereus grubundaki bakterilerin şarbon toksini üretmesi sonucu metal işçisinde oluşan zatürre olarak tanımlanır. Çalışanları öngörülemeyen şekilde etkileyen SARS-CoV-2 virüsü 2019 yılında pandemiye yol açmıştır. Çalışanların, iş etkileşimleri, ortak konaklama ve ulaşım gibi, birbirlerine yakın bir mesafede iç mekânda zaman geçirdiği işyerleri, iç mekânlarda fiziksel mesafeyi korumanın zorluğuna ve yetersiz havalandırmaya bağlı olarak virüs salgınlarının kaynağı haline gelmiştir. Yeni ortaya çıkan meslek hastalıklarında semptomları, bulguları ve tanıları mesleki ortama bağlayan neden-sonuç ilişkisinin ortaya çıkarılmasında tıbbi araştırma protokollerine ve epidemiyolojik çalışmalara ihtiyaç duyulduğu açıktır.
Constant changes in the workplace and working conditions lead to the emergence of new occupational health risks and new occupational diseases. Aerotoxic syndrome, BK 5101, welder's anthrax and COVID-19 are among the newly emerging occupational diseases. Concerns about the adverse health effects of aircrew exposure to contaminated air onboard aircraft in aerotoxic syndrome have persisted for more than 60 years. Occupational dermatoses are among the most common occupational diseases, with BK 5101 accounting for the largest proportion. Occupational hand eczema, which is mostly in the form of contact eczema, is the most common form. Welder's anthrax is defined as pneumonia that occurs in metal workers as a result of the production of anthrax toxin by bacteria in the B. cereus group. The SARS-CoV-2 virus, which affected employees in an unpredictable way, caused a pandemic in 2019. Workplaces where employees spend time indoors in close proximity to each other, such as in work interactions, shared accommodations, and transportation, have become sources of virus outbreaks due to the difficulty of maintaining physical distance indoors and inadequate ventilation. It is clear that medical research protocols and epidemiological studies are needed to reveal the cause-effect relationship that links symptoms, findings and diagnoses to the occupational environment in newly emerging occupational diseases.
Referanslar
Amnesty International (2020). Global: Amnesty analysis reveals over 7,000 health workers have died from COVID-19. https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2020/09/amnestyanalysis-7000-health-workers-have-died-from-covid19/.
Bottone, E.J. (2010). Bacillus cereus, a Volatile Human Pathogen. Clin Microbiol Rev, 23, 382–398.
Cooper, D. J., Lear, S., Sithole, N., Shaw, A., Stark, H., Ferris, M., CITIID-NIHR BioResource COVID-19 collaboration consortium, Bradley, J., Maxwell, P., Goodfellow, I., Weekes, M. P., Seaman, S., & Baker, S. (2022). Demographic, behavioural and occupational risk factors associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection in UK healthcare workers: a retrospective observational study. BMJ Open, 12(11), e063159. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2022-063159.
de Perio, M.A., Hendricks, K.A., Dowell, C.H., Bower,W.A., Burton, N.C., Dawson, P., Schrodt, C.A., et al. (2022). Welder’s Anthrax: A Review of an Occupational Disease. Pathogens, 11, 402. https://doi.org/10.3390/ pathogens11040402.
Hageman, G., Mackenzie Ross, S.J., Nihom, J., & van der Laan, G. (2022). Aerotoxic syndrome: A new occupational disease caused by contaminated cabin air? Advances in Neurotoxicology, 7. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.ant.2022.04.001.
Herloch, V.,& Elsner, P. (2021). The (new) occupational disease no. 5101: “severe or recurrent skin diseases”. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges, 19(5), 720–41. https://doi.org/10.1111/ddg.14537.
Hoffmaster, A.R., Ravel, J. Rasko, D.A., Chapman, G.D., Chute, M.D., Marston, C.K., De, B.K., et al. (2004). Identification of Anthrax Toxin Genes in a Bacillus cereus Associated with an Illness Resembling Inhalation Anthrax. Proc Natl Aca. Sci, 101, 8449–8454.
ILO (2020). ILO Monitor: Covid-19 and the world of work, Second edition, 7 April 2020.
ILO.(2020). National Qualification of a work-related infection of COVID-19 and the ISSA webpage: Can COVID-19 be considered an occupational disease. https://www.ilo.org/sites/default/files/wcmsp5/groups/public/ @ed_emp/@emp_ent/documents/publication/wcms_741360.pdf.
