Futbolda Göreceli Yaş Etkileri ve Çözüm Yöntemleri
Özet
Göreceli Yaş Etkisi (RAE), bireylerin doğum tarihlerine bağlı olarak akademik, fiziksel ve sosyo-duygusal alanlarda avantaj veya dezavantaj yaşamalarına neden olan bir olgudur. Özellikle yılın ilk çeyreğinde doğan bireyler, fiziksel olgunlukları nedeniyle avantajlı kabul edilirken, yılın son çeyreğinde doğanlar dezavantajlı kalmaktadır. Bu durum, özellikle futbol gibi fiziksel gelişim ve teknik becerilerin öne çıktığı spor dallarında belirginleşmektedir. Araştırmalar, Ocak-Mart döneminde doğan genç futbolcuların seçilme oranlarının diğer dönemlere göre çok daha yüksek olduğunu göstermektedir. Ancak, uzun vadede dezavantajlı görülen sporcuların daha dayanıklı ve başarılı olabileceği de belirtilmektedir. RAE’nin oluşumunda sosyal ve kültürel faktörler de etkilidir. Antrenörlerin yanlılıkları (Pygmalion etkisi), sporcuların öz beklentileri (Galatea etkisi) ve avantajlı bireylerin daha fazla fırsata erişimi (Matthew etkisi), bu süreci güçlendiren unsurlardır. RAE’nin yarattığı eşitsizliklerin azaltılması için yaş gruplarının esnetilmesi, biyolojik yaşa göre sınıflandırma, teknik becerilere odaklanma ve antrenörlerin bilinçlendirilmesi gibi çözümler önerilmektedir. Bu stratejiler, seçim süreçlerini daha adil hale getirerek genç sporcular için fırsat eşitliği yaratabilir ve sporda kapsayıcı bir ortam sağlayabilir.
Referanslar
Abelairas-Gómez, C., Silva-Piñeiro, R., Barcala-Furelos, R., Estraviz-Martínez, P., & Dosil-Díaz, J. (2016). Consecuencias de la diferencia de edad en el aula: Un estudio observacional en niños y niñas de cuatro años. Estudios pedagógicos (Valdivia), 42(1), 7-16.
Armstrong, H. (1966). A comparison of the performance of summer and autumn‐born children at eleven and sixteen. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 36(1), 72-76.
Augste, C., & Lames, M. (2011). The relative age effect and success in German elite U-17 soccer teams. Journal of sports sciences, 29(9), 983-987.
Baker, J., Schorer, J., & Cobley, S. (2010). Relative age effects. Sportwissenschaft, 40(1), 26-30.
Barnsley, R. H., Thompson, A. H., & Barnsley, P. E. (1985). Hockey success and birthdate: The relative age effect. Canadian Association for Health, Physical Education, and Recreation, 51(1), 23-28.
Barnsley, R. H., Thompson, A. H., & Legault, P. (1992). Family planning: Football style. The relative age effect in football. International review for the sociology of sport, 27(1), 77-87.
Barrenetxea-Garcia, J., Torres-Unda, J., Esain, I., & Gil, S. M. (2019). Relative age effect and left-handedness in world class water polo male and female players. Laterality: Asymmetries of Body, Brain and Cognition, 24(3), 259-273.
Brewer, J., Balsom, P., Davis, J., & Ekblom, B. (1992). The influence of birth date and physical development on the selection of a male junior international soccer squad. Journal of sports sciences, 10(6), 561-562.
Brustio, P. R., Lupo, C., Ungureanu, A. N., Frati, R., Rainoldi, A., & Boccia, G. (2018). The relative age effect is larger in Italian soccer top-level youth categories and smaller in Serie A. PloS one, 13(4), e0196253.
Cobley, S., Baker, J., Wattie, N., & McKenna, J. (2009). Annual age-grouping and athlete development: a meta-analytical review of relative age effects in sport. Sports Medicine, 39, 235-256.
Cobley, S. P., Schorer, J., & Baker, J. (2008). Relative age effects in professional German soccer: A historical analysis. Journal of sports sciences, 26(14), 1531-1538.
Cobley, S. P., & Till, K. (2017). Participation trends according to relative age across youth UK Rugby League. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, 12(3), 339-343.
de la Rubia, A., Lorenzo, A., Bjørndal, C. T., Kelly, A. L., García-Aliaga, A., & Lorenzo-Calvo, J. (2021). The relative age effect on competition performance of Spanish International Handball Players: A longitudinal study. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 673434.
de La Rubia Riaza, A., Lorenzo Calvo, J., Mon-López, D., & Lorenzo, A. (2020). Impact of the relative age effect on competition performance in basketball: A qualitative systematic review. International journal of environmental research and public health, 17(22), 8596.
