Doğum Psikolojisi ve Destekleyici Yaklaşımlar
Özet
Perinatal dönem, kadın ve ailesinin yaşamında psikolojik olarak kritik bir dönemdir. Tüm süreç boyunca psikolojik iyilik halinin sürdürülmesi öncelikle kadın ve bebek olmak üzere aile üyelerinin de gelecekte ki sağlığı açısından önemlidir. Bu bölümde sağlık profesyonellerine doğum psikolojisi ve destekleyici yaklaşımlar konusunda güncel bilgiler temelinde farkındalık kazandırmak amaçlanmıştır. Perinatal süreçlerde kadının psikolojisini en kısa ama en derinden etkileyen dönem doğumdur. Doğum, hormonal sürecin kontrolünde olan bir kas eylemidir. Hormonlar tüm doğum süresince değişkenlik gösterir. Dolayısıyla hormonlara bağlı olarak duygular da değişir. Değişen duygular bireyin benlik ve kimliğini derinden etkiler. Bu nedenle, doğum süresince duyguların olumlu ve uyumlu olabilmesi için öznel destekleyici yaklaşımlar sunulması önemlidir. Doğum, nitelikli destekleyici bakım sunulduğunda kadına ve bebeğine yarar sağlayan bir yaşam deneyimidir. Doğumda sunulan eşsiz psikolojik bakımın etkisinin değerlendirilmesi ise bu alana katkı sunulması ve gelişimini sağlaması açısından oldukça önemlidir.
The perinatal period is a psychologically critical window in the life of the woman and her family. Maintaining psychological well-being throughout the entire process is important for the future health of family members, especially the woman and the baby. This section aims to raise awareness among health professionals based on current information about birth psychology and supportive approaches. During the perinatal period, birth is the shortest but most profound period that affects a woman's psychology. Birth is a muscular action that is under the control of the hormonal process. It varies with hormones throughout the birth process. Therefore, emotions change depending on hormones. Changing emotions deeply affect the individual's self and identity. Therefore, it is important to provide subjective supportive approaches so that emotions are positive and harmonious during birth. Birth is a life experience that benefits the woman and her baby when qualified supportive care is provided. Evaluating the impact of the unique psychological care provided at birth is very important in terms of contributing to and developing this field.
Referanslar
Wadephul F, Glover L, Jomeen J. Conceptualising women's perinatal well-being: A systematic review of theoretical discussions. Midwifery; 2020;81:102598. doi: 10.1016/j.midw.2019.102598.
Alderdice F, McNeill J, Lynn F. A systematic review of systematic reviews of interventions to improve maternal mental health and well-being. Midwifery; 2013;29(4):389-99. doi: 10.1016/j.midw.2012.05.010.
Ayers S, Sawyer A. The impact of birth on women’s health and wellbeing. In: Taubman-Ben-Ari O. (Ed.), Pathways and barriers to parenthood : existential concerns regarding fertility, pregnancy, and early parenthood. New York: Springer International Publishing; 2019.
World Health Organization. WHO recommendations: intrapartum care for a positive childbirth experience. WHO; 2018.
Olza I, Leahy-Warren P, Benyamini Y, Kazmierczak M, Karlsdottir SI, Spyridou A, Crespo-Mirasol E, Takács L, Hall PJ, Murphy M, Jonsdottir SS, Downe S, Nieuwenhuijze MJ. Women's psychological experiences of physiological childbirth: a meta-synthesis. BMJ Open; 2018 18;8(10):e020347. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-020347.
Dahlen HG, Downe S, Wright ML, Kennedy HP, Taylor JY. Childbirth and consequent atopic disease: emerging evidence on epigenetic effects based on the hygiene and EPIIC hypotheses. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth; 2016;13(16):4. doi: 10.1186/s12884-015-0768-9.
Rank O. Doğum travması, İstanbul: Metis Yayınları; 2014.
Gökçe İsbir G, Yılmaz M, Thomson G. Using an emotion-focused approach in preventing psychological birth trauma. Perspectives in Psychiatric Care; 2022;58(3):1170-1176. doi: 10.1111/ppc.12867.
Greenberg LS. Emotion-focused therapy: An overview. Turkish Psychological Counseling and Guidance Journal; 2010;4(33):1-12.
Greenberg LS. Emotion-focused therapy: Coaching clients to work through their emotions. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association; 2015.
Gökçe İsbir G. Fear of childbirth and emotional-focused approaches. Journal of Education and Research in Nursing; 2023;20(1), 64-70.