Katsuya, H. Takata, T. Ishikawa, T. Sasaki, H. Ishitsuka, K. Takamatsu, Y.,& Tamura, K. A. (2009). Patient with Acute Myeloid Leukemia who Developed Fatal Pneumonia Caused by Carbapenem-Resistant Bacillus cereus. J Infect Chemother 15, 39–41.
Marongiu, A., Hasan, O., Ali, A., Bakhsh, S., George, B., Irfan, N., Minelli, C., et al. (2016). Are Welders More at Risk of Respiratory Infections? Findings from a Cross-sectional Survey and Analysis of Medical Records in ShipyardWorkers: The WELSHIP Project. Thorax, 71, 601–606.
Michaelis, S., Burdon, J., Howard, C. Vyvyan & World Health Organization. Regional Office for Europe. (2017). Aerotoxic syndrome: a new occupational disease?. Public health panorama, 03 (02), 198 - 211. World Health Organization. Regional Office for Europe. https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/325308.
Miyata, J. Tasaka, S. Miyazaki, M. Yoshida, S., Naoki, K. Sayama, K. Asano, K., et al. (2013). Bacillus cereus Necrotizing Pneumonia in a Patient with Nephrotic Syndrome. Intern Med, 52, 101–104.
Möhner, M., & Wolik, A. (2020). Differences in COVID-19 Risk Between Occupational Groups and Employment Sectors in Germany. Deutsches Arzteblatt International, 117(38), 641–642. https://doi.org/10.3238/arztebl.2020.0641.
Palmer, K.T., Poole, J., Ayres, J.G., Mann, J., Burge, P.S.,& Coggon, D. (2003). Exposure to Metal Fume and Infectious Pneumonia. Am J Epidemiol, 157, 227–233.
Pappa, S., Ntella, V., Giannakas, T., Giannakoulis, V. G., Papoutsi, E., & Katsaounou, P. (2020). Prevalence of depression, anxiety, and insomnia among healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 88, 901–907. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.05.026.
Shah, A. S. V., Wood, R., Gribben, C., Caldwell, D., Bishop, J., Weir, A., Kennedy, S., et al. (2020). Risk of hospital admission with coronavirus disease 2019 in healthcare workers and their households: nationwide linkage cohort study. BMJ (Clinical research ed.), 371, m3582. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m3582.
Torén, K., Blanc, P.D., Naidoo, R.N., Murgia, N., Qvarfordt, I., Aspevall, O., Dahlman-Hoglund, A., Schioler, L. (2019). Occupational Exposure to Dust and to Fumes, Work as a Welder and Invasive Pneumococcal Disease Risk. Occup Environ Med, 77, 57–63.
World Halth Organization (2020). Coronavirus disease (COVID-19). https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/coronavirus-disease-(covid-19).
World Halth Organization (2020). Keep health workers safe to keep patients safe: WHO, News Release, Geneva, 17 September 2020, available at: https://www.who.int/news/item/17-09-2020-keep-health-workers-safe-to-keep-patients-safe-who WHO.
Zhang M. (2021). Estimation of differential occupational risk of COVID-19 by comparing risk factors with case data by occupational group. Am J Indust Med, 64(1), 39–47. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajim.23199
Referanslar
Amnesty International (2020). Global: Amnesty analysis reveals over 7,000 health workers have died from COVID-19. https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2020/09/amnestyanalysis-7000-health-workers-have-died-from-covid19/.
Bottone, E.J. (2010). Bacillus cereus, a Volatile Human Pathogen. Clin Microbiol Rev, 23, 382–398.
Cooper, D. J., Lear, S., Sithole, N., Shaw, A., Stark, H., Ferris, M., CITIID-NIHR BioResource COVID-19 collaboration consortium, Bradley, J., Maxwell, P., Goodfellow, I., Weekes, M. P., Seaman, S., & Baker, S. (2022). Demographic, behavioural and occupational risk factors associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection in UK healthcare workers: a retrospective observational study. BMJ Open, 12(11), e063159. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2022-063159.
de Perio, M.A., Hendricks, K.A., Dowell, C.H., Bower,W.A., Burton, N.C., Dawson, P., Schrodt, C.A., et al. (2022). Welder’s Anthrax: A Review of an Occupational Disease. Pathogens, 11, 402. https://doi.org/10.3390/ pathogens11040402.