De Larochelambert, Q., Difernand, A., Antero, J., Sedeaud, A., Toussaint, J.-F., Pierre Yves, L., & Coulmy, N. (2022). Relative age effect in French alpine skiing: Problem and solution. Journal of sports sciences, 40(10), 1137-1148.
Delorme, N., & Raspaud, M. (2009). The relative age effect in young French basketball players: a study on the whole population. Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports, 19(2), 235-242.
Doncaster, G., Medina, D., Drobnic, F., Gómez-Díaz, A. J., & Unnithan, V. (2020). Appreciating factors beyond the physical in talent identification and development: insights from the FC Barcelona sporting model. Frontiers in sports and active living, 2, 91.
Dugdale, J. H., McRobert, A. P., & Unnithan, V. B. (2021). “He’s just a wee laddie”: the relative age effect in male Scottish soccer. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 633469.
FIFA. (2022). Post Match Summary Reports. FIFA Traning Centre. Retrieved 26.07.2024 from https://www.fifatrainingcentre.com/en/fwc2022/post-match-summaries/post-match-summary-reports.php
FIFA. (2023a). Post Match Summary Reports U17. FIFA Traning Centre. Retrieved November 2024 from https://www.fifatrainingcentre.com/en/game/tournaments/fu17wc/2023/post-match-summary-reports.php
FIFA. (2023b). Post Match Summary Reports U20. FIFA Traning Centre. Retrieved November 2023 from https://www.fifatrainingcentre.com/en/game/tournaments/2023-u20-fwc/post-match-summary-reports.php
Finnegan, L., Richardson, D., Littlewood, M., & McArdle, J. (2017). The influence of date and place of birth on youth player selection to a National Football Association elite development programme. Science and Medicine in Football, 1(1), 30-39.
Fumarco, L., & Baert, S. (2019). Relative age effect on European adolescents’ social network. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 168, 318-337.
Fumarco, L., Gibbs, B. G., Jarvis, J. A., & Rossi, G. (2017). The relative age effect reversal among the National Hockey League elite. PloS one, 12(8), e0182827.
Gerdin, G., Hedberg, M., & Hageskog, C.-A. (2018). Relative age effect in Swedish male and female tennis players born in 1998–2001. Sports, 6(2), 38.
Gibbs, B. G., Jarvis, J. A., & Dufur, M. J. (2012). The rise of the underdog? The relative age effect reversal among Canadian-born NHL hockey players: A reply to Nolan and Howell. International review for the sociology of sport, 47(5), 644-649.
Gil, S. M., Badiola, A., Bidaurrazaga-Letona, I., Zabala-Lili, J., Gravina, L., Santos-Concejero, J., Lekue, J. A., & Granados, C. (2014). Relationship between the relative age effect and anthropometry, maturity and performance in young soccer players. Journal of sports sciences, 32(5), 479-486.
Glazier, P. S., & Davids, K. (2009). Constraints on the complete optimization of human motion. Sports Medicine, 39, 15-28.
Grondin, S., Deshaies, P., & Nault, L.-P. (1984). Trimestre de naissance et participation au hockey et au volleyball.
Hancock, D. J., Adler, A. L., & Côté, J. (2013). A proposed theoretical model to explain relative age effects in sport. European journal of sport science, 13(6), 630-637.
Helsen, W. F., Starkes, J. L., & Van Winckel, J. (1998). The influence of relative age on success and dropout in male soccer players. American Journal of Human Biology: The Official Journal of the Human Biology Association, 10(6), 791-798.
Hirose, N. (2009). Relationships among birth-month distribution, skeletal age and anthropometric characteristics in adolescent elite soccer players. Journal of sports sciences, 27(11), 1159-1166.
Jackson, R. C., & Comber, G. (2023). Hill on a mountaintop: A longitudinal and cross-sectional analysis of the relative age effect in competitive youth football. In Science and Football (pp. 156-162). Routledge.
Kelly, A. L., Barrell, D., Burke, K., & Till, K. (2021). Relative age effects in rugby union: a narrative review. Birth Advantages and Relative Age Effects in Sport, 57-73.
Kelly, A. L., Finnegan, L., Till, K., & Smith, K. L. (2024). Relative age effects: looking Back and moving forward. In Talent identification and development in youth soccer (pp. 132-151). Routledge.