Hoffmann L, Banse R. Psychological aspects of childbirth: Evidence for a birth‐related mindset. European Journal of Social Psychology; 2021; 51(1): 124-151.
Olza I, Uvnas-Moberg K, Ekström-Bergström A, Leahy-Warren P, Karlsdottir SI, Nieuwenhuijze M, Villarmea S, Hadjigeorgiou E, Kazmierczak M, Spyridou A, Buckley S. Birth as a neuro-psycho-social event: An integrative model of maternal experiences and their relation to neurohormonal events during childbirth. PLoS One; 2020; 28;15(7):e0230992. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0230992.
Walter MH, Abele H, Plappert CF. The Role of Oxytocin and the Effect of Stress During Childbirth: Neurobiological Basics and Implications for Mother and Child. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne); 2021; 27;12:742236. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2021.742236.
Bulska M, Szczesniak P, Pieta-Dolinska A, Dorobek P, Parafiniuk J, Oszukowski P, Orszulak-Michalak D. Different modes of delivery and hormonal stress response. Ginekologia Polska; 2021;92(7):481-486. doi: 10.5603/GP.a2021.0068.
Witteveen AB, Stramrood CAI, Henrichs J, Flanagan JC, van Pampus MG, Olff M. The oxytocinergic system in PTSD following traumatic childbirth: endogenous and exogenous oxytocin in the peripartum period. Archives of Women's Mental Health; 2020;23(3):317-329. doi: 10.1007/s00737-019-00994-0.
Sayiner FD, Öztürk DM, Ulupinar E, Velipasaoglu M, Corumlu EP. Stress caused by environmental effects on the birth process and some of the labor hormones at rats: ideal birth environment and hormones. Journal of Maternal Fetal Neonatal Medicine; 2021;34(16):2600-2608. doi: 10.1080/14767058.2019.1670162.
Vogel TM, Coffin E. Trauma-Informed Care on Labor and Delivery. Anesthesiology Clinics; 2021;39(4):779-791. doi: 10.1016/j.anclin.2021.08.007.
Mental Health Network, 2019. Trauma informed care in NSW: Evidence report. https://www.aci.health.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/561977/ACI-Mental- Health-Trauma-informed-care-mental-health-NSW.pdf .
Servin-Barthet C, Martínez-García M, Pretus C, Paternina-Die M, Soler A, Khymenets O, Pozo ÓJ, Leuner B, Vilarroya O, Carmona S. The transition to motherhood: linking hormones, brain and behaviour. Nature Reviews Neuroscience; 2023;24(10):605-619. doi: 10.1038/s41583-023-00733-6.
Chabbert M, Panagiotou D, Wendland J. Predictive factors of women's subjective perception of childbirth experience: a systematic review of the literature. Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology. 2021;39(1):43-66. doi: 10.1080/02646838.2020.1748582.
Aktaş, S., Derya, Y.A., Toker, E. A'dan Z'ye Temel Ebelik, İçinde Gökçe İsbir, G. Doğumda Mental İyilik Halinin Sürdürülmesi, İstanbul: İstanbul Tıp Kitabevleri; 2023.
Nilsson C, Wijk H, Höglund L, Sjöblom H, Hessman E, Berg M. Effects of Birthing Room Design on Maternal and Neonate Outcomes: A Systematic Review. HERD;2020;13(3):198-214. doi: 10.1177/1937586720903689.
Okulu E, Haskologlu S, Guloglu D, Kostekci E, Erdeve O, Atasay B, Koc A, Soylemez F, Dogu F, Ikinciogullari A, Arsan S. Effects of Umbilical Cord Management Strategies on Stem Cell Transfusion, Delivery Room Adaptation, and Cerebral Oxygenation in Term and Late Preterm Infants. Frontiers in pediatrics; 2022;4;10:838444. doi: 10.3389/fped.2022.838444.
Durmaz A, Sezici E, Akkaya DD. The effect of kangaroo mother care or skin-to-skin contact on infant vital signs: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Midwifery. 2023;125:103771. doi: 10.1016/j.midw.2023.103771.
Olsen O, Clausen JA. Planned hospital birth compared with planned home birth for pregnant women at low risk of complications. Cochrane Database Systematic Review; 2023;8;3(3):CD000352. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD000352.pub3.
