Gebelikte Sağlık Okuryazarlığı
Özet
Sağlık okuryazarlığı, sağlıkla ilgili bilgi ve hizmetlere erişimi, anlamasını, değerlendirmesini ve bunları kullanabilmesini sağlayan bir yeterlilikler bütünüdür. Bu, sağlıklı yaşam biçiminin kazanılması amacını güder ve kişilerin sağlıklarını elde etmek için güvenilir kaynaklar alarak sağlık hizmet sağlayıcıları ve toplumla iş birliği yapmalarını sağlar. Sağlık okuryazarlığı düzeyi, üreme sürecindeki kadınların sağlık düzeyini etkileyerek, sağlıklı yaşam tarzı seçimlerine ve uygun sağlık hizmeti alımına yönlendirebilir. Gebelikte sağlık okuryazarlığı, kadınların sağlıklarını anlaması, değerlendirme ve doğru kararların alınmasını sağlar. Yetersiz sağlık okuryazarı ise sağlıksız yaşam tarzı seçimler ile riskli durumlara neden olabilir. Gebelik süreci, ortaya çıkan fizyolojik psikolojik pek çok değişim ve bu değişimlere uyum sağlama motivasyonu, öğrenmeyi artırıcı potansiyeli açısından sağlık okuryazarlığının geliştirilmesi için önemli bir fırsat sunmaktadır. Gebelere yönelik antenatal dönemde verilen danışmanlık ve eğitimlerde, sağlık okuryazarlığının geliştirilmesi için çeşitli yöntemeler kullanılabilir. Bu stratejiler, sağlık profesyonelleri ile etkili iletişim kurma, sağlık bilgisinin anlaşılmasını sorgulama ve anlamada yardımcı olmayı amaçlamaktadır. Ayrıca günümüzde yaygın kullanılan dijital ortamlar ve mobil uygulamalar bağlamında e-sağlık okuryazarlığı becerileri artırılmalıdır. Özellikle sağlık profesyonelleri kadınların sağlık bilgilerine çevrimiçi erişim sağlamak için güvenilir dijital kaynakların kullanımı, şüpheli bilgiler açısından sağlık profesyonellerine danışılması konusunda gebeleri bilgilendirmelidir.
Health literacy is a set of competencies that enable access to, understanding, evaluating and using health-related information and services. This aims to achieve a healthy lifestyle and enables individuals to collaborate with health service providers and the community by obtaining reliable resources to achieve their health. The level of health literacy can affect the health of women in the reproductive process, leading to healthy lifestyle choices and appropriate health service receipt. Health literacy during pregnancy enables women to understand their health, evaluate it and make the right decisions. Inadequate health literacy can lead to unhealthy lifestyle choices and risky situations. The pregnancy process offers an important opportunity for the development of health literacy in terms of the many physiological and psychological changes that occur and the motivation to adapt to these changes, as well as the potential to increase learning. Various methods can be used to develop health literacy in the counselling and training provided to pregnant women during the antenatal period. These strategies aim to help with effective communication with health professionals, questioning and understanding health information. In addition, e-health literacy skills should be increased in the context of widely used digital environments and mobile applications today. Health professionals in particular should inform pregnant women about the use of reliable digital resources to access women's health information online and to consult health professionals for suspicious information.
Referanslar
Bröder J, Chang P, Kickbusch I, Levin-Zamir D, McElhinney E, Nutbeam D et al. IUHPE position statement on health literacy: a practical vision for a health literate world. Global Health Promotion:2018;25(4):79-88. doi: 10.1177/1757975918814421
Sørensen K, Van den Broucke S, Fullam J, Doyle G, Pelikan J, Slonska Z, Brand H; (HLS-EU) Consortium Health Literacy Project European. Health literacy and public health: a systematic review and integration of definitions and models. BMC Public Health:2012;25;12:80. doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-12-80.