Kelly, A. L., & Williams, C. A. (2020). Physical characteristics and the talent identification and development processes in male youth soccer: A narrative review. Strength & Conditioning Journal, 42(6), 15-34.
McCarthy, N., & Collins, D. (2014). Initial identification & selection bias versus the eventual confirmation of talent: evidence for the benefits of a rocky road? Journal of sports sciences, 32(17), 1604-1610.
Metin, S. N., Başkaya, G., Öcal, T., Erdoğan, A., & Tunç, G. T. (2023). Spor Bilimleri Fakültesi Öğrencilerinin Giyilebilir Teknolojik Ürün Kullanımlarının Fiziksel Aktiviteye Katılım Motivasyonları Üzerine Etkisi. Yalova Üniversitesi Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 2(3), 1-18.
Musch, J., & Grondin, S. (2001). Unequal competition as an impediment to personal development: A review of the relative age effect in sport. Developmental review, 21(2), 147-167.
Patel, R., Nevill, A., Cloak, R., Smith, T., & Wyon, M. (2019). Relative age, maturation, anthropometry and physical performance characteristics of players within an Elite Youth Football Academy. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, 14(6), 714-725.
Peña, P. A. (2017). Creating winners and losers: Date of birth, relative age in school, and outcomes in childhood and adulthood. Economics of Education Review, 56, 152-176.
Sæther, S. A. (2016). Presence of the relative age effect and its effect on playing time among under-20 players in the Norwegian premier league Tippeligaen-a four-year follow up.
Skorski, S., Skorski, S., Faude, O., Hammes, D., & Meyer, T. (2016). The relative age effect in elite German youth soccer: Implications for a successful career. International journal of sports physiology and performance, 11(3), 370-376.
Suggate, S. P. (2009). School entry age and reading achievement in the 2006 Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA). International Journal of Educational Research, 48(3), 151-161.
Urruticoechea, A., Oliveri, A., Vernazza, E., Giménez-Dasí, M., Martínez-Arias, R., & Martín-Babarro, J. (2021). The relative age effects in educational development: A systematic review. International journal of environmental research and public health, 18(17), 8966.
Verbeek, J., Lawrence, S., van der Breggen, J., Kelly, A. L., & Jonker, L. (2021). The average team age method and its potential to reduce relative age effects. In Birth Advantages and Relative Age Effects in Sport (pp. 107-124). Routledge.
Wattie, N., Cobley, S., Macpherson, A., Howard, A., Montelpare, W. J., & Baker, J. (2007). Injuries in Canadian youth ice hockey: the influence of relative age. Pediatrics, 120(1), 142-148.
Webdale, K., Baker, J., Schorer, J., & Wattie, N. (2020). Solving sport’s ‘relative age’problem: A systematic review of proposed solutions. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 13(1), 187-204.
Wrang, C. M., Rossing, N. N., Diernæs, R. M., Hansen, C. G., Dalgaard-Hansen, C., & Karbing, D. S. (2018). Relative age effect and the re-selection of Danish male handball players for national teams. Journal of human kinetics, 63, 33.
Zhang BoLun, Z. B., Lemez, S., Wattie, N., & Baker, J. (2018). A historical examination of relative age effects in Major League Baseball.
Referanslar
Abelairas-Gómez, C., Silva-Piñeiro, R., Barcala-Furelos, R., Estraviz-Martínez, P., & Dosil-Díaz, J. (2016). Consecuencias de la diferencia de edad en el aula: Un estudio observacional en niños y niñas de cuatro años. Estudios pedagógicos (Valdivia), 42(1), 7-16.
Armstrong, H. (1966). A comparison of the performance of summer and autumn‐born children at eleven and sixteen. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 36(1), 72-76.
Augste, C., & Lames, M. (2011). The relative age effect and success in German elite U-17 soccer teams. Journal of sports sciences, 29(9), 983-987.
Baker, J., Schorer, J., & Cobley, S. (2010). Relative age effects. Sportwissenschaft, 40(1), 26-30.
Barnsley, R. H., Thompson, A. H., & Barnsley, P. E. (1985). Hockey success and birthdate: The relative age effect. Canadian Association for Health, Physical Education, and Recreation, 51(1), 23-28.
Barnsley, R. H., Thompson, A. H., & Legault, P. (1992). Family planning: Football style. The relative age effect in football. International review for the sociology of sport, 27(1), 77-87.
Barrenetxea-Garcia, J., Torres-Unda, J., Esain, I., & Gil, S. M. (2019). Relative age effect and left-handedness in world class water polo male and female players. Laterality: Asymmetries of Body, Brain and Cognition, 24(3), 259-273.