Melancon S. Safety, Co-Regulation, and Polyvagal Theory:: The Autonomic Nervous System as the Missing Link in Childbirth Outcomes and Experiences. In: Birthing Techno-Sapiens. Routledge, 2021. p. 208-221.
Kahraman, H. G., & Gökçe İsbir, G. (2023). The effect of continuous intrapartum supportive care on maternal mental health: a randomized controlled trial. Women & Health, 63(10), 774-786. Kahraman HG, Gökçe İsbir G. The effect of continuous intrapartum supportive care on maternal mental health: a randomized controlled trial. Women Health; 2023;26;63(10):774-786. doi: 10.1080/03630242.2023.2266009.
Bastos MH, Furuta M, Small R, McKenzie-McHarg K, Bick D. Debriefing interventions for the prevention of psychological trauma in women following childbirth. Cochrane Database Systematic Review. 2015;10;2015(4):CD007194. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD007194.pub2.
Deliktas Demirci A, Oruc M, Kabukcuoglu K. "I need to make sense of my birth experience": A descriptive qualitative study of postnatal women's opinions, and expectations about postnatal debriefing. Midwifery; 2024;131:103955. doi: 10.1016/j.midw.2024.103955.
Referanslar
Wadephul F, Glover L, Jomeen J. Conceptualising women's perinatal well-being: A systematic review of theoretical discussions. Midwifery; 2020;81:102598. doi: 10.1016/j.midw.2019.102598.
Alderdice F, McNeill J, Lynn F. A systematic review of systematic reviews of interventions to improve maternal mental health and well-being. Midwifery; 2013;29(4):389-99. doi: 10.1016/j.midw.2012.05.010.
Ayers S, Sawyer A. The impact of birth on women’s health and wellbeing. In: Taubman-Ben-Ari O. (Ed.), Pathways and barriers to parenthood : existential concerns regarding fertility, pregnancy, and early parenthood. New York: Springer International Publishing; 2019.
World Health Organization. WHO recommendations: intrapartum care for a positive childbirth experience. WHO; 2018.
Olza I, Leahy-Warren P, Benyamini Y, Kazmierczak M, Karlsdottir SI, Spyridou A, Crespo-Mirasol E, Takács L, Hall PJ, Murphy M, Jonsdottir SS, Downe S, Nieuwenhuijze MJ. Women's psychological experiences of physiological childbirth: a meta-synthesis. BMJ Open; 2018 18;8(10):e020347. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-020347.
Dahlen HG, Downe S, Wright ML, Kennedy HP, Taylor JY. Childbirth and consequent atopic disease: emerging evidence on epigenetic effects based on the hygiene and EPIIC hypotheses. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth; 2016;13(16):4. doi: 10.1186/s12884-015-0768-9.
Rank O. Doğum travması, İstanbul: Metis Yayınları; 2014.
Gökçe İsbir G, Yılmaz M, Thomson G. Using an emotion-focused approach in preventing psychological birth trauma. Perspectives in Psychiatric Care; 2022;58(3):1170-1176. doi: 10.1111/ppc.12867.
Greenberg LS. Emotion-focused therapy: An overview. Turkish Psychological Counseling and Guidance Journal; 2010;4(33):1-12.
Greenberg LS. Emotion-focused therapy: Coaching clients to work through their emotions. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association; 2015.
Gökçe İsbir G. Fear of childbirth and emotional-focused approaches. Journal of Education and Research in Nursing; 2023;20(1), 64-70.
Hoffmann L, Banse R. Psychological aspects of childbirth: Evidence for a birth‐related mindset. European Journal of Social Psychology; 2021; 51(1): 124-151.
Olza I, Uvnas-Moberg K, Ekström-Bergström A, Leahy-Warren P, Karlsdottir SI, Nieuwenhuijze M, Villarmea S, Hadjigeorgiou E, Kazmierczak M, Spyridou A, Buckley S. Birth as a neuro-psycho-social event: An integrative model of maternal experiences and their relation to neurohormonal events during childbirth. PLoS One; 2020; 28;15(7):e0230992. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0230992.
Walter MH, Abele H, Plappert CF. The Role of Oxytocin and the Effect of Stress During Childbirth: Neurobiological Basics and Implications for Mother and Child. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne); 2021; 27;12:742236. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2021.742236.
Bulska M, Szczesniak P, Pieta-Dolinska A, Dorobek P, Parafiniuk J, Oszukowski P, Orszulak-Michalak D. Different modes of delivery and hormonal stress response. Ginekologia Polska; 2021;92(7):481-486. doi: 10.5603/GP.a2021.0068.