Chen X, Hay JL, Waters EA, Kiviniemi MT, Biddle C, Schofield E, Li Y, Kaphingst K, Orom H. Health Literacy and Use and Trust in Health Information. J Health Commun. 2018;23(8):724-734. doi: 10.1080/10810730.2018.1511658.
Meldgaard M, Gamborg M, Terkildsen Maindal H. Health literacy levels among women in the prenatal period: A systematic review. Sex Reprod Healthc: 2022;34:100796. doi: 10.1016/j.srhc.2022.
World Health Organization. Health 2020: A European policy framework and strategy for the 21st century. World Health Organization. Regional Office for Europe:2013 ( 10/010/2024 tarihinde https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/326386 adresinden ulaşılmıştır)
Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Sağlık Bakanlığı Stratejik plan 2013-2017:Ankara.2012
T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı 2019-2023 Stratejik Planı Güncellenmiş Versiyonu (10/010/2024 tarihinde https://sgb.saglik.gov.tr/TR-61668/tc-saglik-bakanligi-2019-2023--stratejik-plani-guncellenmis-versiyonu.html adresinden ulaşılmıştır)
Upadhyay UD, Gipson JD, Withers M, Lewis S, Ciaraldi EJ, Fraser A, Huchko MJ, Prata N. Women's empowerment and fertility: a review of the literature. Soc Sci Med: 2014;115:111-20. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.06.014.
Tavananezhad N, Bolbanabad AM, Ghelichkhani F, Effati-Daryani F, Mirghafourvand M. The relationship between health literacy and empowerment in pregnant women: a cross-sectional study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth:2022 22;22(1):351. doi: 10.1186/s12884-022-04686-z
Mandal KC.Concept and Types of Women Empowerment. In International Forum of Teaching & Studies:2013; (9); 2:17-30
World Health Organization. Standing up for sexual and reproductive health and human rights. 2020; (16/10/2024 tarihinde https://www.who.int/news/item/19-11-2020-who-stands-up-the-right-to-health. adresinden ulaşılmıştır.)
Sundaram MS, Sekar M, Subburaj A. Women empowerment: role of education. International Journal in Management & Social Science:2014;2(12):76
Nikbakht Nasrabadi A, Sabzevari S, Negahban Bonabi T. Women Empowerment through Health Information Seeking: A Qualitative Study. Int J Community Based Nurs Midwifery:2015;3(2):105-15.
Forghani T, Ahmadian M, Rezaeisharif F, Ahadi M. Survey of Health Literacy during pregnancy and Its Relationship with Prenatal Care. Journal of Health Literacy: 2021; 6(1): 20-30. doi: 10.22038/jhl.2021.55315.1148
Masoumy M, Jokar Z, Hamedi S, Raissifar I, Zeratpisheh, F, Ghaedi F. The relationship between maternal health literacy with Prenatal Cares in pregnant women referring to health centers. Journal of Health Literacy: 2018; 3(2): 113-123. doi: 10.22038/jhl.2018.33882.1008
Jordaan C. A literature review on childbirth education: paediatrics. Professional Nursing Today: 2009;13(2), 34-37.
Bo A, Friis K, Osborne RH, Maindal HT. National indicators of health literacy: ability to understand health information and to engage actively with healthcare providers - a population-based survey among Danish adults. BMC Public Health: 2014;22;14:1095. doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-14-1095.
Friis K, Lasgaard M, Osborne RH, Maindal HT. Gaps in understanding health and engagement with healthcare providers across common long-term conditions: a population survey of health literacy in 29,473 Danish citizens. BMJ Open: 2016;14;6(1):e009627. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2015-009627.
Nawabi F, Krebs F, Lorenz L, Shukri A, Alayli A, Stock S. Health Literacy among Pregnant Women in a Lifestyle Intervention Trial. Int J Environ Res Public Health: 2022;10;19(10):5808. doi: 10.3390/ijerph19105808
Lupattelli A, Picinardi M, Einarson A, Nordeng H. Health literacy and its association with perception of teratogenic risks and health behavior during pregnancy. Patient Educ Couns:2014;96(2):171-8. doi: 10.1016/j.pec.2014.04.014.