Brewer, J., Balsom, P., Davis, J., & Ekblom, B. (1992). The influence of birth date and physical development on the selection of a male junior international soccer squad. Journal of sports sciences, 10(6), 561-562.
Brustio, P. R., Lupo, C., Ungureanu, A. N., Frati, R., Rainoldi, A., & Boccia, G. (2018). The relative age effect is larger in Italian soccer top-level youth categories and smaller in Serie A. PloS one, 13(4), e0196253.
Cobley, S., Baker, J., Wattie, N., & McKenna, J. (2009). Annual age-grouping and athlete development: a meta-analytical review of relative age effects in sport. Sports Medicine, 39, 235-256.
Cobley, S. P., Schorer, J., & Baker, J. (2008). Relative age effects in professional German soccer: A historical analysis. Journal of sports sciences, 26(14), 1531-1538.
Cobley, S. P., & Till, K. (2017). Participation trends according to relative age across youth UK Rugby League. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, 12(3), 339-343.
de la Rubia, A., Lorenzo, A., Bjørndal, C. T., Kelly, A. L., García-Aliaga, A., & Lorenzo-Calvo, J. (2021). The relative age effect on competition performance of Spanish International Handball Players: A longitudinal study. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 673434.
de La Rubia Riaza, A., Lorenzo Calvo, J., Mon-López, D., & Lorenzo, A. (2020). Impact of the relative age effect on competition performance in basketball: A qualitative systematic review. International journal of environmental research and public health, 17(22), 8596.
De Larochelambert, Q., Difernand, A., Antero, J., Sedeaud, A., Toussaint, J.-F., Pierre Yves, L., & Coulmy, N. (2022). Relative age effect in French alpine skiing: Problem and solution. Journal of sports sciences, 40(10), 1137-1148.
Delorme, N., & Raspaud, M. (2009). The relative age effect in young French basketball players: a study on the whole population. Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports, 19(2), 235-242.
Doncaster, G., Medina, D., Drobnic, F., Gómez-Díaz, A. J., & Unnithan, V. (2020). Appreciating factors beyond the physical in talent identification and development: insights from the FC Barcelona sporting model. Frontiers in sports and active living, 2, 91.
Dugdale, J. H., McRobert, A. P., & Unnithan, V. B. (2021). “He’s just a wee laddie”: the relative age effect in male Scottish soccer. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 633469.
FIFA. (2022). Post Match Summary Reports. FIFA Traning Centre. Retrieved 26.07.2024 from https://www.fifatrainingcentre.com/en/fwc2022/post-match-summaries/post-match-summary-reports.php
FIFA. (2023a). Post Match Summary Reports U17. FIFA Traning Centre. Retrieved November 2024 from https://www.fifatrainingcentre.com/en/game/tournaments/fu17wc/2023/post-match-summary-reports.php
FIFA. (2023b). Post Match Summary Reports U20. FIFA Traning Centre. Retrieved November 2023 from https://www.fifatrainingcentre.com/en/game/tournaments/2023-u20-fwc/post-match-summary-reports.php
Finnegan, L., Richardson, D., Littlewood, M., & McArdle, J. (2017). The influence of date and place of birth on youth player selection to a National Football Association elite development programme. Science and Medicine in Football, 1(1), 30-39.
Fumarco, L., & Baert, S. (2019). Relative age effect on European adolescents’ social network. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 168, 318-337.
Fumarco, L., Gibbs, B. G., Jarvis, J. A., & Rossi, G. (2017). The relative age effect reversal among the National Hockey League elite. PloS one, 12(8), e0182827.
Gerdin, G., Hedberg, M., & Hageskog, C.-A. (2018). Relative age effect in Swedish male and female tennis players born in 1998–2001. Sports, 6(2), 38.
Gibbs, B. G., Jarvis, J. A., & Dufur, M. J. (2012). The rise of the underdog? The relative age effect reversal among Canadian-born NHL hockey players: A reply to Nolan and Howell. International review for the sociology of sport, 47(5), 644-649.
Gil, S. M., Badiola, A., Bidaurrazaga-Letona, I., Zabala-Lili, J., Gravina, L., Santos-Concejero, J., Lekue, J. A., & Granados, C. (2014). Relationship between the relative age effect and anthropometry, maturity and performance in young soccer players. Journal of sports sciences, 32(5), 479-486.
Glazier, P. S., & Davids, K. (2009). Constraints on the complete optimization of human motion. Sports Medicine, 39, 15-28.