Witteveen AB, Stramrood CAI, Henrichs J, Flanagan JC, van Pampus MG, Olff M. The oxytocinergic system in PTSD following traumatic childbirth: endogenous and exogenous oxytocin in the peripartum period. Archives of Women's Mental Health; 2020;23(3):317-329. doi: 10.1007/s00737-019-00994-0.
Sayiner FD, Öztürk DM, Ulupinar E, Velipasaoglu M, Corumlu EP. Stress caused by environmental effects on the birth process and some of the labor hormones at rats: ideal birth environment and hormones. Journal of Maternal Fetal Neonatal Medicine; 2021;34(16):2600-2608. doi: 10.1080/14767058.2019.1670162.
Vogel TM, Coffin E. Trauma-Informed Care on Labor and Delivery. Anesthesiology Clinics; 2021;39(4):779-791. doi: 10.1016/j.anclin.2021.08.007.
Mental Health Network, 2019. Trauma informed care in NSW: Evidence report. https://www.aci.health.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/561977/ACI-Mental- Health-Trauma-informed-care-mental-health-NSW.pdf .
Servin-Barthet C, Martínez-García M, Pretus C, Paternina-Die M, Soler A, Khymenets O, Pozo ÓJ, Leuner B, Vilarroya O, Carmona S. The transition to motherhood: linking hormones, brain and behaviour. Nature Reviews Neuroscience; 2023;24(10):605-619. doi: 10.1038/s41583-023-00733-6.
Chabbert M, Panagiotou D, Wendland J. Predictive factors of women's subjective perception of childbirth experience: a systematic review of the literature. Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology. 2021;39(1):43-66. doi: 10.1080/02646838.2020.1748582.
Aktaş, S., Derya, Y.A., Toker, E. A'dan Z'ye Temel Ebelik, İçinde Gökçe İsbir, G. Doğumda Mental İyilik Halinin Sürdürülmesi, İstanbul: İstanbul Tıp Kitabevleri; 2023.
Nilsson C, Wijk H, Höglund L, Sjöblom H, Hessman E, Berg M. Effects of Birthing Room Design on Maternal and Neonate Outcomes: A Systematic Review. HERD;2020;13(3):198-214. doi: 10.1177/1937586720903689.
Okulu E, Haskologlu S, Guloglu D, Kostekci E, Erdeve O, Atasay B, Koc A, Soylemez F, Dogu F, Ikinciogullari A, Arsan S. Effects of Umbilical Cord Management Strategies on Stem Cell Transfusion, Delivery Room Adaptation, and Cerebral Oxygenation in Term and Late Preterm Infants. Frontiers in pediatrics; 2022;4;10:838444. doi: 10.3389/fped.2022.838444.
Durmaz A, Sezici E, Akkaya DD. The effect of kangaroo mother care or skin-to-skin contact on infant vital signs: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Midwifery. 2023;125:103771. doi: 10.1016/j.midw.2023.103771.
Olsen O, Clausen JA. Planned hospital birth compared with planned home birth for pregnant women at low risk of complications. Cochrane Database Systematic Review; 2023;8;3(3):CD000352. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD000352.pub3.
Melancon S. Safety, Co-Regulation, and Polyvagal Theory:: The Autonomic Nervous System as the Missing Link in Childbirth Outcomes and Experiences. In: Birthing Techno-Sapiens. Routledge, 2021. p. 208-221.
Kahraman, H. G., & Gökçe İsbir, G. (2023). The effect of continuous intrapartum supportive care on maternal mental health: a randomized controlled trial. Women & Health, 63(10), 774-786. Kahraman HG, Gökçe İsbir G. The effect of continuous intrapartum supportive care on maternal mental health: a randomized controlled trial. Women Health; 2023;26;63(10):774-786. doi: 10.1080/03630242.2023.2266009.
Bastos MH, Furuta M, Small R, McKenzie-McHarg K, Bick D. Debriefing interventions for the prevention of psychological trauma in women following childbirth. Cochrane Database Systematic Review. 2015;10;2015(4):CD007194. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD007194.pub2.
Deliktas Demirci A, Oruc M, Kabukcuoglu K. "I need to make sense of my birth experience": A descriptive qualitative study of postnatal women's opinions, and expectations about postnatal debriefing. Midwifery; 2024;131:103955. doi: 10.1016/j.midw.2024.103955.