Nawabi F, Krebs F, Vennedey V, Shukri A, Lorenz L, Stock S. Health Literacy in Pregnant Women: A Systematic Review. Int J Environ Res Public Health: 2021;6;18(7):3847. doi: 10.3390/ijerph18073847.
Aslantekin Özçoban F, Ergün S, Erkal Aksoy Y. Effects of health literacy education on adaptation to pregnancy, self-efficacy, fear of childbirth and health literacy in Turkish pregnant women: A randomized, controlled trial. Health Soc Care Community: 2022;30(2):e537-e549. doi: 10.1111/hsc.13690.
Sahin E, Yesilcinar I, Geris R, et al., The impact of pregnant women’s health literacy on their health-promoting lifestyle and teratogenic risk perception. Health care for women international: 2021;42(4-6), 598-610
van Schendel RV, Page-Christiaens GC, Beulen L, Bilardo CM, de Boer MA, Coumans AB, Faas BH, van Langen IM, Lichtenbelt KD, van Maarle MC, Macville MV, Oepkes D, Pajkrt E, Henneman L; Dutch NIPT Consortium. Trial by Dutch laboratories for evaluation of non-invasive prenatal testing. Part II-women's perspectives. Prenat Diagn:2016;36(12):1091-1098. doi: 10.1002/pd.4941.
Chang RC, Yen H, Heskett KM, Yen H. The Role of Health Literacy in Skin Cancer Preventative Behavior and Implications for Intervention: A Systematic Review. J Prev (2022):2024 ;45(6):957-972. doi: 10.1007/s10935-024-00795-x.
Dodson S, Osicka T, Huang L, McMahon LP, Roberts MA. Multifaceted Assessment of Health Literacy in People Receiving Dialysis: Associations With Psychological Stress and Quality of Life. J Health Commun:2016;21(sup2):91-98. doi: 10.1080/10810730.2016.1179370
World Health Organization. Nairobi call to action for closing the implementation gap in health promotion. Geneva: World Health Organization.2009 (16/10/2024 tarihinde https://staging.afro.who.int/publications/nairobi-call-action adresinden ulaşılmıştır.)
Sezgin D. Tıbbileştirilen yaşam bireyselleştirilen sağlık. İstanbul: Ayrıntı Yayınları; 2011.
Aslantekin Özçoban F. Kadın Sağlık Okuryazarlığını Geliştirmenin Nedeni Niçini Nasılı ve Ebenin Rolü, Editör:Fatma Deniz Sayıner, Basım sayısı:1, Sayfa sayısı:47 -78 ISBN:978-605-258-579-5.Akademisyen Kitabevi: Ankara;2019
Norman CD, Skinner HA. eHEALS: The eHealth Literacy Scale. J Med Internet Res:2006:14;8(4):e27. doi: 10.2196/jmir.8.4.e27.
Ojaperv K, & Virkus S. Pregnancy-related health information behaviour of Estonian women. Global Knowledge, Memory and Communication: 2023;72(3), 284-314.
Rahmawati W, van der Pligt P, Willcox JC, Worsley AF. Sources of nutrition information for Indonesian women during pregnancy: how is information sought and provided? Public Health Nutr:2021;24(12):3859-3869. doi: 10.1017/S1368980021002317.
Korkmaz Aslan G, Kılınç İşleyen E, Kartal A, Koştu N. The relation between eHealth literacy and healthy lifestyle behaviours in pregnant women. Health Promot Int. 2024 Apr 1;39(2):daae022. doi: 10.1093/heapro/daae022.
Kim SH, Son YJ. Relationships betweene-Health literacy and health behaviors inKoreana adults. CIN: Computers, Informatics,Nursing 2017;35(2):84-90.10.