Grondin, S., Deshaies, P., & Nault, L.-P. (1984). Trimestre de naissance et participation au hockey et au volleyball.
Hancock, D. J., Adler, A. L., & Côté, J. (2013). A proposed theoretical model to explain relative age effects in sport. European journal of sport science, 13(6), 630-637.
Helsen, W. F., Starkes, J. L., & Van Winckel, J. (1998). The influence of relative age on success and dropout in male soccer players. American Journal of Human Biology: The Official Journal of the Human Biology Association, 10(6), 791-798.
Hirose, N. (2009). Relationships among birth-month distribution, skeletal age and anthropometric characteristics in adolescent elite soccer players. Journal of sports sciences, 27(11), 1159-1166.
Jackson, R. C., & Comber, G. (2023). Hill on a mountaintop: A longitudinal and cross-sectional analysis of the relative age effect in competitive youth football. In Science and Football (pp. 156-162). Routledge.
Kelly, A. L., Barrell, D., Burke, K., & Till, K. (2021). Relative age effects in rugby union: a narrative review. Birth Advantages and Relative Age Effects in Sport, 57-73.
Kelly, A. L., Finnegan, L., Till, K., & Smith, K. L. (2024). Relative age effects: looking Back and moving forward. In Talent identification and development in youth soccer (pp. 132-151). Routledge.
Kelly, A. L., & Williams, C. A. (2020). Physical characteristics and the talent identification and development processes in male youth soccer: A narrative review. Strength & Conditioning Journal, 42(6), 15-34.
McCarthy, N., & Collins, D. (2014). Initial identification & selection bias versus the eventual confirmation of talent: evidence for the benefits of a rocky road? Journal of sports sciences, 32(17), 1604-1610.
Metin, S. N., Başkaya, G., Öcal, T., Erdoğan, A., & Tunç, G. T. (2023). Spor Bilimleri Fakültesi Öğrencilerinin Giyilebilir Teknolojik Ürün Kullanımlarının Fiziksel Aktiviteye Katılım Motivasyonları Üzerine Etkisi. Yalova Üniversitesi Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 2(3), 1-18.
Musch, J., & Grondin, S. (2001). Unequal competition as an impediment to personal development: A review of the relative age effect in sport. Developmental review, 21(2), 147-167.
Patel, R., Nevill, A., Cloak, R., Smith, T., & Wyon, M. (2019). Relative age, maturation, anthropometry and physical performance characteristics of players within an Elite Youth Football Academy. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, 14(6), 714-725.
Peña, P. A. (2017). Creating winners and losers: Date of birth, relative age in school, and outcomes in childhood and adulthood. Economics of Education Review, 56, 152-176.
Sæther, S. A. (2016). Presence of the relative age effect and its effect on playing time among under-20 players in the Norwegian premier league Tippeligaen-a four-year follow up.
Skorski, S., Skorski, S., Faude, O., Hammes, D., & Meyer, T. (2016). The relative age effect in elite German youth soccer: Implications for a successful career. International journal of sports physiology and performance, 11(3), 370-376.
Suggate, S. P. (2009). School entry age and reading achievement in the 2006 Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA). International Journal of Educational Research, 48(3), 151-161.
Urruticoechea, A., Oliveri, A., Vernazza, E., Giménez-Dasí, M., Martínez-Arias, R., & Martín-Babarro, J. (2021). The relative age effects in educational development: A systematic review. International journal of environmental research and public health, 18(17), 8966.
Verbeek, J., Lawrence, S., van der Breggen, J., Kelly, A. L., & Jonker, L. (2021). The average team age method and its potential to reduce relative age effects. In Birth Advantages and Relative Age Effects in Sport (pp. 107-124). Routledge.
Wattie, N., Cobley, S., Macpherson, A., Howard, A., Montelpare, W. J., & Baker, J. (2007). Injuries in Canadian youth ice hockey: the influence of relative age. Pediatrics, 120(1), 142-148.
Webdale, K., Baker, J., Schorer, J., & Wattie, N. (2020). Solving sport’s ‘relative age’problem: A systematic review of proposed solutions. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 13(1), 187-204.
Wrang, C. M., Rossing, N. N., Diernæs, R. M., Hansen, C. G., Dalgaard-Hansen, C., & Karbing, D. S. (2018). Relative age effect and the re-selection of Danish male handball players for national teams. Journal of human kinetics, 63, 33.
Zhang BoLun, Z. B., Lemez, S., Wattie, N., & Baker, J. (2018). A historical examination of relative age effects in Major League Baseball.