Hageman, G., Mackenzie Ross, S.J., Nihom, J., & van der Laan, G. (2022). Aerotoxic syndrome: A new occupational disease caused by contaminated cabin air? Advances in Neurotoxicology, 7. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.ant.2022.04.001.
Herloch, V.,& Elsner, P. (2021). The (new) occupational disease no. 5101: “severe or recurrent skin diseases”. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges, 19(5), 720–41. https://doi.org/10.1111/ddg.14537.
Hoffmaster, A.R., Ravel, J. Rasko, D.A., Chapman, G.D., Chute, M.D., Marston, C.K., De, B.K., et al. (2004). Identification of Anthrax Toxin Genes in a Bacillus cereus Associated with an Illness Resembling Inhalation Anthrax. Proc Natl Aca. Sci, 101, 8449–8454.
ILO (2020). ILO Monitor: Covid-19 and the world of work, Second edition, 7 April 2020.
ILO.(2020). National Qualification of a work-related infection of COVID-19 and the ISSA webpage: Can COVID-19 be considered an occupational disease. https://www.ilo.org/sites/default/files/wcmsp5/groups/public/ @ed_emp/@emp_ent/documents/publication/wcms_741360.pdf.
Katsuya, H. Takata, T. Ishikawa, T. Sasaki, H. Ishitsuka, K. Takamatsu, Y.,& Tamura, K. A. (2009). Patient with Acute Myeloid Leukemia who Developed Fatal Pneumonia Caused by Carbapenem-Resistant Bacillus cereus. J Infect Chemother 15, 39–41.
Marongiu, A., Hasan, O., Ali, A., Bakhsh, S., George, B., Irfan, N., Minelli, C., et al. (2016). Are Welders More at Risk of Respiratory Infections? Findings from a Cross-sectional Survey and Analysis of Medical Records in ShipyardWorkers: The WELSHIP Project. Thorax, 71, 601–606.
Michaelis, S., Burdon, J., Howard, C. Vyvyan & World Health Organization. Regional Office for Europe. (2017). Aerotoxic syndrome: a new occupational disease?. Public health panorama, 03 (02), 198 - 211. World Health Organization. Regional Office for Europe. https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/325308.
Miyata, J. Tasaka, S. Miyazaki, M. Yoshida, S., Naoki, K. Sayama, K. Asano, K., et al. (2013). Bacillus cereus Necrotizing Pneumonia in a Patient with Nephrotic Syndrome. Intern Med, 52, 101–104.
Möhner, M., & Wolik, A. (2020). Differences in COVID-19 Risk Between Occupational Groups and Employment Sectors in Germany. Deutsches Arzteblatt International, 117(38), 641–642. https://doi.org/10.3238/arztebl.2020.0641.
Palmer, K.T., Poole, J., Ayres, J.G., Mann, J., Burge, P.S.,& Coggon, D. (2003). Exposure to Metal Fume and Infectious Pneumonia. Am J Epidemiol, 157, 227–233.
Pappa, S., Ntella, V., Giannakas, T., Giannakoulis, V. G., Papoutsi, E., & Katsaounou, P. (2020). Prevalence of depression, anxiety, and insomnia among healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 88, 901–907. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.05.026.
Shah, A. S. V., Wood, R., Gribben, C., Caldwell, D., Bishop, J., Weir, A., Kennedy, S., et al. (2020). Risk of hospital admission with coronavirus disease 2019 in healthcare workers and their households: nationwide linkage cohort study. BMJ (Clinical research ed.), 371, m3582. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m3582.
Torén, K., Blanc, P.D., Naidoo, R.N., Murgia, N., Qvarfordt, I., Aspevall, O., Dahlman-Hoglund, A., Schioler, L. (2019). Occupational Exposure to Dust and to Fumes, Work as a Welder and Invasive Pneumococcal Disease Risk. Occup Environ Med, 77, 57–63.
World Halth Organization (2020). Coronavirus disease (COVID-19). https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/coronavirus-disease-(covid-19).
World Halth Organization (2020). Keep health workers safe to keep patients safe: WHO, News Release, Geneva, 17 September 2020, available at: https://www.who.int/news/item/17-09-2020-keep-health-workers-safe-to-keep-patients-safe-who WHO.
Zhang M. (2021). Estimation of differential occupational risk of COVID-19 by comparing risk factors with case data by occupational group. Am J Indust Med, 64(1), 39–47. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajim.23199