Shiferaw KB, Mehari EA, Eshete T.E-health literacy and internet use amongundergraduate nursing students in aresource limited country: A cross-sectionalstudy. Informatics in Medicine Unlocked:2020;18:100273
Sayakhot P, Carolan-Olah M. Sources of information on Gestational Diabetes Mellitus, satisfaction with diagnostic process and information provision. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth: 2016; (16)28. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-016-1067-9
Xu J, Chen Y, Zhao J, Wang J, Chen J, Pan X, Zhang W, Zheng J, Zou Z, Chen X, Zhang Y. Current status of electronic health literacy among pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus and their perceptions of online health information: a mixed-methods study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth: 2024;24(1): 392. doi: 10.1186/s12884-024-06594-w.
Filabadi ZR, Estebsari F, Milani AS, Feizi S, Nasiri M. Relationship between electronic health literacy, quality of life, and self-efficacy in Tehran, Iran: A community-based study. J Educ Health Promot: 2020; 28;9:175. doi: 10.4103/jehp.jehp_63_20.
Yang SC, Luo YF, Chiang CH. The Associations Among Individual Factors, eHealth Literacy, and Health-Promoting Lifestyles Among College Students. J Med Internet Res: 2017;10;19(1):e15. doi: 10.2196/jmir.5964
Uslu D, Şeremet G. Bireylerin e-sağlik okuryazarlik düzeyinin belirlenmesi. Uluslararası Sağlık Yönetimi ve Stratejileri Araştırma Dergisi:2020; 6(2), 386-394.
Zibellini J, Muscat DM, Kizirian N, Gordon A. Effect of health literacy interventions on pregnancy outcomes: A systematic review. Women Birth: 2021;34(2):180-186. doi: 10.1016/j.wombi.2020.01.010
Birati Y, Yefet E, Perlitz Y, Shehadeh N, Spitzer S Cultural and Digital Health Literacy Appropriateness of App- and Web-Based Systems Designed for Pregnant Women With Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: Scoping Review J Med Internet Res:2022;24(10):e37844 DOI: 10.2196/37844
Ploderer B, Smith W, Pearce J, Borland R. A mobile app offering distractions and tips to cope with cigarette craving: a qualitative study. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth: 2014;7;2(2):e23. doi: 10.2196/mhealth.3209.
Forjuoh SN, Ory MG, Wang S, des Bordes JK, Hong Y. Using the iPod Touch for Patient Health Behavior Assessment and Health Promotion in Primary Care. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth:2014;21;2(1):e14. doi: 10.2196/mhealth.2927.
Wang N, Deng Z, Wen LM, Ding Y, He G. Understanding the Use of Smartphone Apps for Health Information Among Pregnant Chinese Women: Mixed Methods Study. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth:2019;18;7(6):e12631. doi: 10.2196/12631
García-Gómez JM, de la Torre-Díez I, Vicente J, Robles M, López-Coronado M, Rodrigues JJ. Analysis of mobile health applications for a broad spectrum of consumers: a user experience approach. Health Informatics J: 2014;20(1):74-84. doi: 10.1177/1460458213479598.
Sayakhot P, Carolan-Olah M. Internet use by pregnant women seeking pregnancy-related information: a systematic review. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth:2016;28;16:65. doi: 10.1186/s12884-016-0856-5.
Narasimhulu DM, Karakash S, Weedon J, Minkoff H. Patterns of Internet Use by Pregnant Women, and Reliability of Pregnancy-Related Searches. Matern Child Health J: 2016 ;20(12):2502-2509. doi: 10.1007/s10995-016-2075-0.
Artieta-Pinedo I, Paz-Pascual C, Grandes G, Villanueva G; Ema Q Group. An evaluation of Spanish and English on-line information sources regarding pregnancy, birth and the postnatal period. Midwifery:2018;58:19-26. doi: 10.1016/j.midw.2017.12.002
Evcili F. A study on the relationship between internet use, anxiety levels, and quality of life of Turkish pregnant women. Perspect Psychiatr Care: 2019;55(3):409-414. doi: 10.1111/ppc.12326.
Evcili F. A study on the relationship between internet use, anxiety levels, and quality of life of Turkish pregnant women. Perspect Psychiatr Care:2019;55(3):409-414. doi: 10.1111/ppc.12326.
Referanslar
Bröder J, Chang P, Kickbusch I, Levin-Zamir D, McElhinney E, Nutbeam D et al. IUHPE position statement on health literacy: a practical vision for a health literate world. Global Health Promotion:2018;25(4):79-88. doi: 10.1177/1757975918814421
Sørensen K, Van den Broucke S, Fullam J, Doyle G, Pelikan J, Slonska Z, Brand H; (HLS-EU) Consortium Health Literacy Project European. Health literacy and public health: a systematic review and integration of definitions and models. BMC Public Health:2012;25;12:80. doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-12-80.
Chen X, Hay JL, Waters EA, Kiviniemi MT, Biddle C, Schofield E, Li Y, Kaphingst K, Orom H. Health Literacy and Use and Trust in Health Information. J Health Commun. 2018;23(8):724-734. doi: 10.1080/10810730.2018.1511658.
Meldgaard M, Gamborg M, Terkildsen Maindal H. Health literacy levels among women in the prenatal period: A systematic review. Sex Reprod Healthc: 2022;34:100796. doi: 10.1016/j.srhc.2022.
World Health Organization. Health 2020: A European policy framework and strategy for the 21st century. World Health Organization. Regional Office for Europe:2013 ( 10/010/2024 tarihinde https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/326386 adresinden ulaşılmıştır)
Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Sağlık Bakanlığı Stratejik plan 2013-2017:Ankara.2012
T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı 2019-2023 Stratejik Planı Güncellenmiş Versiyonu (10/010/2024 tarihinde https://sgb.saglik.gov.tr/TR-61668/tc-saglik-bakanligi-2019-2023--stratejik-plani-guncellenmis-versiyonu.html adresinden ulaşılmıştır)
Upadhyay UD, Gipson JD, Withers M, Lewis S, Ciaraldi EJ, Fraser A, Huchko MJ, Prata N. Women's empowerment and fertility: a review of the literature. Soc Sci Med: 2014;115:111-20. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.06.014.
Tavananezhad N, Bolbanabad AM, Ghelichkhani F, Effati-Daryani F, Mirghafourvand M. The relationship between health literacy and empowerment in pregnant women: a cross-sectional study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth:2022 22;22(1):351. doi: 10.1186/s12884-022-04686-z
Mandal KC.Concept and Types of Women Empowerment. In International Forum of Teaching & Studies:2013; (9); 2:17-30
World Health Organization. Standing up for sexual and reproductive health and human rights. 2020; (16/10/2024 tarihinde https://www.who.int/news/item/19-11-2020-who-stands-up-the-right-to-health. adresinden ulaşılmıştır.)
Sundaram MS, Sekar M, Subburaj A. Women empowerment: role of education. International Journal in Management & Social Science:2014;2(12):76
Nikbakht Nasrabadi A, Sabzevari S, Negahban Bonabi T. Women Empowerment through Health Information Seeking: A Qualitative Study. Int J Community Based Nurs Midwifery:2015;3(2):105-15.
Forghani T, Ahmadian M, Rezaeisharif F, Ahadi M. Survey of Health Literacy during pregnancy and Its Relationship with Prenatal Care. Journal of Health Literacy: 2021; 6(1): 20-30. doi: 10.22038/jhl.2021.55315.1148
Masoumy M, Jokar Z, Hamedi S, Raissifar I, Zeratpisheh, F, Ghaedi F. The relationship between maternal health literacy with Prenatal Cares in pregnant women referring to health centers. Journal of Health Literacy: 2018; 3(2): 113-123. doi: 10.22038/jhl.2018.33882.1008
Jordaan C. A literature review on childbirth education: paediatrics. Professional Nursing Today: 2009;13(2), 34-37.
Bo A, Friis K, Osborne RH, Maindal HT. National indicators of health literacy: ability to understand health information and to engage actively with healthcare providers - a population-based survey among Danish adults. BMC Public Health: 2014;22;14:1095. doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-14-1095.
Friis K, Lasgaard M, Osborne RH, Maindal HT. Gaps in understanding health and engagement with healthcare providers across common long-term conditions: a population survey of health literacy in 29,473 Danish citizens. BMJ Open: 2016;14;6(1):e009627. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2015-009627.
Nawabi F, Krebs F, Lorenz L, Shukri A, Alayli A, Stock S. Health Literacy among Pregnant Women in a Lifestyle Intervention Trial. Int J Environ Res Public Health: 2022;10;19(10):5808. doi: 10.3390/ijerph19105808
Lupattelli A, Picinardi M, Einarson A, Nordeng H. Health literacy and its association with perception of teratogenic risks and health behavior during pregnancy. Patient Educ Couns:2014;96(2):171-8. doi: 10.1016/j.pec.2014.04.014.
Nawabi F, Krebs F, Vennedey V, Shukri A, Lorenz L, Stock S. Health Literacy in Pregnant Women: A Systematic Review. Int J Environ Res Public Health: 2021;6;18(7):3847. doi: 10.3390/ijerph18073847.
Aslantekin Özçoban F, Ergün S, Erkal Aksoy Y. Effects of health literacy education on adaptation to pregnancy, self-efficacy, fear of childbirth and health literacy in Turkish pregnant women: A randomized, controlled trial. Health Soc Care Community: 2022;30(2):e537-e549. doi: 10.1111/hsc.13690.
Sahin E, Yesilcinar I, Geris R, et al., The impact of pregnant women’s health literacy on their health-promoting lifestyle and teratogenic risk perception. Health care for women international: 2021;42(4-6), 598-610
van Schendel RV, Page-Christiaens GC, Beulen L, Bilardo CM, de Boer MA, Coumans AB, Faas BH, van Langen IM, Lichtenbelt KD, van Maarle MC, Macville MV, Oepkes D, Pajkrt E, Henneman L; Dutch NIPT Consortium. Trial by Dutch laboratories for evaluation of non-invasive prenatal testing. Part II-women's perspectives. Prenat Diagn:2016;36(12):1091-1098. doi: 10.1002/pd.4941.
Chang RC, Yen H, Heskett KM, Yen H. The Role of Health Literacy in Skin Cancer Preventative Behavior and Implications for Intervention: A Systematic Review. J Prev (2022):2024 ;45(6):957-972. doi: 10.1007/s10935-024-00795-x.
Dodson S, Osicka T, Huang L, McMahon LP, Roberts MA. Multifaceted Assessment of Health Literacy in People Receiving Dialysis: Associations With Psychological Stress and Quality of Life. J Health Commun:2016;21(sup2):91-98. doi: 10.1080/10810730.2016.1179370
World Health Organization. Nairobi call to action for closing the implementation gap in health promotion. Geneva: World Health Organization.2009 (16/10/2024 tarihinde https://staging.afro.who.int/publications/nairobi-call-action adresinden ulaşılmıştır.)
Sezgin D. Tıbbileştirilen yaşam bireyselleştirilen sağlık. İstanbul: Ayrıntı Yayınları; 2011.
Aslantekin Özçoban F. Kadın Sağlık Okuryazarlığını Geliştirmenin Nedeni Niçini Nasılı ve Ebenin Rolü, Editör:Fatma Deniz Sayıner, Basım sayısı:1, Sayfa sayısı:47 -78 ISBN:978-605-258-579-5.Akademisyen Kitabevi: Ankara;2019
Norman CD, Skinner HA. eHEALS: The eHealth Literacy Scale. J Med Internet Res:2006:14;8(4):e27. doi: 10.2196/jmir.8.4.e27.
Ojaperv K, & Virkus S. Pregnancy-related health information behaviour of Estonian women. Global Knowledge, Memory and Communication: 2023;72(3), 284-314.
Rahmawati W, van der Pligt P, Willcox JC, Worsley AF. Sources of nutrition information for Indonesian women during pregnancy: how is information sought and provided? Public Health Nutr:2021;24(12):3859-3869. doi: 10.1017/S1368980021002317.
Korkmaz Aslan G, Kılınç İşleyen E, Kartal A, Koştu N. The relation between eHealth literacy and healthy lifestyle behaviours in pregnant women. Health Promot Int. 2024 Apr 1;39(2):daae022. doi: 10.1093/heapro/daae022.
Kim SH, Son YJ. Relationships betweene-Health literacy and health behaviors inKoreana adults. CIN: Computers, Informatics,Nursing 2017;35(2):84-90.10.
Shiferaw KB, Mehari EA, Eshete T.E-health literacy and internet use amongundergraduate nursing students in aresource limited country: A cross-sectionalstudy. Informatics in Medicine Unlocked:2020;18:100273
Sayakhot P, Carolan-Olah M. Sources of information on Gestational Diabetes Mellitus, satisfaction with diagnostic process and information provision. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth: 2016; (16)28. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-016-1067-9
Xu J, Chen Y, Zhao J, Wang J, Chen J, Pan X, Zhang W, Zheng J, Zou Z, Chen X, Zhang Y. Current status of electronic health literacy among pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus and their perceptions of online health information: a mixed-methods study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth: 2024;24(1): 392. doi: 10.1186/s12884-024-06594-w.
Filabadi ZR, Estebsari F, Milani AS, Feizi S, Nasiri M. Relationship between electronic health literacy, quality of life, and self-efficacy in Tehran, Iran: A community-based study. J Educ Health Promot: 2020; 28;9:175. doi: 10.4103/jehp.jehp_63_20.
Yang SC, Luo YF, Chiang CH. The Associations Among Individual Factors, eHealth Literacy, and Health-Promoting Lifestyles Among College Students. J Med Internet Res: 2017;10;19(1):e15. doi: 10.2196/jmir.5964
Uslu D, Şeremet G. Bireylerin e-sağlik okuryazarlik düzeyinin belirlenmesi. Uluslararası Sağlık Yönetimi ve Stratejileri Araştırma Dergisi:2020; 6(2), 386-394.
Zibellini J, Muscat DM, Kizirian N, Gordon A. Effect of health literacy interventions on pregnancy outcomes: A systematic review. Women Birth: 2021;34(2):180-186. doi: 10.1016/j.wombi.2020.01.010
Birati Y, Yefet E, Perlitz Y, Shehadeh N, Spitzer S Cultural and Digital Health Literacy Appropriateness of App- and Web-Based Systems Designed for Pregnant Women With Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: Scoping Review J Med Internet Res:2022;24(10):e37844 DOI: 10.2196/37844
Ploderer B, Smith W, Pearce J, Borland R. A mobile app offering distractions and tips to cope with cigarette craving: a qualitative study. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth: 2014;7;2(2):e23. doi: 10.2196/mhealth.3209.
Forjuoh SN, Ory MG, Wang S, des Bordes JK, Hong Y. Using the iPod Touch for Patient Health Behavior Assessment and Health Promotion in Primary Care. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth:2014;21;2(1):e14. doi: 10.2196/mhealth.2927.
Wang N, Deng Z, Wen LM, Ding Y, He G. Understanding the Use of Smartphone Apps for Health Information Among Pregnant Chinese Women: Mixed Methods Study. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth:2019;18;7(6):e12631. doi: 10.2196/12631
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Sayakhot P, Carolan-Olah M. Internet use by pregnant women seeking pregnancy-related information: a systematic review. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth:2016;28;16:65. doi: 10.1186/s12884-016-0856-5.
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